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Great Falls High School
Address
Map
1900 2nd Avenue South

Great Falls
,
Montana

United States
Coordinates47°30′07″N 111°16′26″W / 47.50194°N 111.27389°W / 47.50194; -111.27389
Information
TypePublic high school
Established1890
School districtGreat Falls Public Schools
PrincipalHeather Hoyer[1]
Teaching staff112.23 (full-time equivalent; 2014–2015)[4]
Grades9 through 12
Enrollment1,514 (2014-2015)[4]
Color(s)Blue and white
AthleticsBasketball (boys and girls)
Football (boys)
Golf (boys and girls)
Softball (girls)
Soccer (boys and girls)
Swimming and Diving (boys and girls)
Tennis (boys and girls)
Track and field (boys and girls)
Volleyball (girls)
Wrestling (boys)
MascotBison
RivalCharles M. Russell High School
AccreditationMontana Office of Public Instruction
National Association of Schools and Colleges Regional Accreditation Association
YearbookThe Roundup
WebsiteGFHS Web site
DesignatedMarch 20, 2013
Reference no.13000097[5]

Great Falls High School (or GFHS) is a public high school for grades 9 through 12 located in Great Falls, Montana. Established in 1890, it was the city's first high school. The school's original building, constructed in 1896, is now on the National Register of Historic Places. GFHS began construction on its current building in 1929 and occupied it in the fall of 1930. The high school marked its 80th year in the structure during the 2010–2011 school year. The school's current building, constructed in 1930, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in March 2013.

History

Founding and first high school building

Great Falls was founded in 1883. Businessman Paris Gibson surveyed the city in 1883 and platted a permanent settlement the south side of the river.[6] It was incorporated on November 28, 1888.[7] By 1890, Black Eagle Dam had been built within the city limits on the Great Falls of the Missouri River, a meat packing industry (the largest between St. Paul, Minnesota, and Spokane, Washington) had arisen, a railway had come to town, and a silver smelter had been built.[7] The city's public school system was established in 1886. That year, the city opened the Whittier Building (later known as Whittier Elementary School) and began holding ungraded educational instruction for all students there.[8]

Great Falls High School was founded in the fall of 1890 by the city of Great Falls after four teenage girls (newly arrived in the city) asked to receive a high school public education.[9] The four young women constituted the first class, which met in a corner of a classroom in the Whittier Building (which, by that time, featured instruction in the sixth, seventh, and eighth grades).[9] By September 1892, Great Falls High School was an independent school within the city public school system.[9] Its 23 students also had a specified course of instruction (rather than general classes).[9]

The original Great Falls High School Building, constructed in 1896.

In 1896, the Great Falls Public Schools built the first Great Falls High School building.[9] City voters passed an initiative in 1893 to sell bonds to build a high school, but the Panic of 1893 delayed construction.[10] A design by local architect William White was chosen over three other proposals.[10] White's Romanesque Revival three-story structure featured a small central circular building, two rectangular wings, and an eight-story, four-faced clock tower.[10] Construction on the building, located at 1400 First Avenue North, began in 1894. The high school was built of gray sandstone obtained from quarries near both Helena and Great Falls.[10][11] The walls, which were 5 feet (1.5 m) thick at the bottom of the building but only 4 feet (1.2 m) thick at the roof, were sunk 16 feet (4.9 m) into the earth and stood on shale bedrock.[10] To compact the foundation's backfill, a herd of sheep was driven around the structure 100 times.[10][11] Wood for the interior supports, roof, and steps were cut from massive trees logged in the Rocky Mountains and floated down the Missouri River.[10][11] The finished building featured a tin mansard roof (molded and painted to look like tile), gables, and an attic suspended from the roof joists.[10] The interior woodwork was solid oak, all rooms had 3-foot (0.91 m) high wainscoting, the solid doors were 2.5-inch (6.4 cm) thick, and highly detailed molded pediments were emplaced over each door.[10] Ornate brass doorknobs and hinges were used throughout the building, and heat was supplied by cast iron radiators with delicate, filigreed covers.[10] The building (whose original cost was estimated at $59,940) was completed by McKay Brothers in 1896 at a total cost of $110,000.[9][10] The structure, which was designed to educate 500 students, contained 14 classrooms, a physical laboratory, a chemical laboratory, an art studio, and an assembly hall that could seat 400.[9] A boiler system was installed in the basement.[10]

The first class of nine boys and 37 girls helped open the school on November 1, 1896.[10] Helen Edgerton was the first principal.[10] The graduating class of 1897 (the high school's first) contained five students, but commencement ceremonies were held in the Great Falls Opera House because the crowd attending graduation was so large.[10]

A brick annex, designed by W.R. Lowery, was constructed against the high school's south side in 1913 at a cost of $200,000.[10] At this time, the boiler system was moved from the basement of the high school to the area between the main building and the annex.[10] An urban legend (which may have begun as early as the 1910s) began to circulate that the old boiler room was turned into a swimming pool, and that a student drowned in the pool—leaving the high school haunted. An investigation in the 1990s revealed that although student Grant Mill from Great Falls High School did drown in 1915, he did not drown in a fictitious pool in the basement but rather in the Missouri River.[12] The clock tower was removed in 1916 after its massive weight began to compromise the building.[10]

Great Falls High School moved into a new building in 1931. The old building was renamed Paris Gibson Junior High School, but the junior high school vacated the premises in 1975 for a new building at 2400 Central Avenue.[13] In 1975, the building became the home of the Paris Gibson Square Museum of Art.[13] It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in September 1976.[14]

Current building

In 1927, the Great Falls public school system sought voter approval to issue bonds to build a new high school, but this initiative was defeated.[15] The bond issue was brought before voters again in 1928, and it passed.[15][16] Construction on the $1 million building began in 1928 and continued through 1929.[17][18][19]

The new building was designed by architects George W. Bird, Ernest B. Croft, and Johannes Van Teylingen.[17] (Van Teylingen was one of the most prominent architects in Montana at the time. He also designed the Masonic Temple in Great Falls, the Great Falls Civic Center, and Turner Hall on the campus of the University of Montana.) The new high school was located at 1900 2nd Avenue South, and occupied four city blocks (between 2nd and 4th Avenues South, and 18th and 20th Streets South).[17] The construction of the building generated strong debate over whether the high school's name should be changed. Former students asked that the school's name be changed to "Charles M. Russell High School" (after famed local artist Charles M. Russell), while businessmen in the city wanted the name to be "James J. Hill High School" (after James Jerome Hill, the chief executive officer of the Great Northern Railway, friend of Paris Gibson, and an initial investor in the town).[17] But the name was not changed.

