Jump to content

IRIS-T

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Cewbot (talk | contribs) at 20:28, 21 July 2023 (Convert European Sky Shield Initiative to wikilink (The bot operation is completed 19.8% in total)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

"Rb-98" redirects here. For the isotope of rubidium (Rb-98 or 98Rb), see Rubidium-98.

IRIS-T
Mockup of the IRIS-T
TypeShort-range air-to-air missile
Place of originItaly, Germany, Sweden, Greece, Norway, Spain
Service history
In serviceDecember 2005
Used bySee operators
WarsRusso-Ukrainian War
Production history
ManufacturerDiehl Defence, Avio spa, Litton Italia, Leonardo S.p.A.[1]
Unit cost€140 million (complete battery, FY 2022)[2]
€380,000[3] (~US$430,000) for a missile
Specifications
Mass87.4 kg (193 lb)
Length2.94 m (9.6 ft)[4]
Diameter127 mm (5.0 in)
Wingspan447 mm (17.6 in)
WarheadHE/Fragmentation
Detonation
mechanism
Impact and active radar proximity fuse
EngineSolid-fuel rocket
Operational
range
25 km (16 mi)[4][clarification needed]
Flight altitudeSea level to 20,000 m (66,000 ft)
Maximum speed Mach 3
Guidance
system
Infrared homing
Launch
platform
Typhoon, Tornado, F-4 AUP, F-5 Super Tigris, F-16V, EF-18, NASAMS, Gripen, M-346.

The IRIS-T (InfraRed Imaging System Tail/Thrust Vector-Controlled) is a medium range infrared homing air-to-air missile available in both air-to-air and ground defence surface-to-air variants. It also is called AIM-2000.[5][6]

The missile was developed in the late 1990s–early 2000s by a German-led program to develop a short to medium range infrared homing air-to-air missile to replace the AIM-9 Sidewinder in use by some NATO member countries at the time. A goal of the program was for any aircraft capable of firing the Sidewinder to also be capable of launching the IRIS-T.[7] The air-to-air variant was fielded in 2005.

Surface-to-air defence systems variants came later, with the short-range IRIS-T SLS fielded in 2015, and the medium-range IRIS-T SLM fielded in 2022. One IRIS-T SLM battery, as supplied by Germany to Ukraine, consists of three truck-mounted launchers, carrying eight missiles each (with a range of 40 kilometres or 25 miles), and a separate command vehicle that can be positioned up to 20 kilometres (12 mi) away. The command vehicle integrates multiple radar sources, and is able to launch and track all 24 missiles simultaneously. The IRIS-T SLM can counter surface-to-air missiles and cruise missiles, including low-flying, stealthy missiles such as the Kalibr.[8]

History

Subassemblies of the IRIS-T
German Air Force airmen mount an IRIS-T to a Eurofighter
Movement of the seeker head

Background

The roots of the ASRAAM date back to 1968 when development began on the Hawker Siddeley SRAAM ("Taildog"). This project ended in 1974 with no production orders. This work was dusted off for the UK–German effort, with the Germans providing a new seeker, and the UK providing most of the remaining components.

After German reunification in 1990, Germany found itself with large stockpiles of the Soviet Vympel R-73 missiles (NATO reporting name: AA-11 Archer) carried by the MiG-29 Fulcrum and concluded that the AA-11's capabilities had been noticeably underestimated.[9] In particular, it was found to be both far more maneuverable and capable in terms of seeker acquisition and tracking than the latest AIM-9 Sidewinder.[10][better source needed] In 1990, Germany withdrew from the ASRAAM project, while the UK resolved to find another seeker and develop ASRAAM according to the original range requirement.[11] This ultimately led to the ASRAAM gaining a significantly more capable 128×128 focal array seeker with IRCCM (infrared counter countermeasures) capability, similar performance and notably half the unit cost of the IRIS-T due to the development work that had already been completed on the missile body.[citation needed]

