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Guildford
Guildford High Street
PopulationExpression error: "66,773[1]" must be numeric
OS grid referenceSU9949
District
Shire county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townGUILDFORD
Postcode districtGU1-4
Dialling code01483
PoliceSurrey
FireSurrey
AmbulanceSouth East Coast
UK Parliament
List of places
UK
England
Surrey
For the administrative district, see Guildford (borough).
For other uses, see Guildford (disambiguation).

Guildford (pronunciationⓘ; IPA /ˈgɪlfəd/) is the county town of Surrey,[2] England, as well as the seat for the borough of Guildford and the administrative headquarters of the South East England region. It is situated some 50 km (31 miles) southwest of London on the A3 trunk road linking the capital to Portsmouth.

The town has Saxon roots, [3] and likely owes its location to the existence of a gap in the North Downs where the River Wey is forded by the Harrow Way. The town grew enough in importance by 978 to be the Royal Mint. With the building of the Wey Navigation and Basingstoke Canal Guildford was in the centre of a network of waterways that aided its prosperity.

The Guildford pub bombing in 1974 killed five people including four off-duty soldiers from the local barracks.[4] The subsequently arrested suspects became known as the Guildford Four.

History

It is believed that Guildford was founded by Saxon settlers shortly after Roman authority had been removed from Britain (which was c.410AD). The site was likely chosen because the Harrow Way (an ancient trackway that continues along Hog's Back) crosses the River Wey at this point, via a ford. This probably gives rise to the second half of Guildford's name. The root of the first part is gold rather than society or meeting place. It has been suggested that the gold may refer to golden flowers by the ford, or the golden sand, but this is not certain.

In Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur, Guildford is identified with Astolat of Arthurian renown.[5] Guildford's model railway club, the Astolat Model Railway Circle,[6] and a local pub, the Astolat,[7] are just a couple of the modern day reminders of the legend to be found in the town.

From 978 Guildford was the location of the Royal Mint.[5]

Alfred Atheling, son of King Ethelred II, had been living in Normandy in France during the Danish invasion of Saxon England. After Canute died, around 1040, Alfred returned to England, where he was met and entertained in Guildford by the Earl Godwine. Godwine handed him to Harold Harefoot's men, who blinded and mutilated him to the extent that he died not long after.

Guildford Castle

Guildford castle may date back to Saxon times, if not much earlier. Its situation overlooks the pass through the hills taken by the Pilgrims' Way, and also, presumably, once overlooked the ancient ford across the Wey, thus giving a key point of military control of this important East-West route way across the country; just as Windsor castle and the Tower of London once guarded the Thames.

Guildford appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Geldeford and Gildeford. It was held by William the Conqueror. Its domesday assets were: a town; the king held 75 hagæ (houses enclosed in fences'). It rendered £32. Stoke, a suburb within today's Guildford, appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Stoch. It was held by William the Conqueror. Its domesday assets were: 1 church, 2 mills worth 5s, 22 ploughs, 16 acres of meadow, woodland worth 40 hogs. It was in the King's park. It rendered £15.[8]

William the Conqueror himself used The Pilgrims' Way when he sacked the countryside, including Guildford, after his victory at the Battle of Hastings. He then had the castle built, or maybe rebuilt, in the classic Norman style, the keep of which still stands. There can be no doubt that another major purpose of Norman castle building was to overawe the conquered population and at Guildford this also was the case. As the threat of invasion and insurrection declined the castle's status was demoted to that of a Royal hunting lodge as Guildford was, at that time, at the edge of Windsor Great Park. It was visited on several occasions by King John and King Henry III.[5] The surviving parts of the castle were restored in Victorian times and then in 2004; the rest of the grounds are a pleasant public garden.[9][10]

In 1995, a chamber was discovered in the High Street, which is considered to be the remains of a 12th century synagogue. While this remains a matter of contention, it is likely to be the oldest remaining synagogue in Western Europe.

Guildford elected two members to the Unreformed House of Commons. From the 14th century to the 18th century, it prospered with the wool trade.