Another argument erupted over the type of brick to be used in the building. The architects specified that the exterior be built of dark brick.[20] However, some school board trustees wanted local bricks to be used, but these were much lighter in color.[20] As a compromise, dark imported bricks were used for the exterior and light, locally-made bricks used for the interior—even though the locally-made bricks cost more than twice as much.[20]

While the high school was being built, workers discovered a huge cache of blasting powder in a manhole adjacent to the construction site.[21] Since the manhole itself had been dug only two months earlier and no mining or construction company in the area reported any explosives missing, the discovery was even more mysterious.[21]

The final cost of the building when it was finished on July 21, 1930, was $1.15 million.[15] When the building opened in the fall of 1930, enrollment was 1,760 students[15]—just shy of the 1,800 students the building was designed to accommodate.[20][22] Great Falls High School included a gymnasium and a large football stadium west of the main entrance (which was on the west side of the long main north-south structure). The gym (known as Old Gym today) contained two underground lockerrooms and a hardwood basketball court surrounded by mezzanine seating that could accommodate 1,200 people.[23] The stadium was named Memorial Stadium to honor those who fought and served in World War I.[24] It featured concrete bleachers on the east side, clad in dark brick on their western face.[25] A 256 square feet (23.8 m2) two-story brick building (which contained a meeting room for the home team during pre-game and half-time on the ground floor, and concessions and public restrooms on the second) occupied the northeast corner of the field (connected to the Old Gym by an underground tunnel), while an identical brick building (with no tunnel) occupied the southeast corner.[26][27]

The construction of the new Great Falls High School building proved fortuitous. The lack of a gymnasium and athletic facilities at the old Great Falls High School led to a student lawsuit against the school district. In McNair v. School District No. 1 of Cascade County (Mont.), the Montana Supreme Court held in 1930 that a gymnasium was a "necessary and essential part of a school plant".[28] Had the new high school with its gymnasium and stadium not been built, the school district would have been forced to construct them.

There have been a number of changes and additions to Great Falls High School since its initial construction. In the 1950s, the school district built an addition to the southern end of the high school, expanding facilities for choir, orchestra, and band.[22] The western grandstand (with its press box and concessions area) was also built in the 1950s.[25] A two-story industrial arts annex (connected to the main building via a skywalk) was also opened, significantly expanding the school's ability to offer vocational-technical education.[15] In 1979, after GFHS was warned it could lose its accreditation due to the cramped conditions of its 50-year-old gymnasium, the school district built Bison Fieldhouse[15]—a modern sports facility with 3,600-seat basketball arena,[29] Olympic-size swimming pool, classrooms, weight-training room, boys and girls lockerrooms, offices, sports training and conditioning rooms, and parking lot. In 1980, an all-weather, latex, six-lane running track was built around the football field inside Memorial Stadium.[26] The track surface was replaced in 1990.[26]

In 1995, the Great Falls Public Schools commissioned a study which looked at ways to alleviate overcrowding at GFHS as well as make the school IDEA-compliant.[30] The study recommended building an addition to house classrooms and the construction of an elevator in the main building to give students access to science laboratory space on the structure's second and third floors.[30] Too few voters turned out in balloting on April 2 and June 4, 1996 for a valid election to occur.[30] A third election was successful, however. The bond issue funded construction of 13 new classrooms and the elevator.[30] The classroom addition to Bison Fieldhouse (known as "South Campus") opened in the summer of 1998.[15][30] The elevator began operation the same year. In 1999, a local attorney and his family donated $300,000 to GFHS to build a one-story addition to the northern end of the school to accommodate wrestling training and weight-lifting facilities.[31]

With the construction of Charles M. Russell High School in 1963, Memorial Stadium began to be shared by the two high schools. The stadium underwent significant renovations from 1999 to 2002. The fieldhouse pool underwent reconstruction in 1994 to replace its fiberglass lining.[32] Cracks in the lining were discovered in February 1999 and patched.[32] Larger cracks appeared in March 1999, the entire lining was replaced (under no cost to the school, as it was under a 25-year warranty), and the pool reopened in November 1999.[32]

The 1998 and early 2000s improvements to the school did not come soon enough, however. The family of a handicapped student at Great Falls High School sued the school, arguing that the quality of their child's education had been impaired due to a lack of IDEA-compliant facilities. In September 1998, the Montana Human Rights Commission agreed, and ordered the school district to make improvements and pay the family a monetary settlement.[33] The school district appealed the decision on technical grounds, arguing that not all administrative remedies had been pursued. On June 7, 2001, the Montana State Supreme Court held against the school district and upheld the Human Rights Commission's decision.[34]

In 2003, Bison Fieldhouse was renamed R.W. "Bill" Swarthout Fieldhouse. Swarthout was a successful football coach at GFHS from 1948 to 1956, winning four state championships.[35] He caught polio,[36] recovered, and returned to GFHS as men's basketball coach (again winning several state titles).[37] He was appointed principal at GFHS in 1957, and held that position until his retirement in 1983.[35] During his tenure at the school, he introduced girls' sports for the first time, installed the first computers for student use, and led the fight to win funding to construct the fieldhouse.[35][36] He died on December 16, 1997. The school board unanimously voted to rename the fieldhouse after him on February 24, 2003.[36]

The basketball court at Swarthout Fieldhouse underwent its first major renovation in 2011. The original wooden bleachers had become damaged after years of use (and fans jumping up and down on them), and new blue-and-white colored fiberglass bleachers ordered to replace them.[38] Removable bleachers were also added to the east and west ends of the fieldhouse, expanding the capacity of the court.[38] All the bleachers featured wider walkways and new handrails for enhanced safety.[38] The cost of the replacement, planned for August 2011,[38] was $370,000 (paid for out of the school district's maintenance fund).[39]

2000s administrative turnover

R.W. "Bill" Swarthout was principal at Great Falls High from 1957 to 1983, providing a remarkable 26 years of stability at the school. In 2004, the Great Falls Tribune called him "one of the most influential coaches and educators in the city's history."[40] His successor was assistant principal Bill Salonen, who led the school from 1983 to 1988. Karol K. Johnson, former dean of students at C.M. Russell High, held the principal position from 1988 to 1990. Johnson's successor was former boys' basketball coach and assistant principal Gary Davis, who held the top job from 1990 to 1999.[41]

Davis' successor was assistant principal Tracy Clark.[42] But Clark retired after just a year as principal, citing health reasons and the retirement of his wife (also a city public school teacher).[43] C.M. Russell High School assistant principal Steve Henneberg was chosen to replace Clark in 2000.[44] But Henneberg resigned in July 2001 after he and another man (who had accused Henneberg of having an affair with his wife) engaged in a public fistfight in a local bank parking lot.[45] With just a month to go before the opening of school, the Great Falls Public Schools asked retired principal Gary Davis to take over as "interim principal" for a year while a national search for a new principal was made. Davis agreed.[46] The rapid succession of principals was "destabilizing" the high school, the local press said.[47]

In 2002, Dr. Fred Anderson was appointed principal at Great Falls High School. Anderson, who has PhD in education administration, was principal for Custer County District High School in Miles City for 20 years.[48] He remained principal as of the 2010–2011 school year. However, in May 2012, Great Falls Public Schools Superintendent Dr. Cheryl Crawley announced that Dr. Anderson would be transferred to take over as principal of North Middle School. North Middle School principal Jane Gregoire took over at GFHS. Also assigned to GFHS was associate principal Julie Tramelli.[49]

Gregoire retired at the end of the 2014-2015 school year, and assistant principal Heather Hoyer was named as her successor.[1]

Campus

Campus map of Great Falls High School, as of 2011.

