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Bill Clinton with supporters in 2016
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Bill Clinton
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40th and 42nd Governor of Arkansas
42nd President of the United States
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Bill Clinton's signature

Seal of the President of the United States

Former U.S. President Bill Clinton's public image is most notably characterized by high public approval ratings, aided by his youthful appearance[when?] at the start of his presidential term, as well as his charismatic, and soundbite-ready style of speech. His personal background and lifestyle led to Nobel Prize-winning novelist Toni Morrison to call him the first "black president". Clinton was also dogged by investigations throughout his presidency, particularly of sexual misconduct, damaging the public's beliefs of his trustworthiness, though his approval ratings remained high, even as his impeachment trial continued.

Public approval

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Clinton's job approval rating ranged from 36% in mid-1993 to 64% in late 1993 and early 1994.[1] In his second term, his rating consistently ranged from the high-50s to the high-60s.[1][2] After his impeachment proceedings in 1998 and 1999, Clinton's rating reached its highest point at 73% approval.[3] He finished with a Gallup poll approval rating of 65%,[4] higher than that of every other departing president measured since Harry Truman.[5]

As he was leaving office, a CNN/USA TODAY/Gallup poll revealed 45% said they'd miss him. While 55% thought he "would have something worthwhile to contribute and should remain active in public life", 68% thought he'd be remembered for his "involvement in personal scandal", and 58% answered "No" to the question, "Do you generally think Bill Clinton is honest and trustworthy?". 47% of the respondents identified themselves as being Clinton supporters. 47% said he would be remembered as either "outstanding" or "above average" as a president while 22% said he would be remembered as "below average" or "poor".[6]

The Gallup Organization published a poll in February 2007 asking respondents to name the greatest president in U.S. history; Clinton came in fourth place, capturing 13% of the vote. In a 2006 Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll asking respondents to name the best president since World War II, Clinton ranked 3% behind Ronald Reagan to place second with 25% of the vote. However, in the same poll, when respondents were asked to name the worst president since World War II, Clinton placed 1% behind Richard Nixon and 18% behind George W. Bush to come in third with 16% of the vote.[7]

In May 2006, a CNN poll comparing Clinton's job performance with that of his successor, George W. Bush, found that a strong majority of respondents said Clinton outperformed Bush in six different areas questioned.[8] ABC News characterized public consensus on Clinton as, "You can't trust him, he's got weak morals and ethics – and he's done a heck of a good job."[9] Clinton's 65% Gallup Poll approval rating was also the highest Gallup approval rating of any postwar President leaving office, one point ahead of Reagan.[10]

Public image

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Clinton reading with a child in Chicago, September 1998.

Clinton was the first president born after World War II. Authors Martin Walker and Bob Woodward state Clinton's innovative use of soundbite-ready dialogue, personal charisma, and public perception-oriented campaigning was responsible for his high public approval ratings.[11][12] When Clinton played the saxophone on The Arsenio Hall Show, Clinton was sometimes described by religious conservatives as "the MTV president".[13] Since 2000, he has frequently been referred to as "The Big Dog" or "Big Dog".[14][15] His prominent role in campaigning for President Obama during the 2012 presidential election and his widely publicised speech at the 2012 Democratic National Convention, where he officially nominated Obama and criticised Republican nominee Mitt Romney and Republican policies in detail, earned him the nickname "Explainer-in-Chief".[16][17] Other nicknames include "Slick Willie",[18] "The Comeback Kid",[19] "Bubba", and "The First Black President".[20] Clinton, a Baptist,[21] has been open about his faith.[22]

Popularity among African Americans

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Bill Clinton playing the saxophone

Clinton drew strong support from the African American community and made improving race relations a major theme of his presidency.[23] In 1998, Nobel Prize-winning author Toni Morrison in The New Yorker called Clinton "the first Black president", saying, "Clinton displays almost every trope of blackness: single-parent household, born poor, working-class, saxophone-playing, McDonald's-and-junk-food-loving boy from Arkansas," and comparing Clinton's sex life, scrutinized despite his career accomplishments, to the stereotyping and double standards that blacks typically endure.[24]

In 2008, Morrison's sentiments were raised anew as Barack Obama, who would later become the country's first African-American president, ran for the presidency. After endorsing Obama, Morrison distanced herself from her 1998 remark about Clinton, saying that it was misunderstood. She alleged that she has "no idea what his real instincts are, in terms of race" and claimed she was only describing the way he was being treated during the impeachment trial as an equivalent to a poor black person living in the ghetto.[25] Obama himself, when asked in a Democratic debate about Morrison's declaration of Clinton as "black", replied that Clinton had an enormous "affinity" with the black community, but joked he would need to see Clinton's dancing ability before judging him to be black.[26][27]