In 1987, after years of silence on the program, the US proposed a requirement that the weapon must use Sidewinder rails rather than the universal aircraft rail adaptor named the Missile Support Unit that had been developed. This delayed the project by one year as the British, German and Norwegian proposals were redesigned. Fearing erosion of its industrial base, the US proposed it would choose the latest version of its existing Sidewinder design with increased maneuverability and IRCCM unless the European partners increased the US industrial workshare,[12] designated AIM-9X.[13] However, the Sidewinder upgrade proposal failed to interest NATO buyers and, in 1992, the missile development programme ultimately separated with the UK the ASRAAM, France the MBDA MICA, US the AIM-9X and Germany electing to restart development on what became the IRIS-T.

Development

In 1995, Germany announced the start of the IRIS-T development, in collaboration with Greece, Italy, Norway, Sweden and Canada. Canada later dropped out, while Spain joined as a procurement partner in 2003.[14] The German Air Force took first delivery of the missile in December 2005.[15]

The respective share[clarification needed] of the development of the IRIS-T are:[1]

  • Germany 46%
  • Italy 19%
  • Sweden 18%
  • Greece 13%
  • 4% split between Canada and Norway.

Missile characteristics

In comparison to the AIM-9M Sidewinder, the IRIS-T has higher ECM resistance and flare suppression.[16] Improvements in target discrimination allow for five to eight times longer head-on firing range than the AIM-9M. It can engage targets behind the launching aircraft, made possible by extreme close-in agility, allowing turns of 60 g at a rate of 60°/s via thrust vectoring and LOAL capability.[17][4]

The IRIS-T is able to intercept fast-moving and miniature targets, such as air-to-air/surface-to-air missiles and air-to-surface/surface-to-surface missiles and rockets, UAV/drones, and cruise missiles. To improve the probability of a direct hit, the missile is equipped with an active radar proximity fuze.[18]

The IRIS-T has the unique ability, in comparison to other similar missiles such as the AIM-9X, to target and shoot down other air-to-air and surface-to-air missiles, thus offering a 360° defence capability.[19][4] Surface launched variants of the IRIS-T, the IRIS-T SLS and IRIS-T SLM, have enhanced capabilities to destroy aircraft, helicopters, cruise missiles, air-to-surface missiles, anti-ship missiles, anti-radar rockets and large-calibre rockets. They have a high probability of a killing shot against UAVs and other small manoeuvring threats at very-short and medium-range distances.[20]

The Royal Norwegian Air Force (RNoAF) has tested a new air-to-surface capability developed by Diehl BGT Defence for the IRIS-T. A proof of concept test firing to acquire, track, and engage a target representing a small fast attack boat was conducted in Norway in September 2016, where the IRIS-T missile was launched from an RNoAF F-16AM multirole aircraft. For the air-to-surface role, the missile retains the same standard IRIS-T AAM hardware configuration, including the HE warhead and IIR guidance package, with only an updated software insertion required to deliver the additional ground attack capability.[21] This basic air-to-ground capability provides the ability to acquire, track and engage individual ground targets like boats, ships, small buildings and vehicles.[22]

Variants

IDAS

Main article: IDAS (missile)

The IDAS variant is a navalized version of the missile, and is also being developed for the new Type 212A submarine of the German Navy. IDAS is supposed to engage air threats, small or medium surface vessels or near land targets.

  • A model of the IDAS
    A model of the IDAS
  • An IDAS and a Barracuda torpedo at the TechDemo'08 Exhibition, 2008
    An IDAS and a Barracuda torpedo at the TechDemo'08 Exhibition, 2008

Surface-to-air

Wikimedia Commons has media related to IRIS-T SAM.