Great Falls High School is a modified Renaissance Revival structure,[50] and the building and its campus were designed to imitate an Ivy League college.[15][26] The main building faces west and is built along a north-south line. It is about 75 feet (23 m) wide and 300 feet (91 m) long. A square classroom wing about 75 feet (23 m) on each side connects the main building to another north-south classroom wing (about 40 feet (12 m) wide and 175 feet (53 m) long) to the east. On the north end of the main building is the east-west oriented, rectangular "Old Gym" wing, which is about 175 feet (53 m) wide and 100 feet (30 m) long. Against the "Old Gym", on the northern extreme of the high school, is the wrestling addition. This single-story, east-west running rectangular addition is about 150 feet (46 m) wide and 50 feet (15 m) long. On the south end of the main building is a classroom wing about 175 feet (53 m) on each side. An L-shaped addition housing music classrooms hugs half the eastern side of this wing, as well as the entire south side of the wing. To the west of the square south classroom wing is the industrial arts annex, an east-west running building about 115 feet (35 m) long and 135 feet (41 m) wide.

The main campus is bounded by 2nd Avenue South on the north, 20th Street South on the east, 4th Avenue South on the south, and 18th Street South on the west. Memorial Stadium backs directly against 18th Street, which has been blocked off to vehicular traffic since at least the mid-1970s. 20th Street South was blocked off between 4th and 2nd Streets South in 1978, and now is used as a maintenance vehicle access road for the high school. 4th Avenue South between 18th and 20th Streets South was blocked off at the same time, although the eastern and western portions of the street provide non-through traffic access to the parking lots on the east and west sides of the fieldhouse.

R.W. "Bill" Swarthout Fieldhouse is south of the main school building across 4th Avenue South. The building was constructed in the Modernist architectural style, with the unfinished concrete exterior reflecting the Brutalist genre of Modern architecture. The east-west running rectangular building is about 200 feet (61 m) long and 435 feet (133 m) wide, with the western one-fifth of the structure consisting of the South Campus classroom addition. Swarthout Fieldhouse is bounded by 4th Avenue South on the north, 20th Street South on the east, 5th Avenue South on the south, and 18th Street South on the west. Except for 4th Avenue South (as noted above), all streets are open to vehicular traffic.

The original main entrance to Great Falls High School was in the center of the original building on the west side. However, construction of the industrial arts annex, closure of 4th Street South, and other alterations to the campus plan led the school to treat its unadorned, plain east entrance as its main access portal. By tradition, only seniors may now exit in and out of the old west-side main entrance and sit on or use the old west main exterior staircase (the "Senior Stairs"). This tradition was started in 1931.[51] The west-side exit and staircase to the north of the main exit (adjacent to the Old Gym) is traditionally used only by juniors (the "Junior Stairs").

Students from GFHS maintain a giant "GF" logo on the side of Hill 57 (near the intersection of Valley View Drive and 11th Street NW), which overlooks the city of Great Falls.[52] The logo is composed of whitewashed stones, which GFHS students regularly repaint and keep in place.[53] (The hill is named for city backer James J. Hill, and in the first three decades of the 20th century had the numbers "57" on it—an advertising gimmick for Heinz 57 food products.)[54]

In December 2009, First Interstate Bancorp donated a life-size, iron buffalo sculpture (titled "Rolling Thunder") to Great Falls High School. The sculpture had previously been on display at the bank's downtown Great Falls branch, but the bank donated the sculpture when the old branch closed and a new one (which could not accommodate the artwork) opened.[55] The sculpture was installed in the main classroom building in the center of the hallway near the old main west entrance.

In February 2010, Dr. Cheryl K. Crawley, Great Falls Public Schools Superintendent, established a task force to study the physical plant at GFHS.[56] The task force's charge is to recommend improvements and changes to the buildings, grounds, and physical plant of the high school so that the school can continue to provide a high-quality education while remaining at near-capacity in terms of enrollment.[56] Dr. Crawley's report noted that GFHS currently has dining facilities too small for the size of the student body;[57] requires students, faculty, staff, and the public to walk outdoors during winter weather to move between buildings (a safety hazard); does not integrate the South Campus with the Upper Campus; lacks an adequate HVAC system (particularly in moving fresh air into the interior, as well as moving air around inside the building); cannot accommodate high-bandwidth computer or phone lines; and has poor cell phone, television, and radio reception.[56] The building also lacks zoned heat regulation, which makes some areas of the building too hot and others too cold and reduces energy efficiency.[58] School officials also say the Old Gym HVAC system is not functioning well, there are aging light fixtures throughout the building, and the hallways on the second and third floors are dark.[58] Additionally, student traffic flows throughout the building are poor (especially in the skywalk leading to the industrial arts annex), and the industrial arts annex suffers from safety problems.[58]

School district trustees approved $150,000 in 2010 to conduct an architectural study of the building.[58] Representatives from seven architectural and engineering firms toured the facility on June 30, 2011.[58] GFPS officials say they hope to select one of the firms' proposals by August 31, 2011, and to have a master plan for the GFHS physical plant in hand by July 31, 2012.[58]

Memorial Stadium

Looking southeast across the field at Memorial Stadium in 1988.

By the late 1990s, Memorial Stadium was in serious disrepair. The stadium's seating and restroom facilities were not ADA-compliant, the sidewalk on the eastern side of the stadium and the concrete steps in the east side bleachers were crumbling from over-use, poor drainage had damaged the foundation of the east side bleachers so much that their structural integrity was at risk, concession areas were too small, and the meeting rooms for home and visitor football teams were plagued by small size as well as humidity, mold, and general disrepair from overuse.[25] The cost of creating ADA-compliant facilities, fixing the drainage problem, and rebuilding the steps was estimated at $500,000.[25] Complete reconstruction of the eastern bleachers, along with improvements to concessions and team meeting spaces, was set at $2 million.[25] Despite the expense, the rebuild option had the advantage of widening the running track around the field. This would permit the track to expand from its current six lanes to 10 lanes (allowing the stadium to host the state track meet), and would also permit widening of the grass field to permit soccer games.[25] A committee of school board members and public citizens studied the issue, and recommended in November 1999 that $475,000 be spent to improve the drainage, fix the east sidewalk, make ADA-required improvements, and upgrade the team meeting room buildings.[26] But the committee reported some bad news as well. It discovered that the running track also needed to be replaced (at a cost of $400,000) because drainage problems and substrata settling had caused portions of the track to buckle and the latex surface to separate from its asphalt base.[26] The committee suggested spending up to $250,000 for a new high-tech surface (rather than replace the existing latex one).[26] Finally, the committee suggested spending $235,000 to improve exit stairs, upgrade and expand bathrooms in the west grandstand, widen aisles in the west grandstand, replace railings in the west grandstand, and replace benches and chairs throughout the stadium with aluminum seating.[26] Some committee members suggested replacing the east bleachers entirely at a cost of $1.8 million to allow for track expansion, and argued the city should seek a private donor or corporate sponsorship of the stadium to pay for the cost.[26] The school board was not receptive to this latter idea, but agreed to endorse an effort by a group of private citizens to try to raise the required $2.2 million total.[59]