Sexual misconduct allegations

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Main article: Bill Clinton sexual assault and misconduct allegations

Throughout his career, Clinton has been subject to various allegations of sexual misconduct, though only his extramarital sexual relationships with Lewinsky and Flowers have been admitted by him.[28]

For alleged misconduct during his governorship Paula Jones brought a sexual harassment lawsuit against Clinton while he was president. Clinton argued that as a sitting president, he should not be vulnerable to a civil suit of this nature. The case landed in the U.S. Supreme Court. The Supreme Court held that "Deferral of this litigation until petitioner's Presidency ends is not constitutionally required."[29]

However, Republican judge Susan Webber Wright of Arkansas dismissed the case.[30][31] Soon afterwards, Jones appealed the dismissal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit.[32]

During the deposition for the Jones lawsuit which was held at the White House,[33] Clinton denied having sexual relations with Monica Lewinsky – a denial that became the basis for the impeachment charge of perjury.

On November 18, 1998, Clinton agreed to an out-of-court settlement, and agreed to pay Jones and her attorneys a sum of $850,000.[34] Clinton, however, still offered no apology to Jones and still denied ever engaging in a sexual affair with her.[34]

In 1998, Kathleen Willey alleged Clinton sexually assaulted her four years previously. In 1998, Juanita Broaddrick alleged she was raped by Clinton some twenty years previously. The independent counsel determined Willey gave "false information" to the FBI and inconsistent sworn testimony related to the Jones allegation. Broaddrick's only sworn testimony about Clinton was a previous denial of any harassment by Clinton.[35] Gennifer Flowers, Elizabeth Ward Gracen, Sally Perdue and Dolly Kyle Browning – claimed to have had adulterous sexual relations with Clinton during or before his service as governor. Gracen later apologized to Hillary Clinton for having sex with Bill.[36] After Gracen made her claim, Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr issued a subpoena to have her testify in court. Gracen, however, eluded the subpoena.[37]

Dolly Kyle Browning alleged that she and Clinton engaged in a long sexual affair from the mid-1970s until 1992.[38] Browning began writing a "semi-autobiographical novel" about the affair. In the publication process, Browning claims that Clinton did everything in his power to prohibit and undermine publication. Browning sued Clinton for damages, but the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit denied her appeal.[39]

Haircut controversy

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A haircut Clinton received on May 13, 1993, by the stylist Cristophe aboard Air Force One at Los Angeles International Airport became the subject of controversy at the time. The national media initially reported that air traffic was affected while two runways were shut down for an hour on account of the president's plane standing on the tarmac for the duration of the haircut.[40]