As a part of the NATO MEADS program, the German Air Force and others are now using a surface-launched (SL) radar-guided version of the missile, called IRIS-T SL. It has a pointed nose, unlike the regular IRIS-T, with a jettisonable drag-reducing nose cone. The missile uses a GPS-aided inertial navigation system, with radar data link for command guidance during the initial approach. The interference-resistant IR seeker head is activated at the terminal stage.[23][24]

Compared to the IRIS-T, the diameter of the rocket motor was increased by 25 mm, to 152 mm. Test launches from a battery consisting of a CEA CEAFAR radar, a Diehl IRIS-T SL launcher and an Oerlikon Skymaster battle management system were performed in 2014.[25] The IRIS-T SL qualification tests were completed in January 2015 at the Denel Overberg Test Range in South Africa.[26]

By 2022, two variants were available: IRIS-T SLS (short-range) with 12 km range and altitude and IRIS-T SLM (medium range) with 40 km range and 20 km maximum altitude. A third variant, IRIS-T SLX (long range) variant with a dual-mode (IR and RF) seeker, a range of 80 km and a maximum altitude of 30 km, is in development as of April 2022.[27][full citation needed][28] Operational testing of the IRIS-T SLM was completed in January 2022.[29][full citation needed]

  • An IRIS-T SL missile
    An IRIS-T SL missile
  • A Bv 410 with Giraffe 1X radar and Diehl ML-98 IRIS-T SLS launcher
    A Bv 410 with Giraffe 1X radar and Diehl ML-98 IRIS-T SLS launcher
  • A MAN SX44 6x6 7-ton IRIS-T SL launcher
    A MAN SX44 6x6 7-ton IRIS-T SL launcher
  • A MAN SX45 8x8 10-ton IRIS-T SLM launcher
    A MAN SX45 8x8 10-ton IRIS-T SLM launcher
  • A MAN SX45 8x8 10-ton IRIS-T SLM launcher rear
    A MAN SX45 8x8 10-ton IRIS-T SLM launcher rear
  • A Hensoldt TRML-4D radar
    A Hensoldt TRML-4D radar
  • A CEA CEAFAR (GBMMR) radar
    A CEA CEAFAR (GBMMR) radar
  • The Thales Ground Master 200 MM/C radar
    The Thales Ground Master 200 MM/C radar
  • A Hensoldt TwInvis passive radar
    A Hensoldt TwInvis passive radar

In 2019, the Swedish Army fielded a ground launched version of the IRIS-T SLS, designated Luftvärnsrobotsystem 98 (lvrbs 98), to replace the RBS 70 missile system. Four missiles are carried on Eldenhet 98 (elde 98) launcher, a special version of a Bv 410 tracked, armored vehicle, with Saab Giraffe 1X electronically scanned radar integrated in the front car.[30][31]

The Norwegian Army ordered the "Mobile Ground Based Air Defence System", based on NASAMS command and control solutions, in a direct acquisition with Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace.[32] The system will integrate tracked IRIS-T SLS launchers from Diehl Defence GmbH with High Mobility Launchers for AIM-120 and AIM-9X missiles and radars from Weibel Scientific; initial delivery is planned for 2023 and will include six modified M113 vehicles carrying IRIS-T SLS missiles, while additional launchers will be based on the ACSV.[33]

IRIS-T SLM can be integrated with a variety of electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) guidance systems and AESA radars, such as Hensoldt TRML-4D, Thales Ground Master 200 MM/C, CEA CEAFAR, and Saab Giraffe 4A.[18] A version with a Lockheed-Martin Skykeeper command and control station,[34] Giraffe 4A radar and Diehl IRIS-T SLM launcher was shown at IDEX 2019 under the name Falcon Ground Based Air Defence.[35][36][37]

Egypt ordered Diehl IRIS-T SLM launchers, Hensoldt TRML-4D radars, and fire and control stations equipped with Airbus Defence Fortion IBMS[38] integrated battle management software, all mounted on MAN 8×8 military trucks; the deal was approved by the German government in December 2021.[39] Further orders includes Hensoldt TwInvis [de] passive radars,[40][41] IRIS-T SLS launchers and IRIS-T SLX long-range missiles.[42][43][27] Passive radars can detect enemy aircraft by analysing reflections from external radio and television signals, making them effective in urban areas where active radars struggle .[44]