Following the study committee's report, the school board agreed to use a one-time refund on insurance premiums to pay for $575,000 in repairs at Memorial Stadium.[60] These included east bleacher drainage improvements, east bleacher foundation and stairway improvements, and adding handicapped-accessible areas to both the east and west grandstands.[60] The cost of these upgrades increased to $600,000 in May 2000.[61] Costs had actually decreased because an engineer's assessment came in lower than expected and an accounting error was discovered that removed double-counting of expenses.[61] With the additional expenditure of just $25,000, however, the work could now be expanded to include entirely replacing the east bleachers, replacing the running track, and doubling the size of the team meeting/concessions buildings.[61] In May 2000, the work was expected to be complete by the fall.[61] The school board had yet to decide whether the track should be expanded to 10 lanes, but did agree to solicit bids to determine the cost of improving the west grandstand.[61] The track was expanded to eight lanes two weeks later.[62] The track work contract came in 16 percent low, which enabled the school district to add improvements to the long-jump paths and pits as well.[63] The contract for replacing the east bleachers, however, came in $95,000 high after contractors discovered that the existing drainage system was far more damaged than previously suspected.[63] In June 2000, the school board agreed to tap its general maintenance fund to pay for the work on the west bleachers after these cost estimates came in much lower than expected.[63]

Not all the money for these improvements was going to come from current funds, however. The school board hoped to sign a contract with local bottling companies to provide semi-exclusive access for their products in city schools, and anticipated using most or all of that money to help pay for the west grandstand improvements.[63] By now, work on the east bleacher seating was due to be complete in time for the start of the football season in September 2000, although renovations to the concessions areas and the restrooms on the east end would take longer.[63] The board authorized contract talks with local Coca-Cola and Pepsi bottlers in August 2000 to secure a $250,000 payment in exchange for giving the two companies exclusive distribution rights in city schools.[64]

Work on the east bleachers was completed around November 2000, slightly behind schedule.[27] The brick team meeting buildings had been doubled in size and heating added to them, restrooms on the upper floors expanded, handicapped-accessible restrooms added, and the concessions areas enlarged.[27] Eight wheelchair-accessible seating spaces for handicapped spectators were added in the middle and at both ends of the east grandstand, drainage improved, the sidewalk widened to 12 feet (3.7 m) and replaced, and better signage and improved lighting installed.[27] The running track, too, had been replaced.[27]

The improvements to Memorial Stadium's west grandstand were made in 2001. About $362,774 was spent to add wheelchair lifts and wheelchair-accessible seating in the west bleachers.[65] These costs included replacement of the wood and fiberglass seating with aluminum chairs, and the addition of an aisle to the front of the lower bleachers.[65] Although the contractor saved money because work proceeded ahead of schedule (due to mild weather), an additional $13,558 was appropriated for the improvements after workers discovered that the west concourse beneath the stands had been built directly on clay rather than on a foundation.[65] This area was slightly excavated, gravel was used to fill in the space, and a firmer foundation created for the concourse.[65] Workers also discovered that instead of a concrete foundation, the north and south walls of the west grandstand were built on a wood foundation—which had rotted away.[65] The rotten wood was removed, concrete footings were poured, and a new rot-resistant wood foundation for the walls set in place.[65] Contractors also installed new grandstand gates (to control access to the track from the bleachers), and said the entire project would be completed after the end of the track and field season in May 2001.[65] A few weeks later, the school board approved the semi-exclusive soda and juice distribution contracts with Coke and Pepsi. Each contract gave the school district $50,000 a year for five years (for a total of $500,000).[66] District officials approved the expenditure of $360,000 from the contract revenues to pay for west bleacher improvements.[66]

National Register of Historic Places

In mid 2012, a group of Great Falls High School graduates formed the Great Falls High School Heritage Foundation, with the goal of having the current high school's building placed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).[67] The building was officially listed as a national historic place on March 20, 2013.[68]

Notable events at GFHS

Several notable events have occurred at Great Falls High School. In 1943, famed jazz trumpet player Louis Armstrong and his band performed for the GFHS Senior Prom (held at the Great Falls Civic Center).[69] On September 26, 1963, more than 20,000 people crowded into Memorial Stadium to listen to a speech about conservation by President John F. Kennedy.[70]

Curriculum

School district policy and Great Falls High School require that students complete 23 credits for coursework to graduate.[71] This includes four credits of English, three credits of social studies, three credits of mathematics, three credits of science, two credits of "health enhancement" (physical education and general health education), one credit of career or technical education, one credit of fine arts, a half-credit of computer literacy, and one credit of "sequential concentration" (e.g., an additional credit of either career/technical studies or fine arts, or two years of the same foreign language).[71] Only 1.5 credits are left as electives for the student to choose on their own. Credits are offered by 12 departments, which include art, business, drama, English, family and consumer services, foreign (world) language, health enhancement and physical education, industrial technology, mathematics, music, science, and social studies.[72]

GFHS also offers Advanced Placement courses, special college-level courses approved by the College Board which take a full year to complete but which supply the advanced student with a more challenging and high-quality education. The courses offered include Advanced Placement Biology, Advanced Placement Calculus, Advanced Placement English Literature and Composition, Advanced Placement Studio Art Drawing, Advanced Placement United States Government and Politics, and Advanced Placement United States History.[73]

Great Falls High also offers 12 "dual credit" courses, in which a student is granted college credit for courses taken at the high school.[73] There is a cost (borne by the student) for taking a course and having the credit apply as "dual credit," although this cost is less than if the student were enrolled solely at the college.[73] Universities offering "dual credit" courses include Montana State University College of Technology – Great Falls, Montana Tech of the University of Montana, Montana State University – Northern, and the University of Great Falls.[73]

Additionally, certain career/technical courses (CTEs) may also earn the student college credit. These "CTE College Credit" courses are honored by all community colleges in Montana as well as all tribal colleges in Montana.[73] The three "CTE College Credit" courses require that the student take an assessment at the end of the course to earn the college credit.[73]

The graduation and completion rate[74] at Great Falls High School is slightly lower than the county average but above the state average. In 2005, GFHS's graduation and completion rate was 87.2 percent, while the same rate for all high schools in Cascade County (public and private) was 88.9 percent that year.[75] For all high schools statewide in Montana in the same year, the graduation and completion rate was 84.8 percent.[76] In 2010, GFHS had a dropout rate of 9.5 percent (53 percent higher than the next-worst school, Billings Senior High School).[77] But stronger efforts to keep students in school led to a significant improvement in 2011, when the dropout rate was just 5.2 percent (no longer the highest in the state).[77]

For most of its early decades, GFHS taught courses to students in grades 9 through 12. However, with the adoption of the junior high school in Great Falls in the 1920s, the high school taught only grades 10 through 12. In the mid-1980s, the school district adopted the middle school model, and 9th grade was taught once more at GFHS.