In the 1300s the Guild Hall was constructed and still stands today as a noticeable landmark of Guildford. The north end was extended in 1589 and the Council Chamber was added in 1683. It was in 1683 when the elegant projecting clock was made for the front of the building and can be seen throughout the High Street.

In 1598, a court case referred to a sport called kreckett being played at the Royal Grammar School, Guildford around 1550. The Oxford English Dictionary gives this as the first recorded instance of cricket in the English language.

The Hospital of the Holy Trinity still has a charitable role

In 1619 George Abbot founded the Hospital of the Holy Trinity,[5] now commonly known as Abbot's Hospital,[11] one of the finest sets of almshouses in the country. It is sited at the top end of the High Street, opposite Holy Trinity church. The brick-built, three-storey entrance tower faces the church; a grand stone archway leads into the courtyard. On each corner of the tower there is an octagonal turret rising an extra floor, with lead ogee domes.[11]

The River Wey in Guildford is canalised into the Wey Navigation

One of the greatest boosts to Guildford’s prosperity came in 1653 with the completion, after many wrangles, of the Wey Navigation. This made it possible for Guildford businesses to access the Thames at Weybridge by boat and predated the major canal building program in Britain by more than a century. In 1764 the navigation was extended as far as Godalming and in 1816 to the sea at Arundel via the Wey and Arun Junction Canal and the Arun Navigation. The Basingstoke Canal also was built to connect with the Wey navigation, putting Guildford in the centre of a network of waterways. Although the Wey was never made navigable as far as Farnham, that town also benefited greatly from the existing navigation, being able to transport produce to and from Guildford via the Pilgrims' Way.

In the years from 1820 to 1865 Guildford was the scene of severe outbursts of semi-organised lawlessness commonly known as the “Guy Riots” The Guys would mass on the edge of the town from daybreak on November the fifth, wearing masks or bizarre disguises and armed with clubs and lighted torches. With the onset of nightfall, or maybe before, they would enter the town and avenge themselves on those who had crossed them in the preceding year by committing assaults and damaging property; often looting the belongings of victims from their houses and burning them on bonfires in the middle of the street. In later years attempts to suppress the Guys led to the deaths of two police officers. In 1866 and 68 the Guys were dispersed by cavalry and this seems to have brought an end to the riots. Similar disorder surrounding the St Catherine’s Hill Fair, held just outside the town on the Pilgrims' Way, was suppressed around the same time. [12] [13]

The diocese of Guildford was created in 1927, and Guildford Cathedral was consecrated in 1961. Previously, Guildford had been part of the diocese of Winchester.

During the World War II, the Borough Council built 18 communal air raid shelters [14]. One of these shelters, known as the Foxenden Quarry deep shelter, was built into the side of a disussed chalk quarry. The quarry itself is now the site of a car park, but the shelter is preserved and open once a year to the public.

On October 5, 1974, bombs planted by the Provisional Irish Republican Army went off in two Guildford pubs, killing four off-duty soldiers and a civilian. The pubs were targeted because soldiers from barracks near Guildford were known to frequent them.[15] The subsequently arrested suspects, who became known as the Guildford Four, were convicted and sentenced to long prison sentences in October 1975. They claimed to have been tortured by the police and denied involvement in the bombing. In 1989, after a long legal battle, their convictions were overturned and they were released.[16]

In the summer of 2007, a farm near the local village of Normandy, Surrey was the centre of a foot and mouth disease crisis amongst livestock. A major operation occurred to prevent the spread of the highly contagious disease.[17]

Geography

The statue of Archbishop George Abbot stands at the top of Guildford High Street
The Friary Centre lies on the site of an old friary

In the 21st Century Guildford is a bustling English town, with an attractive High Street made of granite setts (frequently referred to as cobbled), numerous shops and department stores. There is a Tourist Information Office[18] and several hotels including the historic Angel Hotel which long served as a coaching stop on the main London to Portsmouth stagecoach route.[19] According to Channel Four Television's "The Best and Worst Places to Live in the UK" TV show Guildford was the 9th best place to live in Britain in 2006[20] but slipped to 12th position in 2007, largely due to the pollution produced by the numerous cars found on the roads[21]. Guildford is the most attractive and safe shopping destination in the UK, according to the Eve Prime Retail Survey 2004[22] and ranked 27th in the country overall[23].

