Grand Orient of Italy
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The Grand Orient of Italy (GOI; Template:Lang-it) is a masonic organization based at Palazzo Giustiniani, Rome, Italy. It was founded in 1805, during the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy; the viceroy Eugene of Beauharnais was instrumental in its establishment.[1] The current grand master is Stefano Bisi, an Italian journalist. As of March 2012[update] the grand lodge had 21,400 adherents in 757 lodges.[2]
Past grand masters included:
- Giuseppe Garibaldi,[3]
- Adriano Lemmi, [citation needed]
- the sculptor Ettore Ferrari,[4]
- the mayor of Rome Ernesto Nathan[5]
Freemasonry was suppressed by Mussolini in 1925, being restarted after the Second World War.[6]
In 1972 it was recognised as regular by the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE).[7] This is no longer the case, and the Regular Grand Lodge of Italy is the grand lodge now recognized by the UGLE.[8] Most North American grand lodges, on the other hand, still recognize the Grand Orient.
Propaganda Due, the lodge that investigative journalists have identified as being implicated in the murder of Roberto Calvi, was originally chartered by the Grand Orient. The Grand Orient revoked its charter in 1974.[7]
Prior to Gustavo Raffi's grand mastership two terms of five years was the maximum tenure for a grand master. This, however was changed during Raffi's time, and his three-term grand mastership which began in 1999 ended in 2014.[2]
References
- ^ "Nel 1805 fu costituito il Grande Oriente d’Italia." Tran. "In 1805 the Grand Orient of Italy was founded." La storia 1805-1860, from the GOI Official website
- ^ a b Ponziano, Giorgio (March 30, 2012). "Tremila massoni al Palacongresso". Italia Oggi (in Italian). Archived from the original on June 11, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Garibaldi — the mason Translated from Giuseppe Garibaldi Massone by the Grand Orient of Italy
- ^ Entry “Giuseppe Mazzini” in Volume III K – P of 10,000 Famous Freemasons, William R. Denslow, 1957, Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply Co., Inc.
- ^ Ernesto Nathan, Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
- ^ Centuries of Secrecy, Time, June 8, 1981
- ^ a b What was the P2 Lodge?, Anti-masonry Frequently Asked Questions, Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon
- ^ [1] UGLE: Recognised Grand Lodges in Europe
Bibliography
- Enrico Simoni, Bibliografia della Massoneria in Italia, Foggia, Edizioni Bastogi, 1° volume 1992 (3471 schede), 2° volume 1993 (indici sistematici degli articoli delle Riviste massoniche del dopoguerra; 3762 schede), 1° volume di aggiornamento 1997 (schede da 3472 a 4584), 3° volume 2006 (indici sistematici degli articoli della "Rivista della Massoneria Italiana" e della "Rivista Massonica"; 1870-1926; 6478 schede), 2° volume di aggiornamento 2010 (schede da 4585 a 6648)
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