Curriculum awards and academic challenges

In the late 1930s, Great Falls High School won national notice for its efforts to integrate teaching of the social sciences and physical sciences, and for its attempt to engage students in critical thinking about future societal needs.[78]

More recently, GFHS has had trouble meeting the "adequate yearly progress" (AYP) standards established by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB).

Year AYP Status Action to be taken
2003 Did not make AYP None[79]
2004 Made AYP None[80]
2005 Made AYP None[81]
2006 Did not make AYP Put on Watch List[82]
2007 Did not make AYP 1st Year Identified for Improvement[83]
2008 Did not make AYP 2nd Year Identified for Improvement[84]
2009 Did not make AYP 1st Year Identified for Corrective Action[85]
2010 Did not make AYP 1st Year Identified for Restructuring[86]
2011 Did not make AYP 2nd Year Identified for Restructuring[87]

Schools that miss AYP are put on a watch list. If a school misses AYP for a second consecutive year, the school is publicly labeled as being "in need of improvement." The school is then required to develop a two-year improvement plan for the subject(s) that the school is not teaching well. GFHS was forced to develop this plan for implementation in the 2007–2008 school year. Missing AYP in the third year forces the school to offer free tutoring and other supplemental education services to struggling students. GFHS was forced to offer these services in the 2009–2010 school year. If a school misses AYP for a fourth consecutive year, the school is publicly labeled as requiring "corrective action." Corrective actions could include wholesale replacement of staff, introduction of a new curriculum, or extending the amount of time students spend in class. GFHS was forced to implement corrective action in the 2010–2011 school year.

If a school misses AYP for a fifth year, planning for restructuring is required. Common restructuring options include closing the school, turning the school into a charter school, hiring a private company to run the school, or asking the state office of education to directly run the school.

If GFHS missed AYP in the 2011–2012 school year, the restructuring plan was supposed to be implemented in the 2012–2013 school year. The Montana Office of Public Instruction said on August 4 that the school missed AYP for the 2010–2011 school year.[87] However, in August 2011 the state sought and received a waiver from the U.S. Department of Education which kept testing standards static for the 2010–2011 school year rather than raising them, which allowed hundreds of schools across the state to meet AYP.[88] This did not affect Great Falls High school, however.[88] The school had until September 13, 2011, to appeal its AYP test scores and meet AYP.[88]

Extracurricular activities

Great Falls High School offers a wide variety of extracurricular opportunities for students.

The Iniwa (a Piegan Blackfeet word meaning "bison") was the Great Falls High School student newspaper. It was founded in 1921, and originally named Hi-Life (because of Great Falls' proximity to the "Hi-Line" region across northern Montana).[51] The Hi-life won a fourth-place prize in the Class A division of the prestigious Columbia Scholastic Press Association (CSPA) student news awards in 1931.[89] Over the years, the Hi-Life and Iniwa have won numerous journalism awards. In 2006 Iniwa editor Roman Stubbs was named Montana High School Journalist of the Year by the Montana Journalism Education Association.[90] In 2009, the CSPA awarded the Iniwa second-place honors in the "general or humor commentary" category, third-place honors in the "entertainment reviews" category, and certificates of merit in the "single sports photograph color" and "sports page design: tabloid format color" categories.[91] Also in 2009, Iniwa editor-in-chief Megan Gretch was named Montana High School Journalist of the year by the Montana Journalism Education Association.[92] Additionally, Gretch was selected to represent the state of Montana at the 2009 Free Spirit Conference. This annual event started in 1999 and is funded by the Newseum Institute to honor Al Neuharth, the founder of USA Today, the Newseum, and the Freedom Forum.[93] In 2010, Iniwa reporter Mary Koppy was named Montana High School Journalist of the Year, the newspaper given first place in the "Pacesetter" (given for all-around excellence) and "Newspaper Design" categories, and Iniwa staff honored in the categories of news writing and editorial cartooning.[94]

Group activities are common at GFHS. The Roundup, the annual yearbook jointly edited by students at GFHS, has been published since 1907.[95][96] In 2001, it won a National Pacemaker Award (the "Pulitzer Prize of student journalism") from the National Scholastic Press Association. In addition to for-credit choirs, orchestra, symphonic band, concert band, and the Blue Notes jazz band, the high school offers students the opportunity to play in the Pep Band and the Bison Marching Band; play in the Chamber Orchestra; or sing in one of several choirs, including the Delphian Choir, Rhapsody Choir, Aeolian Choir, or Lyric Choir. In 2014, the Delphian Choir received second place in the prestigious American Prize in Choral Performance (high school/youth choir division).[97] The school's theme song is Anchors Aweigh. It is not clear why this theme song was chosen by the school, but it was in use as early as 1924.[98] Some speculate that the theme might have been chosen to honor a graduate who served in the United States Navy during World War I, or because the school colors are Navy blue and white.[98] (The school's lyrics to the piece closely mimic the first stanza of the original lyrics to the Navy song.)

Included among the many clubs and other extracurricular activities offered at the school are: Competitive public speaking ("forensics"), astronomy club, chess club, drama society, fly tying, Indian club, journalism club, motor sports, and student government.[99]

Athletics

Great Falls High School offers the following organized sports: Basketball (boys and girls), football (boys), Cross Country, (boys and girls), golf (boys and girls), softball (girls), soccer (boys and girls), swimming and diving (boys and girls), tennis (boys and girls), track and field (boys and girls), volleyball (girls), and wrestling (boys). The school competes in Class AA athletics against other high schools with a two-year average enrollment of at least 826 students. This class encompasses only the largest high schools in the state. GFHS is a member of the Montana High School Association (MHSA), whose rules and guidelines cover not only competitive athletics but also non-competitive cheerleading and spirit activities. (The school's spirit squad is known as the Bisonettes.)

As of 2005, Great Falls High School had won 13 state football titles, with its most recent state title coming in 1988.[100] Matt Krahe took over head coaching duties in the 2010–2011 school year, with his inexperienced team going 2-and-8.[101] The Bison last went to the Class AA football playoffs in 2008.[101] The school has been somewhat less successful in boys' basketball, winning just eight state titles.[100] However, the school won back-to-back boys' basketball state titles in 1994 and 1995, and the 1995 team was undefeated—only the fourth boys' basketball team in Class AA to accomplish this feat.[100] GFHS was a girls' basketball powerhouse under head coach Dick Kloppel in the late 1970s and 1980s. After losing the championship game in 1979, the girls' basketball team won state championships in 1980, 1981, and 1982.[100] During these three years, the girls' team went undefeated for 72 straight games—the longest winning streak of any team in any sport in any class in Montana history.[100] Great Falls High School has also won 13 boys' track and field state titles, and three girls' state track and field crowns.[100] The boys' track team won back-to-back titles three times, most recently in 1989 and 1990.[100] The boys' cross country team won two state titles (1975 and 1979)[102] and the girls' cross country team won four state titles (1975, 1977, 1985, and 2000).[103] In 2009, the girls tennis team won the Class AA state title for the first time since the 1970s, with Ellie Crum taking first place in singles and Sophia Lockerby and Rachel Gorsuch taking first place in doubles.[104] Crum went undefeated in the 2009 and 2010 seasons, and repeated as state singles champion in 2010.[105]