The Washington Post mentioned "the most famous haircut since Samson's" in front page articles nine times over a six-week period,[41] and many other newspapers also seized on the story of what was called "the most expensive haircut in history".[42] Later investigations revealed that only one commercial airliner was delayed, and that delay was only two minutes,[43][44] but this finding was less widely reported.[43]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Job Performance Ratings for President Clinton". Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
  2. ^ Bill Clinton: Job Ratings - PollingReport.com
  3. ^ Poll: Clinton's approval rating up in wake of impeachment - CNN, December 20, 1998
  4. ^ "Clinton Leaves Office With Mixed Public Reaction". Gallup Polling. January 12, 2001. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
  5. ^ "Bush Presidency Closes With 34% Approval, 61% Disapproval". Gallup Polling. January 14, 2009. Archived from the original on January 19, 2009. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
  6. ^ Poll: Majority of Americans glad Clinton is leaving office Archived October 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine - Keating Holland, CNN, January 10, 2001
  7. ^ "Presidents and History". pollingreport.com. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
  8. ^ Poll: Clinton outperformed Bush - CNN
  9. ^ Poll: Clinton Legacy Mixed, ABC News, January 17, 2001.
  10. ^ "Historical Presidential Approval Ratings - End Of Term Plus Current Ratings". Uspolitics.about.com. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
  11. ^ Martin Walker, Clinton: the President they deserve, Fourth Estate 1999
  12. ^ Bob Woodward, The choice: how Clinton won, Touchstone 1996, ISBN 0-684-81308-4
  13. ^ Bresler, Robert J. (January 2001). "The Muddled Meaning of the 2000 Election". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 6, 2008. Retrieved January 2, 2007.
  14. ^ Dowd, Maureen (October 22, 2000). "Liberties; Dare Speak His Name". The New York Times. Retrieved August 23, 2012. They're going to have to let the big dog run.
  15. ^ Rutenberg, Jim; Zernike, Kate (September 20, 2010). "Bill Clinton Stumps for Obama". The New York Times. Retrieved August 23, 2012. The Big Dog, as he is known among those in the tight world of Clinton associates ...
  16. ^ McDuffee, Allen (September 6, 2012). "Bill Clinton's DNC speech as 'explainer in chief,' 'it takes some brass,' and more [AM Briefing]". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
  17. ^ Poniewozik, James (September 6, 2012). "The Morning After: Obama Turns to Bill Clinton, Explainer-in-Chief". Time. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
  18. ^ Cornwell, Rupert (September 23, 2009). "'Slick Willie': Clinton's untold story Recordings shed new light on the Lewinsky scandal, Boris Yeltsin's antics and Al Gore's failed presidency bid". The Independent. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
  19. ^ Julian Borger (October 26, 2004). "Thinner and frailer, the Comeback Kid puts heart into Kerry's campaign". The Guardian. London. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
  20. ^ Morrison, Toni (October 5, 1998). "Clinton as the First Black President". The New Yorker.
  21. ^ Amy Sullivan, The Party Faithful: How and Why Democrats Are Closing the God Gap (Simon & Schuster: 2008), p. 101.
  22. ^ Sullivan, The Party Faithful, p. 9.
  23. ^ A Conversation With President Bill Clinton on Race in America Today Archived July 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine - interview with Clinton, Center for American Progress, July 16, 2004.
  24. ^ Morrison, Toni (October 1998). "Clinton as the first black president". The New Yorker. Retrieved December 1, 2006.
  25. ^ Sachs, Andrea. "10 questions for Tony Morrison", Time, May 7, 2008. Accessed May 8, 2008.
  26. ^ "The Democratic Debate in South Carolina". The New York Times. January 21, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
  27. ^ Asking Barack Obama If Bill Clinton was the first "black president". Retrieved August 23, 2012.
  28. ^ Clines, Francis X. (March 14, 1998). "Testing of a President: the Accuser; Jones Lawyers Issue Files Alleging Clinton Pattern of Harassment of Women". The New York Times. Retrieved March 20, 2008. The Presidential deposition released today confirmed several revelations reported earlier, including Mr. Clinton's confirmation... that he had had sex with Gennifer Flowers, a one-time Arkansas worker.
  29. ^ Clinton v. Jones, No. 95-1853 U.S..
  30. ^ "Judge Wright's Opinion". The Washington Post. August 26, 1999.
  31. ^ "Clinton Welcomes Jones Decision; Appeal Likely - April 2, 1998". CNN. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
  32. ^ Baker, Peter (November 14, 1998). "Clinton Settles Paula Jones Lawsuit for $850,000". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
  33. ^ Deposition of William Jefferson Clinton, January 17, 1998 http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/03/13/jones.v.clinton.docs/clinton/
  34. ^ a b "Appeals court ponders Paula Jones settlement - November 18, 1998". CNN. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
  35. ^ "Clinton Accuser's Story Aired". The Washington Post. March 14, 1999.
  36. ^ "Former Miss America Apologizes To First Lady - April 25, 1998". CNN. Archived from the original on December 15, 2006. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
  37. ^ "Big Year for the Bad News Bearers". The Washington Post. December 24, 1998.
  38. ^ "Legal Documents: The Dolly Kyle Browning Declaration". CNN.
  39. ^ Browning v. Clinton No. 01-5050, June 11, 2002. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
  40. ^ Friedman, Thomas (May 21, 1993). "Haircut Grounded Clinton While the Price Took Off". The New York Times. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
  41. ^ Geneva Overholser; Kathleen Hall Jamieson, eds. (2005). The Press. Oxford University Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 9780195309140.
  42. ^ Hamilton, Nigel. Bill Clinton: Mastering the Presidency, p. 120.
  43. ^ a b Shaw, David (September 17, 1993). "Did Reporters Let Their Feelings Affect Coverage?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
  44. ^ "Clinton's runway haircut caused no big delays". The Baltimore Sun. June 30, 1993. Archived from the original on July 15, 2015. Retrieved April 22, 2015.


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