There is a small museum in the town centre and the University of Surrey is situated to the north-west of the town centre, about ten minutes' walk from Guildford main line railway station. Guildford Cathedral is adjacent to the university's main campus and the Royal Surrey County Hospital is nearby.

Guildford has the most visited Art Gallery in Surrey, Guildford House Gallery, with over 120,000 visitors per annum.[24] The Gallery is situated in the High Street, in a 17th century Grade I Listed Town House and is run by Guildford Borough. It is open Tuesdays to Saturdays and admission is free. Its own art collection includes works of Guildford and the surrounding area, and work by Guildford Artists, most notably John Russell R.A.

The town's principal commercial theatre is the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre which often shows productions before (and after) they have spent time in London's West End. The Electric Theatre opened in 1997 to host performances by musicians and amateur drama groups.[25] Guildford also has an Odeon cinema multiplex, which is as of June 2007 the only cinema in the world showing digital 4K films to the public [26]. The Guildford Odeon's former site, now modern apartments, was located near the town's St. Luke's Hospital and the Guildford Civic Hall opposite a parade of shops and businesses. The current Odeon was built on the site of the former Guildford Leisure Centre which was superseded by the Spectrum in 1993.

A wide variety of cuisines are available in the many restaurants in Guildford. Additionally, there are numerous pubs and bars and several nightclubs.

Stoke Park is the venue for both the Guilfest music festival during the summer and the Surrey County Show (agricultural and general) on the last bank holiday Monday in May. Previous to 2007, the Ambient Picnic was held in Shalford Park, by the River Wey.[27][28]

It is also home to several local radio stations including 96.4 The Eagle, County Sound Radio 1566 AM, GU2 Radio, and BBC Southern Counties Radio.

It is a market town with the market being held on Fridays and Saturdays. A farmers' market is usually held on the first Tuesday of each month.

Sport

Guildford's Spectrum Leisure Centre, in Stoke Park, is a national prizewinning[29][30] sports centre that includes a variety of pools (for leisure and for serious swimming),[31] Ten-pin bowling,[32] a small inflatable Laser tag[33] (with a similar facility in the town centre[34]), an ice rink[35] and an athletics track, as well as general halls used for indoor sports including gymnastics and trampolining. The Spectrum is home to several local sports teams, including the Guildford Flames[36] of the English Premier Ice Hockey League, Guildford City of the Combined Counties Football League, Guildford International of the National Volleyball League and Guildford Heat of the British Basketball League who are the current League champions and holders of the BBL Cup.

Guildford Cricket Club play their home matches at the Woodbridge Road ground. Surrey County Cricket Club also play one or two matches a season there. The town is home to two-time BCAFL Southern Conference, Southern Division Champions, and the Surrey Stingers American Football team. Charlotteville Cycling Club is based in Guildford and named after one of the areas of the town. They promote the Guildford Town Centre Cycle Races that take place on the cobbled high street each July. There is also a martial arts and fitness centre, AJIMA located on Cabell Road in Park Barn[citation needed].

Education

Primary and secondary

The Royal Grammar School is towards the east end of the High Street

Probably the best-known school in the town is the Royal Grammar School, Guildford. The 'old school' building which was constructed over the turn of the Tudor and Elizabethan periods and houses a chained library, lies towards the top of the High Street. The feeder school for the Royal Grammar School is Lanesborough Preparatory School which is the choir school for Guildford Cathedral.

Other schools in the town include St Peter's School, Guildford County School, George Abbot, Christ's College, Guildford High School, King's College, Queen Eleanor's C of E Junior School, Bushy Hill Junior School, Northmead Junior, Rydes Hill Preparatory School, Tormead School, Worplesdon Primary School and St Thomas of Canterbury Catholic Primary School

Tertiary

The campus of the University of Surrey is in Guildford. Battersea College of Technology (previously the Battersea Polytechnic Institute) moved to the town in 1966, gaining a Royal Charter in order to award its own degrees and changing its name to its current title.