Notable faculty and administrators

Among the notable administrators, teachers, and staff who have worked at Great Falls High School are:

  • Fred Anderson, Principal, 2006 Journalism Education Association Administrator of the Year;[106] AA Principal of the Year, 2012[107]
  • Linda Ballew, English teacher, 2005 National High School Journalism Teacher of the Year,[108] 2005 Dow Jones News Fund National High School Journalism Teacher of the Year, 2006 Journalism Education Association Distinguished Yearbook Adviser, and 2014 Journalism Education Association Lifetime Achievement Award.[109]
  • Paul Culbertson, Assistant Principal, 2011 Montana Assistant Principal of the Year.[110]
  • Merle C. Gallagher, principal of GFHS in the late 1920s, was president of the Montana State High School Music Association in 1929.[111]
  • Geoffry Habel, social studies teacher, 2013 Global Educator of the Year Award from the Montana World Affairs Council.[112]
  • Ralph Halverson, coach, Montana Coaches Association Executive Secretary (1991–1992); MHSA James C. Haugen Meritorious Service Award (for "outstanding contributions to MHSA activities" – the highest award given by the MHSA);[113] MHSA Service Citation Award.[114]
  • Jan Mader, science teacher, 2007 Excellence in Pre-College Physics Teaching Award.[115]
  • Dusty Molyneaux, director of the concert, jazz, marching, and pep bands, 2012 Montana Music Educators Leadership Award.[116]
  • Erling Oksenholt, Sr., social studies teacher, received the St. Olav's Medal in 1979 for his contributions in promoting education about Norway overseas.[117]
  • Paul Ritter, director of choirs from 1972 to 1996 and chairman of music department from 1983 to 1996. Under his direction, the Delphian Choir was nationally recognized as one of the best high school choirs in the country. Many former students have gone on to singing careers.[118]
  • Brian Sullivan, biology teacher, 2011 U.S. Presidential Scholars Program's Teacher Recognition Award.[119]
  • R.W. "Bill" Swarthout, Principal, MHSA Service Citation award (for "significant contribution" to the MHSA).[114]
  • Mary Wren, math teacher, 2005 Montana Teacher of the Year.[120]

Notable alumni

Among GFHS' notable alumni are:

Educational foundation

Great Falls High School is supported in part by the Bison Alumni Academic Foundation. The private foundation, which is not formally associated with the school, was founded in 2007 by GFHS alumni. Its mission is to raise funds for the school to enhance its academic excellence.[140]