The German Air Force will receive its First IRIS-T SLM system in 2024 and five more by 2027. Also mixed SLS/SLM systems are being planned.[45]

Air-to-surface

For the air-to-surface role, the only difference from air-to-air version is an updated software insertion required to deliver the additional ground attack capability. Tested by Royal Norwegian Air Force.[46]

Operational usage

IRIS-T system deployed in Ukraine

On 19 October 2022, Ukrainian sources stated that an IRIS-T air defense system had shot down a Russian missile in Chernihiv Oblast, thirty kilometers from Kyiv. Photos of the wreckage of an IRIS-T missile were shared on social media, and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy has said that IRIS-T "is a really effective system" and "has shown itself very well", but there was no evidence that the German IRIS-T SLM shot down that particular missile, and some Ukrainian sources stated that it had been shot down with a different system.[47]

Following another Russian missile attack against Ukraine on 31 October 2022, the Ukrainian Air Force stated that IRIS-T missiles had a 100% success rate countering the attack.[48]

On 15 November, footage appearing to show the IRIS-T system shooting down two cruise missiles circulated. One missile appeared to be a Kalibr cruise missile.[49][50]

During the 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive, a TRML-4D multi-functional radar from the IRIS-T SLM air defense system was destroyed by a ZALA Lancet drone.[51]

Operators

  Current operators
  Future operators

The following operators are listed and defined as of June 2023.

Air-Air missiles

Current operators

 Austria
25[52]
 Brazil
IRIS-T missiles for the new Saab JAS 39 Gripen E/F variants.[53][54][52]
 Germany
1,250 missiles[52]
 Greece
350 IRIS-T missiles[52]
 Italy
444 IRIS-T missiles[citation needed] budget €217m, between 2003 and 2015.[55]
 Norway
150 IRIS-T missiles[56]
 Saudi Arabia
1,400 IRIS-T missiles[57]
 South Africa
25 IRIS-T missiles delivered as interim armament for Saab JAS 39 Gripen aircraft until the completion of the A-Darter SRAAM project.[58][59]
 Spain
770 IRIS-T missiles. Original budget €247m, final cost €291m.[60]
 Sweden
450 IRIS-T missiles, designated Jaktrobotsystem 98 (jrbs 98).[52] IRIS-T SLS variant used in ground-based air defense systems.
 Thailand
220 IRIS-T missiles ordered.[56] to be integrated with F-5T, Gripen C/D, and F-16 eMLU.[61]

Future operators

 Hungary
IRIS-T integration for Hungarian Saab JAS 39 Gripen MS20 Block II modernization program was ordered in December 2021.[62]
 Republic of Korea
IRIS-T integration for the KF-X fighter program was ordered in 2018.[63] With the first test firing taking place in April 2023.[64]