The town is home to the inaugural campus of The College of Law[37] and to the Guildford School of Acting. Other institutions in Guildford include Guildford College of Further and Higher Education and the Academy of Contemporary Music.

Administration

Though often referred to as a city Guildford is a town, but has applied for city status several times. Guildford's 2002 application to be granted the status of a city was unsuccessful, losing out to Preston, the only English town being formally recognised as a city as part of the Queen's Golden Jubilee celebrations. Traditionally, the establishment of a diocesan cathedral in a town conferred city status, and the presence of a University is often used as a rule of thumb in determining a settlement's status. Guildford has both of these institutions, has a rich social history and is a significant economic hub in Surrey, a county with no city.

Even though Guildford is the county town for Surrey, the council itself has its administrative base in Kingston upon Thames[38] which, although formerly in Surrey, is now in Greater London.

Other organisations of note that have headquarters in Guildford include Surrey Police and SEEDA, the South East England Development Agency. The South East England Regional Assembly also meets in Guildford.

Politically, the constituency of Guildford is thought of as a traditional conservative seat. However, for the first time in over ninety years, the 2001 general election returned a Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament, Sue Doughty. The 2003 Borough Elections returned a majority council for the Conservative party, replacing the Liberal Democrat-controlled council. In the 2005 general election Guildford returned a Conservative Party MP, Anne Milton – by a narrow margin (0.7% of the voting electorate, or 347 votes) and despite a 0.5% rise in the Liberal Democrat vote. The Conservatives also held the council majority in the local elections of 2007[39].

The town is twinned with Freiburg in southern Germany,[40] and linked with Mukono in central Uganda.[41]

Business

The Surrey Advertiser offices are next to the A3 and River Wey
Slyfield Industrial Estate is in the north east of the town

Guildford is a thriving commercial town with the 2006 Financial Times annual list of Top 500 Global Companies listing four major businesses with a significant presence in the town[42]. Other notable companies include the games company Lionhead Studios, run by Guildford-born Peter Molyneux, and Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. The bus and fire engine manufacturer Dennis Specialist Vehicles and Alexander Dennis are also located in the town as well as military vehicle builders Automotive Technik.

Transport

Rail

There are two railway stations in Guildford:

  • London Road station is on the other side of the town centre to the main station. It serves stopping services running between the main station and Waterloo and London Bridge stations.

Road

The A3 links Guildford to Portsmouth, London and the M25.

Bus and coach

Bus services in Guildford are primarily operated by Arriva with some additional services provided by Countryliner, Safeguard and Stagecoach. Most routes are centred on the bus station which is attached to the Friary shopping centre. Many internal bus services within Guildford are loop shaped (starting and ending at the bus station) with different numbers for the clockwise and anticlockwise services. There are also services to many surrounding towns and villages including Woking and Aldershot. Due to the location of the main railway station on the other side of the river from the bus station, only a small proportion of bus services stop at the railway station leading to poor integration between bus and rail services, however there is a free town centre shuttle that connects the two and other parts of the town.[43][44]

There is also a popular Park and Ride service, with two main sites and a third to be added soon.[45][46]

National Express operate coach service 030 between London Victoria Coach Station and Portsmouth Southsea via Park Barn in Guildford, but not stopping in the congested town centre.[47]

Notable residents (past and present)

See also: People from Guildford

Guildford has been the home of several notable writers. Lewis Carroll (1832-1898), author of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, had a house in Guildford and is buried in the Mount Cemetery.[48] Edward Carpenter, the gay socialist poet and activist, moved to the town after the First World War and lived there until his death in 1929. He too is buried in Mount Cemetery. Other authors from the town include Gerald Seymour, writer of Harry's Game.[49] P. G. Wodehouse was born, prematurely, in Guildford in 1881 whilst his mother was visiting the town.[50]

In music, Guildford lays claim to rock group The Stranglers, who were based in the town in the early 1970s and were briefly known as "The Guildford Stranglers". Drummer Jet Black ran an off-licence in the town and bass player Jean Jacques Burnel attended the Royal Grammar School.[51] Prog rock musicians Mike Rutherford, of Genesis and Andrew Latimer of the band Camel, were both born in Guildford, as was jazz saxophonist Iain Ballamy. In more contemporary music, drum and bass producers Cause 4 Concern are from the town.[52]