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Sherman, David (February 13, 2015). "Hoyer chosen as new principal for Great Falls High School". KRTV. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
  2. ^ Benjamin, nick (November 19, 2014). "Mr. Yates joins administration". The Iniwa. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  3. ^ Ward, Eric (May 15, 2015). "Geoff Habel hired as new associate principal at GFH". The Iniwa. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
  4. ^ a b "Common Core of Data – Public school data 2014–2015 school year". Institute of Education Sciences. National Center for Education Statistics. U.S. Department of Education. 2015. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
  5. ^ "Weekly list of actions taken on properties: 3/18/13 through 3/22/13". National Park Service. March 29, 2013. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  6. ^ Robison, p. 25.
  7. ^ a b Federal Writers' Project, p. 150.
  8. ^ Bureau of Agriculture, Labor and Industry, p. 306. Accessed 2011-05-06.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Superintendent of Public Instruction, p. 65. Accessed 2011-05-06.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "About Us: Our History." Paris Gibson Square. 2009. Accessed 2010-05-06.
  11. ^ a b c Baumler, p. 33. Accessed 2010-05-06.
  12. ^ Baumler, p. 34-36.
  13. ^ a b Robison, p. 48.
  14. ^ National Park Service, p. 301.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h "Great Falls High School." Great Falls High School Bison Football. No date. Accessed 2011-05-06.
  16. ^ Wilmot, Paula. "Community Banded Together to Weather the 'Dirty '30s'." Great Falls Tribune. May 9, 2010.
  17. ^ a b c d Robison, p. 73.
  18. ^ Les Johnson o/b/o Amanda Johnson v. Great Falls Public Schools. Final Order. HRC Case No. 9504007138. Human Rights Commission of the State of Montana. September 10, 1998, p. 3. Accessed 2011-05-06.
  19. ^ Wilmot, Paul. "1920s Proved to Be Eventful in Great Falls, Around Region." Great Falls Tribune. April 11, 2010.
  20. ^ a b c d Wilmot, Paula. "See How You Fared in Our Area History Quiz of the 1930s." Great Falls Tribune. May 9, 2010.
  21. ^ a b "Find Giant Powder Hidden in Manhole." Associated Press. August 6, 1929.
  22. ^ a b Les Johnson o/b/o Amanda Johnson v. Great Falls Public Schools. Final Order. HRC Case No. 9504007138. Human Rights Commission of the State of Montana. September 10, 1998, p. 4. Accessed 2011-05-06.
  23. ^ "Bison Slip Past Skyview." Great Falls Tribune. January 25, 2009.
  24. ^ Johnson, Peter. "Football Players Raise Memorial Stadium Flag." Great Falls Tribune. May 20, 2000.
  25. ^ a b c d e f Johnson, Peter. "Group Wants to Renovate Aging Stadium." Great Falls Tribune. February 8, 1999.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i Johnson, Peter. "Patching Up Memorial Stadium." Great Falls Tribune. November 8, 1999.
  27. ^ a b c d e Johnson, Peter. "'We've Brought the Eastside Bleachers into a New Era'." Great Falls Tribune. November 3, 2000.
  28. ^ McNair v. School District No. 1 of Cascade County (Mont.), 87 Mont. 423, 288 P. 188 (1930).
  29. ^ "Prep Notebook." Great Falls Tribune. April 15, 2003.
  30. ^ a b c d e Les Johnson o/b/o Amanda Johnson v. Great Falls Public Schools. Final Order. HRC Case No. 9504007138. Human Rights Commission of the State of Montana. September 10, 1998, p. 5-6. Accessed 2011-05-06.
  31. ^ "Slettens Dig Deep, Remind Us of Charity's Value." Great Falls Tribune. February 25, 2004.
  32. ^ a b c Johnson, Peter. "GFH Pool Reopens With a Splash." Great Falls Tribune. November 10, 1999.
  33. ^ Les Johnson o/b/o Amanda Johnson v. Great Falls Public Schools. Final Order. HRC Case No. 9504007138. Human Rights Commission of the State of Montana. September 10, 1998. Accessed 2011-05-06.
  34. ^ Great Falls Public Schools v. Les Johnsons o/b/o Amanda Johnson and the Montana Human Rights Commission, 305 Mont. 200, 26 P.3d 734 (2001).
  35. ^ a b c Johannes, Katie N. "Bison Gym Could Get New Name." Great Falls Tribune. February 23, 2003.
  36. ^ a b c Johannes, Katie N. "GFH Fieldhouse Gets New Name." Great Falls Tribune. February 25, 2003.
  37. ^ "Longtime Bison Coach, Dean Henry 'Dutch' Dahmer Dies at 78." Great Falls Tribune. August 8, 1999.
  38. ^ a b c d Stukey, Katie. "GFHS Fieldhouse Getting a Makeover." KRTV.com. January 25, 2011. Accessed 2011-05-07.
  39. ^ "CMR Student Expelled for Gun at School." Great Falls Tribune. February 15, 2011.
  40. ^ Geise, George. "Fieldhouse Officially Becomes Swarthout Today." Great Falls Tribune. May 19, 2004.
  41. ^ "GFH Principal Davis to Retire." Great Falls Tribune. March 3, 1999.
  42. ^ Johnson, Peter. "GFH Gets a Principal and a Coach." Great Falls Tribune. April 27, 1999.
  43. ^ Johnson, Peter. "Exodus of Excellence." Great Falls Tribune. February 12, 2000.
  44. ^ Ivanova, Karen Ogden. "Superintendent Backs Kloppel, Henneberg for CMR, GFH Jobs." Great Falls Tribune. March 27, 2000.
  45. ^ Johnson, Peter. "Great Falls High Principal Suspended Following Fight." Great Falls Tribune. July 6, 2001.
  46. ^ Johnson, Peter. "Davis Returns as Interim Head of Great Falls High." Great Falls Tribune. July 27, 2001.
  47. ^ Johnson, Peter. "Principal Shortage Emerges." Great Falls Tribune. March 31, 2002.
  48. ^ Johnson, Peter. "New GFH Principal 'Cruising' to Meet Students." Great Falls Tribune. September 24, 2002.
  49. ^ Madison, Erin and Cates, Kristen. "Schools Swap Leadership Lineup." Great Falls Tribune. May 5, 2012.
  50. ^ Federal Writers' Project, p. 112.
  51. ^ a b "First Class Remembers Graduating From GFH." Great Falls Tribune. April 25, 1999.
  52. ^ Wilmot, Paula. "Test What You Know of Area's Rich History During 1920s." Great Falls Tribune. April 4, 2010.
  53. ^ Cates, Kristen. "Great Falls High Students Paint GF Landmark on Hill 57." Great Falls Tribune. July 3, 2012.
  54. ^ Robison, p. 79.
  55. ^ "First Interstate Opens New Branch in Great Falls, MT on 10th Avenue South." First Interstate Bancorp. December 11, 2009. Accessed 2011-05-06.
  56. ^ a b c Crawley, Cheryl K. Superintendent's Budget Message. Great Falls Public Schools. February 18, 2010. Accessed 2011-05-07.
  57. ^ The school's cafeteria can accommodate only 300 students, requiring five lunch schedules which take 2.5 hours to complete. See: "Architects, Engineers Study Great Falls High for Upgrades." Great Falls Tribune. July 1, 2011.
  58. ^ a b c d e f "Architects, Engineers Study Great Falls High for Upgrades." Great Falls Tribune. July 1, 2011.
  59. ^ Johnson, Peter. "School Board to Try Ads in Schools." Great Falls Tribune. April 27, 1999.
  60. ^ a b Johnson, Peter. "Trustees OK Money for Work on Stadium." Great Falls Tribune. November 9, 1999.
  61. ^ a b c d e Johnson, Peter. "Trustees Ready to Open Bidding on Memorial Stadium Fixes." Great Falls Tribune. May 22, 2000.
  62. ^ Burchard, Jacquie. "School Board Renews GFH Coach's Contract." Great Falls Tribune. May 23, 2000.
  63. ^ a b c d e Johnson, Peter. "Great Falls Trustees Expected to Award Stadium Contracts." Great Falls Tribune. June 26, 2000.
  64. ^ Johnson, Peter. "Board OKs $2 Million for Schools." Great Falls Tribune. August 15, 2000.
  65. ^ a b c d e f g Johnson, Peter. "Trustees OK More Money for Memorial Stadium Work." Great Falls Tribune. March 15, 2001.
  66. ^ a b Johnson, Peter. "Trustees Pondering Dual Pop Contracts Valued at $500,000." Great Falls Tribune. March 25, 2001.
  67. ^ "Alumni Want Great Falls High on National Historic Registry." Great Falls Tribune. June 18, 2012.
  68. ^ Cates, Kristen. "Great Falls High School Makes National Registry." Great Falls Tribune. March 29, 2013.
  69. ^ "Talk of the Town." Great Falls Tribune. September 9, 2002.
  70. ^ Wilmot, Paula. "Great Falls Remembers Favorite Son." Great Falls Tribune. October 6, 2001.
  71. ^ a b Great Falls High School 2010–2011 Course Catalog. May 2010, p. 2. Accessed 2011-05-06.
  72. ^ Great Falls High School 2010–2011 Course Catalog. May 2010, p. 4-34. Accessed 2011-05-06.
  73. ^ a b c d e f Great Falls High School 2010–2011 Course Catalog. May 2010, p. 3. Accessed 2011-05-06.
