Graphium (butterfly)

Graphium
	Macleay's swallowtail (Graphium macleayanus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Papilionidae
Tribe:	Leptocircini
Genus:	Graphium; Scopoli, 1777
Species
	More than 100; see text
Synonyms
	Zelima Fabricius, 1807; Arisbe Hübner, [1819]; Idaides Hübner, [1819]; Zetides Hübner, [1819]; Ailus Billberg, 1820; Chlorisses Swainson, [1832]; Semicudati Koch, 1860; Pathysa Reakirt, [1865]; Dalchina Moore, [1881]; Paranticopsis Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, 1887; Pazala Moore, 1888; Deoris Moore, [1903]; Klinzigia Niculescu, 1977 (nec Lehrer, 1970); Klinzigiana Niculescu, 1989; Eurypyleana Niculescu, 1989; Macfarlaneana Niculescu, 1989; Munroana Niculescu, 1989; Wallaceana Niculescu, 1989;

Graphium is a genus of mostly tropical swallowtail butterflies commonly known as swordtails, kite swallowtails, or ladies. Native to Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania, the genus is represented by over 100 species. Their colouration is as variable as the habitats they frequent; from rainforest to savannah. Some possess tails which may be long and swordlike, while others lack any hindwing extensions. Graphium species are often sighted at mud puddles.

The more colourful species are popular with collectors and are commonly seen mounted in frames for sale. Well-known species include the tailed jay (Graphium agamemnon), common bluebottle (G. sarpedon), and the purple-spotted swallowtail (G. weiskei). One species, G. idaeoides, is notable for being a perfect mimic of the danainid Idea leuconoe.

Larvae feed variously on Annonaceae (most commonly), Magnoliaceae (commonly), Lauraceae (commonly), Rutaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Bombacaceae, Piperaceae, Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Malpighiaceae, Hernandiaceae, Guttiferae, Monimiaceae, Pandanaceae, Winteraceae, and Euphorbiaceae.

Species

Listed alphabetically:^[1]^[2]

subgenus: Idaides

species group: codrus

Graphium anthedon (C. & R. Felder, 1864) – Wallacea bluebottle
Graphium cloanthus (Westwood, 1841) – glassy bluebottle
Graphium codrus (Cramer, [1777]) – eastern olive triangle
Graphium empedocles (Fabricius, 1787), originally Papilio empedocles Fabricius, 1787; Mantissa Insectorum 2: 10, no. 94 = homonym of Papilio empedocles Cramer, 1779; replaced by empedovana Corbet, 1941.
Graphium empedovana (Corbet, 1941)
Graphium gelon (Boisduval, 1859)
Graphium macleayanus (Leach, 1814) – Macleay's swallowtail
Graphium mendana (Godman & Salvin, 1888)
Graphium monticolus (Fruhstorfer, 1896) – Sulawesi blue triangle
?Graphium protensor (Gistel,1857) Papilio protensor Gistel, J.,1857 Achthundert und zwanzig neue oder unbeschriebene wirbellose Theire charakterisirt von Doctor Johannes Gistel Vacuna 2(2):513-606. synonym of Graphium sarpedon
Graphium sarpedon (Linnaeus, 1758) – common bluebottle or blue triangle
Graphium stresemanni (Rothschild, 1916)
Graphium weiskei (Ribbe, 1900) – purple spotted swallowtail

species group: eurypylus

Graphium agamemnon (Linnaeus, 1758) – tailed jay or green-spotted triangle
Graphium arycles (Boisduval, 1836) – spotted jay
Graphium bathycles (Zinken, 1831)
Graphium chironides (Honrath, 1884) – veined jay
Graphium doson (C. & R. Felder, 1864) – common jay
Graphium eurypylus (Linnaeus, 1758) – great jay or pale green triangle
Graphium evemon (Boisduval, 1836) – lesser jay
Graphium leechi (Rothschild, 1895)
Graphium macfarlanei (Butler, 1877) – green triangle butterfly or green triangle
Graphium meeki (Rothschild & Jordan, 1901) – Meek's graphium
Graphium meyeri (Hopffer, 1874)
Graphium procles (Grose-Smith, 1887)

species group: wallacei

Graphium browni (Godman & Salvin, 1879)
Graphium hicetaon (Mathew, 1886)
Graphium sandawanum Yamamoto, 1977 – Apo swallowtail
Graphium wallacei (Hewitson, 1858)

subgenus: Arisbe Hübner, [1819]

species group: antheus

Graphium antheus (Cramer, [1779]) – large striped swordtail
Graphium evombar (Boisduval, 1836)

species group: policenes

Graphium biokoensis Gauthier, 1984 – Gauthier's striped swordtail
Graphium colonna (Ward, 1873) – black swordtail or mamba swordtail
Graphium gudenusi (Rebel, 1911)
Graphium illyris (Hewitson, 1872) - cream-banded swordtail
Graphium junodi (Trimen, 1893) – Junod's swordtail
Graphium kirbyi (Hewitson, 1872) – Kirby's swordtail
Graphium liponesco (Suffert, 1904)
Graphium policenes (Cramer, [1775]) – small striped swordtail or common swordtail
Graphium policenoides (Holland, 1892)
Graphium polistratus (Grose-Smith, 1889) – dancing swordtail
Graphium porthaon (Hewitson, 1865) – coastal swordtail, cream-striped swordtail, or dark swordtail