Several actors and actresses live in the area, including: Edward Kelsey, who plays Joe Grundy in The Archers;[citation needed], Stuart Wilson, [53] and Bonnie Langford.[54] Yvonne Arnaud, singer and actress, lived in the town for many years before she died.[55] Terry Jones, the Monty Python writer, went to the Royal Grammar School from 1953-61.[56] Other entertainers born in Guildford include WWE wrestler Paul Burchill[57] and Holly Samos – radio researcher and presenter, and former member of Chris Evans' Zoo Squad.[citation needed],

In sport, Guildford has been home to ChampCar driver Katherine Legge[58] and Allan Wells, gold medallist in the 100 metres at the 1980 Olympics.

Other notable residents include mathematician, logician and cryptographer, Alan Turing, whose family home was in Guildford;[59] Michael Buerk, BBC newsreader;[60] Roger Fry, the English artist, critic and member of the Bloomsbury Group who lived in the house (Durbins) he designed and built in the town from 1909 to 1919; [61].

The fictional Ford Prefect, from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams, claimed to be from Guildford, though in fact he was born near Betelgeuse.[62]

Guildford and the media

Guildford has been captured on film in Carry on Sergeant, which was filmed at Cardwell's Keep in North Guildford, and The Omen, a scene from which was filmed at Guildford Cathedral. Singer/songwriter Robyn Hitchcock has sung about the town in "No, I Don't Remember Guildford", a song from his 1999 album "Jewels for Sophia".[63].

In January 2003, Girls Aloud singer Cheryl Tweedy was arrested for the assault and racial abuse of a toilet attendant in Guildford at The Drink nightclub.[64] Four years later in April 2007, Sugababes singer Amelle Berrabah was arrested following a dance floor brawl in Bar Med.[65][66]