  74. ^ Graduation refers to those students who satisfactorily complete their studies within the required four years. Completion refers to those students who dropped out of school, but returned to earn either a diploma or a General Educational Development (GED).Those students who neither graduate nor complete are "dropouts."
  75. ^ Montana High School Completion and Graduation Rates for the Graduating Class of 2005. Montana Office of Public Instruction. March 2006, p. 12. Accessed 2011-05-07.
  76. ^ Montana High School Completion and Graduation Rates for the Graduating Class of 2005. Montana Office of Public Instruction. March 2006, p. 7. Accessed 2011-05-07.
  77. ^ a b "Past Week's Dropout News Shows City on Right Track." Great Falls Tribune. March 24, 2012.
  78. ^ Tape, p. 33, 55.
  79. ^ 2003 Montana Schools Adequate Yearly Progress Report. Montana Office of Public Instruction. August 14, 2003, p. 2. Accessed 2011-05-07.
  80. ^ 2004 Montana Schools Adequate Yearly Progress Report. Montana Office of Public Instruction. January 20, 2005, p. 2. Accessed 2011-05-07.
  81. ^ 2005 Montana Schools Adequate Yearly Progress Report. Montana Office of Public Instruction. August 17, 2005, p. 3. Accessed 2011-05-07.
  82. ^ 2006 Montana Schools Adequate Yearly Progress Report. Montana Office of Public Instruction. January 18, 2007, p. 3. Accessed 2011-05-07.
  83. ^ 2007 Montana Schools Adequate Yearly Progress Report. Montana Office of Public Instruction. August 29, 2007, p. 3. Accessed 2011-05-07.
  84. ^ 2008 Montana Schools Adequate Yearly Progress Report. Montana Office of Public Instruction. August 18, 2008, p. 3. Accessed 2011-05-07.
  85. ^ 2009 Montana Schools Adequate Yearly Progress Report. Montana Office of Public Instruction. August 31, 2009, p. 2. Accessed 2011-05-07.
  86. ^ 2010 Montana Schools Adequate Yearly Progress Report. Montana Office of Public Instruction. July 29, 2010, p. 2. Accessed 2011-05-07.
  87. ^ a b 2011 Montana Schools Adequate Yearly Progress Report. Montana Office of Public Instruction. August 4, 2011, p. 3. Accessed 2011-09-07.
  88. ^ a b c Cates, Kristen. "Deal on 'No Child' Won't Change Scores of Great Falls Schools." Great Falls Tribune. August 16, 2011.
  89. ^ "5 Schools Here Win Journalism Prizes." New York Times. March 14, 1931.
  90. ^ "Great Falls High Senior Honored With Journalism Award." Associated Press. May 13, 2006.
  91. ^ "Second Series of 2009 High School Gold Circle Awards Announced." SPR: Student Press Review. December 2010. Accessed 2011-05-07.
  92. ^ Puntney, Linda (April 16, 2009). JEA Semi-Annual Report (PDF) (Report). pp. 12–13. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
  93. ^ Rohnke, Nate (December 28, 2011). "2009 Al Neuharth Free Spirit Scholars". Free Spirit and Journalism Conference. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
  94. ^ "2010 Montana High School Journalism Awards." School of Journalism. University of Montana-Missoula. No date. Accessed 2011-05-07.
  95. ^ Cristy, p. 280.
  96. ^ a b Madison, Erin. "Dolack's Second Yearbook Cover 'Graduates' From '68 Psychedelic to Famous Style for '07." Great Falls Tribune. December 15, 2006.
  97. ^ "Chorus Winner, Runners-Up: High School & Youth Choir". The American Prize Blog. October 10, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  98. ^ a b "Talk of the Town." Great Falls Tribune. December 16, 2002.
  99. ^ "GFHS Clubs." Great Falls High School. No date. Accessed 2011-05-07.
  100. ^ a b c d e f g "High School Sports King in Great Falls." Great Falls Tribune. March 20, 2005.
  101. ^ a b Towne, Mike. "Footballs Flying at GFH, CMR." Great Falls Tribune. August 13, 2011.
  102. ^ "Montana High School Association State Boys' Cross Country Champions of the Past, 1964–2013." Montana High School Association. 2013. Accessed 2014-03-27.
  103. ^ "Montana High School Association State Girls' Cross Country Champions of the Past, 1971–2013." Montana High School Association. 2013. Accessed 2014-03-27.
  104. ^ "GFH Girls Win State." Great Falls Tribune. May 24, 2009.
  105. ^ "Crum Claims Her 2nd Straight State Tennis Title." KRTV.com. May 23, 2010. Accessed 2012-04-17.
  106. ^ "Montana Principal Named Administrator of Year." Journalism Education Association. November 2006. Accessed 2011-05-07.
  107. ^ "The Edge." Great Falls Tribune. July 7, 2012.
  108. ^ Andrews, p. 194.
  109. ^ "13 Teachers Receive JEA Lifetime Achievement Award". Journalism Education Association. August 26, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  110. ^ Korslien, Ashley. "GFHS Assistant Principal Honored." KRTV.com. April 19, 2011. Accessed 2011-05-08.
  111. ^ "Making Plans for Music Meet." Troy Tribune. September 27, 1929.
  112. ^ "Global Educator of the Year". Montana World Affairs Council. 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2015; "Teacher honored for expanding global awareness". KECI=TV. September 9, 2013. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  113. ^ "Awards." Handbook of the Montana High School Association, 2010, p. 87. Accessed 2011-05-07.
  114. ^ a b "Awards." Handbook of the Montana High School Association, 2010, p. 88. Accessed 2011-05-07.
  115. ^ "AAPT Hands Out Awards," Physics Today, August 2007, p. 70.
  116. ^ "2013-14 Outstanding Music Educators". National Federation of State High School Associations. April 18, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  117. ^ Bumann, Marcia. "Great Falls History Teacher Receives High Norwegian Honor." Great Falls Tribune. September 28, 1979.
  118. ^ "Paul Ritter". Great Falls Symphony. n.d. Retrieved September 9, 2014.; Ecke, Richard (December 22, 2013). "Spray of the Falls: Great Falls voice backs up Andrea Bocelli". Great Falls Tribune. Retrieved September 9, 2014.
  119. ^ "2011 Recipients of the U.S. Presidential Scholars Program's Teacher Recognition Award." Press release. United States Department of Education. May 2, 2011. Accessed 2011-05-10.
  120. ^ Johnson, Peter. "Vibrant Great Falls Educator Wins State Teacher of the Year." Great Falls Tribune. September 15, 2004.
  121. ^ Hall, Ryan. "Great Falls Native Earns Bronze Star." Great Falls Tribune. April 17, 2011.
  122. ^ Ecke, Richard. "Great Falls Native Helps Clothe Stars in L.A." Great Falls Tribune. April 15, 2012.
  123. ^ "Cham-a-koon Fights Younger Opponents." Cincinnati Enquirer. July 13, 2011.
  124. ^ Tuska, p. 7.
  125. ^ Ford, p. 6.
  126. ^ Johnson, Peter. "U.S. District Judge Hatfield Dies." Great Falls Tribune. July 4, 2000.
  127. ^ Towne, Mike. "Family Tradition With a Kick." Great Falls Tribune. January 21, 2004.
  128. ^ Parry, p. 43.
  129. ^ "About Travis Kavulla, Chairman." PSC Commissioners. Montana Public Service Commission. No date. Accessed 2011-05-10.
  130. ^ Trainor, Tim (June 4, 2012). "ConocoPhillips CEO Ryan Lance a graduate of Great Falls High, Montana Tech". Helena Independent Record. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
  131. ^ International Motion Picture Almanac, p. 453.
  132. ^ "Sideline Briefs." Great Falls Tribune. August 1, 2003.
  133. ^ "The 50 Greatest Montana Sports Figures." Sports Illustrated. December 27, 1999. Accessed 2011-05-06.
  134. ^ "The YouTube Star Who's Crazy in a Funny Way". Esquire. December 2, 2008. Retrieved April 30, 2011. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  135. ^ Hall, Ryan. "Welch Fighting for MMA Title." Great Falls Tribune. April 23, 2011. Accessed 2011-05-07.
  136. ^ Peterson, Chris (February 8, 2012). "Wick honored by national distinguished principal award". Hungry Horse News. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  137. ^ Black, Jo Dee. "Former Great Falls Man Takes Helm of Texas Energy Company." Great Falls Tribune. October 25, 2002.
  138. ^ Ashby, p. 19.
  139. ^ a b Cazeneuve, Bill. "Fraternity Pins: Two brothers, Bill and Mike Zadick, are the U.S.'s best hope at this week's world championships." Sports Illustrated. September 25, 2006. Accessed 2011-05=07.
  140. ^ Bison Alumni Academic Foundation. No Date. Accessed 2011-05-10.

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  • Tape, Henry Aaron. Changing Secondary Education in the United States: Report on a Survey of Modifications of Secondary Education. Lansing, Mich.: Michigan State Board of Education, 1939.
  • Tuska, Jon, ed. "Introduction." Coffin Ranch. New York City: Leisure, 1998.
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