Surface to air missiles

 Egypt
Using the Airbus Fortion IBMS-FC, a Hensoldt TRML-4D radar installed on a MAN HX2.
  • 7 IRIS-T SLM ground-based air defense systems ordered in 2018.[65] with a further order of 400 SLM missiles
  • 10 IRIS-T SLX systems was approved in December 2021
  • 6 IRIS-T SLS systems[66][67]
 Germany
6 IRIS-T SLM air defence units ordered in June 2023 As part as European Sky Shield Initiative.[68] (€900 million). Overall 8 SLM systems and additional SLS systems planned.
 Norway
Norway is developing its short range air defence, the "Mobile Ground Based Air Defence System".[69] It is using elements of the NASAMS 3 system, and elements from the IRIS-T SLS system. The purchase includes:
  • 36 IRIS-T SLS missiles
  • 6 mobile launchers PMMC G5 equipped with 6 IRIS-T SLS canister launchers and a XENTA-M X-band radars designed by Weibel Scientific
  • 3 High Mobility Launcher (HML) HMMWV-based equipped with a roof rack with up to 4 AIM-120B AMRAAM or 6 AIM-120C missiles
  • a command and control system based on the NASAMS 3.
 Sweden
IRIS-T SLS known as "Jaktrobotsystem 98 " or "jrbs 98". It was ordered in 2013, first system used for trial was delivered in 2016.[70] The system is made of:
  • BvS 10 vehicle with a command post, and a Giraffe 1X radar on the roof
  • BvS 410, the trailer of the vehicle on which 4 IRIS-T SLS missiles are installed.
450 IRIS-T missiles, designated [52] IRIS-T SLS variant used in ground-based air defense systems.
 Ukraine
Germany provided military aid packages to Ukraine facing the Russian invasion.
  • 4 IRIS-T SLM,[71][72] among which, 2 delivered (1 in October 2022,[73] 1 in April 2023[74]), and additional IRIS-T SLM missiles are being supplied by Germany. The two remaining systems will be equipped with IRIS-T SLS launchers.[75]
  • 4 IRIS-T SLM announced in May 2023. Those batteries use the IRIS-T SLM system, but are equipped with IRIS-T SLS launchers.[75]
The batteries are all equipped with the IRIS-T SLM system, the fire control system Airbus Fortion IBMS-FC, the radar TRML-4D from Hensoldt. The first two batteries are equipped with each 2 IRIS-T SLM launchers, the last 6 will be supplied with IRIS-T SLS launchers. All those systems use the MAN HX2 platform.

Future operators

 Latvia and  Estonia[76]
In May 2023, the Latvian and Estonian governments announced their decision to jointly procure the IRIS-T SLM systems, with deliveries expected in 2025.[76]