References

  1. ^ Surrey County Council census data
  2. ^ "Guildford Borough Council Website--"Henry III confirmed Guildford's status as the county town of Surrey in 1257"". Retrieved 2007-02-12.
  3. ^ "Saxon Guildford". www.guildford.gov.uk. Retrieved 2008-03-28.
  4. ^ "CAIN: Chronology of the conflict October 1974". Retrieved 2007-02-12.
  5. ^ a b c d Guildford- A Residential Centre. The official Guide of the Corporation of Guildford. 11th Ed. 1946
  6. ^ "Astolat Model Railway Club Website". Retrieved 2007-02-15.
  7. ^ "beerintheevening.com Website: Astolat, Guildford, Surrey". Retrieved 2007-02-15.
  8. ^ Surrey Domesday Book
  9. ^ "Guildford Borough Council Website: Castle and Grounds".
  10. ^ "www.castleexplorer.co.uk".
  11. ^ a b A Guide to the Hospital of the Blessed Trinity Guildford. J.W.Penycate 1976
  12. ^ Gavin Morgan (1992). The Guildford Guy Riots. Northside Books. ISBN 9780952020509.
  13. ^ "icons.org.uk".
  14. ^ "The Foxenden Quarry Air Raid Shelter". {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 20 (help)
  15. ^ "CAIN: Chronology of the conflict October 1974". Retrieved 2007-02-12.
  16. ^ "BBC News: 19 October 1989". Retrieved 2007-02-12.
  17. ^ "BBC News: 4 August 2007". Retrieved 2007-12-12.
  18. ^ "Guildford Borough Council Website-Tourist Information Centre". Retrieved 2007-02-13.
  19. ^ "A History of The Angel Posting House". Retrieved 2007-02-13.
  20. ^ "Channel 4 "The Best and the Worst Places to Live In Britain"". Retrieved 2007-02-08.
  21. ^ "Guildford - Best and Worst Places to Live - Channel 4". Retrieved 2007-11-06.
  22. ^ "PRNewswire: Top of the Shops - Gerald Eve Publishes Prime Retail". 2004-11-05. Retrieved 2007-04-16.
  23. ^ "Gerald Eve Prime Retail Flyer" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-04-16.
  24. ^ Guildford House Gallery
  25. ^ Redirect
  26. ^ "Der Spiegel (German): Der 8 Megapixel-Filmpalast". Retrieved 2007-06-12.
  27. ^ "COG Press Release 6 Feb 2007 "Ambient Picnic moves to [[Epsom]]"". Retrieved 2007-02-13. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  28. ^ "Ambient Picnic Official Website". Retrieved 2007-02-13.
  29. ^ "Derby City Council Bulletin 4 July 2005 "highest score of 87% which was given to Guildford Spectrum"". Retrieved 2007-02-13.
  30. ^ "National Pool Safety Awards". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |access date= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "Guildford Spectrum Website- Swimming". Retrieved 2007-02-13.
  32. ^ "Guildford Spectrum Website- Tenpin Bowling". Retrieved 2007-02-13.
  33. ^ "Guildford Spectrum Website- Childrens Parties". Retrieved 2007-02-13.
  34. ^ "Guildford Borough Council Website- Tourism- Laser Quest". Retrieved 2007-02-13.
  35. ^ "Guildford Spectrum Website- Ice Skating". Retrieved 2007-02-13.
  36. ^ "Guildford Flames Official Website". Retrieved 2007-02-13.
  37. ^ "A Brief History 1960's". The College of Law. Retrieved 2008-03-20.
  38. ^ "Surrey County Council Website: County Hall". Retrieved 2007-02-12.
  39. ^ "BBC News- Election 2007- Local Council Elections- Guildford Council". 2007-05-04. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
  40. ^ "Guildford Borough Council Meeting Minutes 7 Oct 2004 "As part of the 25th anniversary of the twinning with Freiburg, the Mayor had recently hosted a very successful visit by a delegation from Freiburg."" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-02-12.
  41. ^ "Guildford-Mukono Link Website". Retrieved 2007-02-12.
  42. ^ "Financial Times top 500 Global Companies". 1996. Retrieved 2007-05-30. List includes Vodafone, Mitsubishi, Electronic Arts, and Colgate-Palmolive
  43. ^ Guildford Shuttle Website
  44. ^ Guildford Shuttle leaflet pdf
  45. ^ Park and Ride website
  46. ^ Park and Ride leaflet pdf
  47. ^ "National Express Website". Retrieved 2007-02-28.
  48. ^ "Guildford Borough Council Website- Lewis Carroll". Retrieved 2007-02-15.
  49. ^ "Gerald Seymour at Transworld". Retrieved 2007-03-06.
  50. ^ "Today in Literature-P.G.Wodehouse". Retrieved 2007-03-07.
  51. ^ "Stranglers website: History". Retrieved 2007-02-15.
  52. ^ "Rolldabeats listing". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessdat= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  53. ^ "Internet Movie Database- Stuart Wilson". Retrieved 2007-02-15.
  54. ^ "Daily Record". 2006-02-11. Retrieved 2007-02-15.
  55. ^ "CollectorsPost Website: Yvonne Arnaud Biography". Retrieved 2007-02-15.
  56. ^ "Royal Grammar School website- Terry Jones". Retrieved 2007-02-15.
  57. ^ Paul Burchill at IMDb
  58. ^ "Motoring.co.za: Woman driver set to test for Minardi". Retrieved 2007-03-07.
  59. ^ "Famous Mathematicians of Guildford". Retrieved 2007-03-06.
  60. ^ "BBC Correspondents". Retrieved 2007-06-03.
  61. ^ Frances Spalding, Roger Fry, art and life (1980) ISBN 0-520-04126-7
  62. ^ Adams, Douglas (1979). The Hitch Hikers Guide to the Galaxy. ISBN 0-330-25864-8.
  63. ^ Song Title-"No, I Don't Remember Guildford" on his 1999 album "Jewels for Sophia" nndb entry
  64. ^ "BBC News: "Singer Tweedy guilty of assault"". 2003-10-20. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
  65. ^ "BBC News: "Sugababe arrested over 'assault'"". 2007-04-30. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
  66. ^ "Daily Mail. "Sugababe singer arrested after nightclub brawl"". 2007-04-30. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
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