species group: angolanus

Graphium angolanus (Goeze, 1779) – Angola white lady (swordtail)
Graphium endochus (Boisduval, 1836)
Graphium morania (Angas, 1849) – white lady (swallowtail) or small white-lady swordtail
Graphium ridleyanus (White, 1843) - acraea swordtail
Graphium schaffgotschi (Niepelt, 1927) – Schaffgotsch's swordtail
Graphium taboranus (Oberthür, 1886)

species group: leonidas

Graphium cyrnus (Boisduval, 1836)
Graphium leonidas (Fabricius, 1793) – veined swordtail, veined swallowtail, or common graphium
Graphium levassori Oberthür, 1890

species group: tynderaeus

Graphium tynderaeus (Fabricius, 1793) – electric green swordtail or green-spotted swallowtail
Graphium latreillianus (Godart, 1819) – coppery swordtail

species group: philonoe

Graphium philonoe (Ward, 1873) – eastern white-lady swordtail, eastern graphium, white-dappled swallowtail

species group: adamastor

Graphium abri Smith & Vane-Wright, 2001
Graphium adamastor (Boisduval, 1836) – Boisduval's white-lady
Graphium agamedes (Westwood, 1842) – Westwood's white-lady or glassy graphium
Graphium almansor (Honrath, 1884) – Almansor white-lady swordtail or Honrath's white-lady
Graphium auriger (Butler, 1876)
Graphium aurivilliusi (Seeldrayers, 1896)
Graphium fulleri (Grose-Smith, 1883)
Graphium hachei (Dewitz, 1881)
Graphium kigoma Carcasson, 1964
Graphium olbrechtsi Berger, 1950
Graphium poggianus (Honrath, 1884)
Graphium rileyi Berger, 1950 - Riley's graphium
Graphium schubotzi (Schultze, 1913)
Graphium simoni (Aurivillius, 1899)
Graphium ucalegon (Hewitson, 1865) – creamy graphium
Graphium ucalegonides (Staudinger, 1884)

subgenus: Pathysa

species group: antiphates

Graphium agetes (Westwood, 1841) – fourbar swordtail
Graphium androcles (Boisduval, 1836) – lion swordtail, giant swordtail
Graphium antiphates (Cramer, [1775]) – fivebar swordtail
Graphium aristeus (Stoll, [1780]) – chain swordtail
Graphium decolor (Staudinger, 1888)
Graphium dorcus (de Haan, 1840) – Tabitha's swordtail
Graphium epaminondas (Oberthür, 1879)
Graphium euphrates (C. & R. Felder, 1862) – Euphrates swordtail
Graphium euphratoides (Eimer, 1889)
Graphium nomius (Esper, 1799) – spot swordtail
Graphium rhesus (Boisduval, 1836) – monkey swordtail
Graphium stratiotes (Grose-Smith, 1887)

subgenus: Paranticopsis Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, 1887

Graphium delessertii (Guérin-Méneville, 1839) – Malayan zebra
Graphium deucalion (Boisduval, 1836) – yellow zebra
Graphium encelades (Boisduval, 1836)
Graphium idaeoides (Hewitson, 1853)
Graphium macareus (Godart, 1819) – lesser zebra
Graphium megaera (Staudinger, 1888)
Graphium megarus (Westwood, 1844) – spotted zebra
Graphium ramaceus (Westwood, 1872)
Graphium phidias (Oberthür, 1906)
Graphium stratocles (C. & R. Felder, 1861)
Graphium thule (Wallace, 1865)
Graphium xenocles (Doubleday, 1842) – great zebra

subgenus: Pazala Moore, 1888

Graphium alebion (Gray, [1853])
Graphium eurous (Leech, [1893]) – sixbar swordtail
Graphium glycerion (Gray, 1831) – spectacle swordtail
Graphium incerta Bang-Haas, 1927
Graphium mandarinus (Oberthür, 1879) – spectacle swordtail
Graphium tamerlana (Oberthür, 1876)
Graphium timur (Ney, 1911)^[3] synonymised with Graphium mullah by Cotton and Racheli, T., 2007 ^[4]
Graphium mullah (Alpheraky 1897)^[5]

References

^ Graphium, funet.fi
^ Woodhall, Steve (2005). Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik. ISBN 978-1-86872-724-7.
^ Graphium mullah kooichii
^ Cotton, A.M. & Racheli, T. [2007] Preliminary Annotated Checklist of the Papilionidae of Laos with Notes on Taxonomy, Phenology, Distribution and Variation (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea).Fragmenta Entomologica, Roma, 38(2): 279-378.
^ Global Names Index

Smith, Campbell R. and Vane-Wright R.I., 2001 A review of the Afrotropical species of the genus Graphium (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera: Papilionidae) Bulletin of the Natural History Museum Entomology Series Volume 70:503-719 online
Miller, L. D., and Miller, J. Y. (2004). The Butterfly Handbook, pp. 20–25, 52. Barron's Educational Series, Inc.; Hauppauge, New York. ISBN 0-7641-5714-0
Smart, P. (1976). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World. ISBN 0-600-31381-6

External links

NHM Afrotropical Kite Swallowtails (broadly Subgenera Pazala and Arisbe)
Genus Graphium at Lepidoptera.pro

[1] Graphium, funet.fi

[2] Woodhall, Steve (2005). Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik. ISBN 978-1-86872-724-7.

[3] Graphium mullah kooichii

[4] Cotton, A.M. & Racheli, T. [2007] Preliminary Annotated Checklist of the Papilionidae of Laos with Notes on Taxonomy, Phenology, Distribution and Variation (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea).Fragmenta Entomologica, Roma, 38(2): 279-378.

[5] Global Names Index

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Species

See also

References

External links