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Hyracotherium

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Hyracotherium
Temporal range: 55–45 Ma
BMNH C21361, the second specimen
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Perissodactyla
Family: †Palaeotheriidae
Genus: †Hyracotherium
Owen, 1841
Species
  • †H. leporinum

Hyracotherium (/ˌhaɪrəkoʊˈθɪəriəm, -kə-/[1][2] HY-rək-o-THEER-ee-əm; "hyrax-like beast") is an extinct genus of very small (about 60 cm in length) perissodactyl ungulates that was found in the London Clay formation. This small, dog-sized animal was once considered to be the earliest known member of Equidae before the type species, H. leporinum, was reclassified as a palaeothere, a perissodactyl family basal to both horses and brontotheres.[3] The remaining species are now thought to belong to different genera, such as Eohippus, which had previously been synonymised with Hyracotherium.

Description

Hyracotherium averaged 78 cm (2.5 feet) in length and weighed about 9 kg (20 pounds).[4] It had four-hoofed toes on each front foot and three-hoofed toes on each hind foot. Each toe had a pad on its underside, similar to those of a dog. It had a short face with eye sockets in the middle and a short diastema (the space between the front teeth and the cheek teeth). The skull was long, having 44 low-crowned teeth. Although it had low-crowned teeth, the beginnings of the characteristic horse-like ridges on the molars can be seen. Hyracotherium is believed to have been a browsing herbivore that ate primarily soft leaves as well as some fruits and nuts and plant shoots.[5]

Discovery

Holotype BMNH M16336

The first fossil identified as being of this genus, holotype specimen BMNH M16336, was found in the cliffs of Studd Hill near Herne Bay, Kent, and described by the paleontologist Richard Owen in a paper read to the Geological Society of London on 18 December 1839 as a "small mutilated cranium about the size of that of a hare". He identified it as belonging to an extinct order of Pachydermata, with teeth resembling those of the Chseropotamus and the general form of the skull "partaking of a character intermediate between that of the hog and the hyrax, though the large size of the eye must have given to the physiognomy of the living animal a resemblance to that of the Rodentia." Referring to this resemblance to the hyrax, Owen proposed the genus name Hyracotherium for this new genus.[6] In his formal description published by the Geological Society in 1841, Owen wrote "Without intending to imply that the present small extinct Pachyderm was more closely allied to the Hyrax than as being a member of the same order, and similar in size, I propose to call the new genus which it unquestionably indicates, Hyracotherium, with the specific name leporinum."[7][8]

In 1876, in America, Othniel C. Marsh found a full skeleton, which he placed in another new genus Eohippus, from the Greek ηώς (eōs, "dawn") and ιππος (hippos, "horse"), meaning "dawn horse". Its similarities with the fossils described by Owen were formally pointed out in a 1932 paper by Sir Clive Forster Cooper. The only species, E. angustidens, was moved to the genus Hyracotherium, which had priority as the name for the genus, with Eohippus becoming a junior synonym of that genus.[8] Many other North American equids were subsequently classified as species of Hyracotherium as well, but this synonymy has recently been questioned.[9]

Taxonomy and evolution

The type species, H. leporinum, is now regarded as a paleothere, rather than a horse proper.[9][10] Most other species of Hyracotherium are still regarded as equids, but they have been placed in several other genera, such as Arenahippus, Minippus, Sifrhippus, Xenicohippus, Pliolophus, Protorohippus and the resurrected Eohippus.[9] At one time, Xenicohippus was regarded as an early brontothere. The main stream of horse evolution occurred on the North American continent.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Hyracotherium". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
  2. ^ "Hyracotherium". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved 2016-01-22.
  3. ^ Florida Museum of Natural History and the National Science Foundation: Fossil Horses In Cyberspace Hyracotherium, page 1
  4. ^ Radinsky 1978. "Evolution of brain size in carnivores and ungulates." American Naturalist: 815-831.
  5. ^ Solounias, N. and G. Semprebon (2002). "Advances in the reconstruction of ungulate ecomorphology with application to early fossil equids" (PDF). American Museum Novitates. 3366: 1–49. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2002)366<0001:AITROU>2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/2855. ISSN 0003-0082.
  6. ^ Owen, Richard (1840) “Description of the fossil remains of a mammal, a bird, and a serpent, from the London Clay.” Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, 3(66):162-166 pp. 64–65
  7. ^ Owen, Richard (1841) “Description of the Fossil Remains of a Mammal (Hyracotherium leporinum) and of a Bird (Lithornis vulturinus) from the London Clay.” Transactions of the Geological Society of London, Series 2, VI: 203-208
  8. ^ a b Britain, Troy. "Feedback for June 2006". TalkOrigins Archive. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
    A horse is a horse, unless of course… « Playing Chess with Pigeons, 25 May 2008
  9. ^ a b c Froehlich, D.J. (2002). "Quo vadis eohippus? The systematics and taxonomy of the early Eocene equids (Perissodactyla)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 134 (2): 141–256. doi:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00005.x.
  10. ^ Hooker, J.J. (1994). "The beginning of the equoid radiation". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 112 (1–2): 29–63. doi:10.1006/zjls.1994.1033.
  • Radinsky 1978. "Evolution of brain size in carnivores and ungulates." American Naturalist: 815-831.
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