Potential future operators

 Slovenia
Talks are in the final stage of procurement of two surface-to-air IRIS-T. Contract would be worth €200 million.[77]
 Netherlands
The Netherlands are coordinating with Norway for the same system they are using, the Mobile GBAD.
ESSI members (European Sky Shield Initiative)
As part of he ESSI (European Sky Shield Initiative), a common European air defence system which will be made of mostly IRIS-T SL and the MIM-104 Patriot System. The ESSI initiative includes some countries that are already clients (Germany, Latvia, Estonia, Norway), or soon to be clients (Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Denmark)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "BGT/SAAB/Alenia IRIS-T". Archived from the original on 22 January 2009.
  2. ^ "Explainer: Germany's IRIS-T air defense system". DW. 12 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  3. ^ "Evaluación de los Programas Especiales de Armamento (PEAs)" [Special armament programs evaluation] (PDF). Atenea (in Spanish). Madrid: Ministerio de Defensa. September 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  4. ^ a b c d "Diehl Defence: IRIS-T, the short-distance missile of the latest generation". Diehl.com. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  5. ^ "Luft-Luft-Rakete IRIS-T AIM-2000". www.bundeswehr.de (in German). Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  6. ^ "AIM-2000 (IRIS-T) Infrared Imaging Seeker - Tail". Hellenic Air Force (in Greek). Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  7. ^ "IRIS-T European Short Range Air-to-Air Missile" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2012.
  8. ^ "How the West is helping Ukraine beat Russia's missiles". The Economist. 11 October 2022. Archived from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  9. ^ Menon, KB. "Evolution of the Air-To-Air Missiles: Options for the IAF". Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  10. ^ "Locking range". Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  11. ^ Arms and the State: Patterns of Military Production and Trade. Cambridge University Press. 25 August 1995. 253. ISBN 0521558662.
  12. ^ "Advanced Short Range Air to Air Missile (ASRAAM) - Think Defence". 5 November 2022.
  13. ^ Tirpak, John. "The Evolution of the Force". Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  14. ^ "IRIS-T – the world's highest-performance, short-range, air-to-air guided missile". Archived from the original on 6 March 2016.
  15. ^ "Germany tees-off with Iris". Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  16. ^ "IRIS-T Guided Missile Family, Germany". Diehl. Archived from the original on 3 June 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  17. ^ "IRIS-T Air-to-Air Guided Missile, Germany". Air force technology. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  18. ^ a b "Living in a safe environment: Technology for peace and freedom" (PDF). Diehl Defence. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  19. ^ "IRIS-T European Short Range Air-to-air Missile" (PDF). Diehl. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  20. ^ "IRIS-T SL Surface-to-Air Guided Missile". Air force technology. Archived from the original on 31 October 2014.
  21. ^ "Diehl develops air-to-surface capability for IRIS-T AAM". Jane’s. Archived from the original on 16 December 2016.
  22. ^ "Royal Norwegian Air Force tested IRIS-T in air-to-ground mission" (Press release). Diehl. Archived from the original on 16 December 2016.
  23. ^ "Guided missiles - IRIS-T SL". Diehl Defence. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  24. ^ "IRIS-T Guided Missile Family IRIS-T SL". Archived from the original on 13 January 2013.
  25. ^ "Diehl Defence successfully demonstrated IRIS-T SLM ground based air defence system 2801142 | January 2014 Global Defense Security news industry | Defense Security Global news Industry army 2014".
  26. ^ "IRIS-T SL achieves qualification after successful firings at Overberg". defenceWeb. 10 February 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  27. ^ a b "DIEHL DEFENCE and HENSOLDT are enhancing the performance of their existing ground-based air defence systems".
  28. ^ "IRIS-T SLM GBAD system | Egypt's choice to boost air defence - PHOTOS & VIDEO". 20 December 2021.
  29. ^ KG, Diehl Stiftung & Co. "Ground-Based Air Defence System IRIS-T SLM demonstrates its operational efficiency under realistic operating conditions | Diehl Defence". www.diehl.com.
  30. ^ "Nytt robotsystem till Försvarsmakten". Mynewsdesk.
  31. ^ "IRIS-T SLM". Deagel. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  32. ^ "Norway acquires Army Mobile Ground Based Air Defence". Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace. 6 February 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  33. ^ "På samme plattform som kampluftvern: Nye artillerijegere skal bygges i Norge". tu.no. 23 September 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  34. ^ "SkyKeeper". February 2022.
  35. ^ "Meet the Falcon, a new short-range air defense system". 18 February 2019.
  36. ^ "IDEX 2019: Lockheed Martin, Diehl and Saab unveil Falcon ground-based air defence (GBAD) system". 20 February 2019.
  37. ^ KG, Diehl Stiftung & Co. "Lockheed Martin, Diehl and Saab Unveil Collaboration to Counter Emerging Short and Medium-Range Threats with Falcon Weapon System | Diehl Defence". www.diehl.com.
  38. ^ "Fortion® IBMS | Integrated Battle Management Software".
  39. ^ "New German-made IRIS-T SLM air defense missile system of Egypt armed forces – Polygon Military Magazine".
  40. ^ https://www.hensoldt.net/stories/twinvis-passive-radar> [bare URL]
  41. ^ "Twinvis Passive Radar for Ground Based Air Defence | HENSOLDT". www.hensoldt.net.
  42. ^ "Egypt Gets its Own 'Iron Dome' Air Defense System". 20 December 2021.
  43. ^ "Egypt Air defence strengthened with IRIS-T SLM acquisition * Military Africa". 17 December 2021.
  44. ^ "Breakthrough: Invisible surveillance of airspace | BDLI".
  45. ^ ES&T Redaktion (19 May 2023). "Bundeswehr erhält nächstes Jahr erste Iris-T SLM". esut.de (in German). Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  46. ^ "Diehl develops air-to-surface capability for IRIS-T AAM". Archived from the original on 16 December 2016.
  47. ^ Boyko Nikolov (19 October 2022). "IRIS-T SLM air defense shot down a Russian missile near Kyiv". Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  48. ^ "IRIS-T shows 100% success today, more of these systems needed, Air Force says". The New Voice of Ukraine. 31 October 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  49. ^ "German IRIS-T 'Blows Away' Russian Cruise Missile; Ukraine's Interceptor System Hunts At A Stunning Speed". EurAsian Times. 18 November 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  50. ^ "Watch: Russian Cruise Missile Shot Down By Ukraine Surface-To-Air Missile". NDTV. 17 November 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  51. ^ "Russian Lancet drone disables Ukrainian IRIS-T SLM's air defense capabilities by destroying its radar". armyrecognition.com. 9 June 2023.
  52. ^ a b c d e f "South Africa Orders IRIS-T Missiles". Defense industry daily. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  53. ^ "Conheça as armas do caça Saab Gripen E/F da FAB". Poder Aéreo (in Portuguese). 15 September 2017.
  54. ^ "FAB adquire os modernos mísseis ar-ar IRIS-T para o Gripen". Defesa aérea & naval. 21 December 2021.
  55. ^ "Nota Aggiuntiva allo stato di previsione per la Difesa per l'anno 2012" (PDF) (in Italian). Ministero delle Difesa. April 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  56. ^ a b "Diehl Defence: IRIS-T, the short-distance missile of the latest generation". Diehl.com. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  57. ^ "Trade Registers". Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  58. ^ "Sipri: Trade Registers". Portal.sipri.org. Archived from the original on 23 April 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  59. ^ "SAAF maintaining IRIS-T". defenceWeb. 23 May 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  60. ^ "Evaluación de los Programas Especiales de Armamento (PEAs)" [Special armament programs evaluation] (PDF). Atenea (in Spanish). Madrid: Ministerio de Defensa. September 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  61. ^ Hoyle, Craig. "Thai F-5s to fight on with IRIS-T missiles". FlightGlobal.
  62. ^ "A legkorszerűbb légiharc-rakétákkal bővül a Magyar Honvédség Gripenjeinek fegyverzete". webradio.hu (in Hungarian). 17 December 2021.
  63. ^ "South Korea confirms Meteor, Iris-T integration on KF-X fighter jet".
  64. ^ Dubois, Gastón (5 April 2023). "KF-21 Boramae fired an IRIS-T missile for the first time". Aviacionline.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  65. ^ "Federal Government approves arms exports to Gulf States". Rheinische Post. 19 September 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
  66. ^ "New German-made IRIS-T SLM air defense missile system of Egypt armed forces – Polygon Military Magazine".
  67. ^ Gebauer, Matthias; Schult, Christoph (15 December 2021). "Ägypten: GroKo genehmigte noch kurz vor Regierungswechsel heiklen Waffenexport". Der Spiegel (in German). ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  68. ^ "Germany plans purchase of six IRIS-T air defence units". Reuters. 13 June 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  69. ^ ArmadniNoviny.cz. "Norsko obnovuje PVO: Transportéry M113 ponesou protiletadlové střely IRIS-T". Armádní noviny (in Czech). Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  70. ^ Mbuyisa, Slindo (13 March 2013). "Sweden buys IRIS-T surface-to-air missiles". defenceWeb. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  71. ^ Oryx. "Answering The Call: Heavy Weaponry Supplied To Ukraine". Oryx. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  72. ^ "Germany unveils biggest-ever Ukraine military package". canberratimes.com.au. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  73. ^ ES&T editorial team (9 November 2022). "Germany is supplying more Iris-T SLM missiles to Ukraine". esut.de. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  74. ^ KG, Diehl Stiftung & Co (25 May 2023). "Second IRIS-T SLM fire unit delivered to Ukraine | Diehl Defence". www.diehl.com. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  75. ^ a b "Military support for Ukraine | Federal Government". Website of the Federal Government | Bundesregierung. 29 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  76. ^ a b "Estonia, Latvia plan joint purchase of German medium-range IRIS-T air defense systems". The Washington Post. 21 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  77. ^ "Slovenija naj bi bila tik pred podpisom pogodbe za nakup dveh sistemov za protizračno obrambo". RTV SLO (in Slovenian). 17 June 2023.

Further reading

  • Bonds, Ray ed. The Modern US War Machine. New York City: Crown Publishers, 1989. ISBN 0-517-68802-6.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to IRIS-T.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IRIS-T&oldid=1166475595"