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Giraffe radar

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"GIRAFFE" redirects here. For other uses, see Giraffe (disambiguation).

Saab Sea Giraffe and Giraffe Radar
A Giraffe AMB radar on display at the Paris Air Show, 2007.
Country of originSweden
Introduced1977
No. built450~
TypeEarly warning radar
FrequencyC band/S Band/X band
RPM60
RangeBetween 10 and 470 kilometres (6.2 and 292.0 mi), depending on variant
AltitudeBetween 0 and 40,000 metres (0 and 131,234 ft), depending on variant

The Saab (formerly Ericsson Microwave Systems AB) Giraffe Radar is a family of land and naval two- or three-dimensional G/H-band (4 to 8 GHz) passive electronically scanned array radar-based surveillance and air defense command and control systems. It is tailored for operations with medium- and Short Range Air Defense (SHORAD) missile or gun systems, or for use as gap-fillers in a larger air defense system.

The radar gets its name from the distinctive folding mast which when deployed allows the radar to see over nearby terrain features such as trees, extending its effective range against low-level air targets. The first systems were produced in 1977. By 2007, some 450 units of all types are reported as having been delivered.

The Serbian Military Technical Institute purchased a licence for the Giraffe 75 and is producing a new model with several modifications. The radar is installed on the chassis of FAP 2026, and the Serbian designation is M85 "Žirafa".[1]

A Serbian Army M85 "Žirafa", on the chassis of a FAP 2026

Saab Electronic Defence Systems (EDS) in May 2014 unveiled two new classes of active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar—three land-based systems (Giraffe 1X, Giraffe 4A and Giraffe 8A) and two naval variants (Sea Giraffe 1X and Sea Giraffe 4A) in X- and S-band frequencies—to complement its existing surface radar portfolio.[2]

Description

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Giraffe is a family of G/H (formerly C-band) frequency agile, low to medium altitude pulse doppler air search radars and combat control centers which can be used in mobile or static short to medium range air defense applications. Giraffe is designed to detect low-altitude, low cross-section aircraft targets in conditions of severe clutter and electronic countermeasures. When equipped as an air-defense command center, Giraffe provides an air picture to each firing battery, using man portable radio communication.

Giraffe uses Agile Multi-Beam (AMB), which includes an integrated Command, control and communication (C3) system. This enables Giraffe to act as the command and control center in an air defense system. It can also be integrated into a sensor net for greater coverage. It is normally housed in a single 6m long shelter, mounted on an all-terrain vehicle for high mobility. The shelter can be augmented with Nuclear, Biological and Chemical protection and light layers of armor to protect against small arms and fragmentation threats.

Variants

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Passive electronically-scanned array

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Giraffe 40

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This is a short-range (40 kilometres (25 mi) instrumented) air defense radar with command and control capability. It employs a folding antenna mast that extends to a height of 13 metres (43 ft) when deployed and can be integrated with an Interrogation Friend or Foe (IFF) capability. Coverage is stated to be from ground level to 10,000 metres (33,000 ft) in altitude. In Swedish service, the radar is designated PS-70 and PS-701. It provides target data to RBS-70 SHORADS missiles and 40 mm Bofors guns. A more powerful version with a 60 kW transmitter is known commercially as Super Giraffe, and is in Swedish service as the PS-707. These radars are no longer marketed.

Giraffe 50AT

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This is the model used in the Norwegian NALLADS air defense system. It combines the radar and RBS-70 missiles with 20 mm anti-aircraft guns to provide low-level air defense for the combat brigades of the Norwegian army. Mounted on a BV-206 all-terrain tracked vehicle, this version has an instrumented range of 50 km (31 mi). The antenna extends to a height of 7 metres (23 ft). The system can control up to 20 firing units of guns or missiles or a combination of both. The Command and Control system features fully automatic track initiation, target tracking, target identification (IFF), target classification and designation, hovering helicopter detection threat evaluation and handling of "pop-up" targets. It can exchange data with Giraffe 75 or AMB systems as part of a larger network.

Giraffe 75

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This features a 13 metres (43 ft) antenna mast and is normally carried on a 6x6 5-ton cross-country truck which carries the radar and command and control shelter. The instrumented range is 75 km (47 mi) and altitude coverage extends from ground-level to 10,000 metres (33,000 ft). An optional add-on unit extends the radar's coastal defense capabilities. In Swedish service the radar is designated PS-90.[3] In the Greek Air Force, the Giraffe 75 is used in combination with Contraves (now Rheinmetall defense) Skyguard/Sparrow fire control systems. 1 Giraffe typically controls 2 Skyguard systems, each with 2 twin 35 mm GDF-005 guns and 2 Sparrow surface-to-air missile launchers.

1988, a Republic of Singapore Air Force's Giraffe S 3D radar on display at Paya Lebar Air Base

Giraffe S

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Optimized as a mobile radar for uncrewed remote-controlled applications as a "gap-filler" in air defense early warning systems concentrating on small, low-flying targets over a long distance. It can be employed as a coastal surveillance radar where targets are small surface vessels and sea-skimming missiles or aircraft. A new antenna extends range coverage to 180 km (110 mi), with altitude coverage from ground level to 6,000 metres (20,000 ft). The antenna mast extends to 8 metres (26 ft).

Giraffe AMB

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Giraffe Agile Multi Beam is a digital antenna array radar. It provides multi-beam 3-Dimensional air coverage at 5.4 to 5.9 GHz. It has instrumented ranges of 30 km (19 mi), 60 km (37 mi) and 100 km (62 mi). The altitude coverage is extended from ground-level to 20,000 metres (66,000 ft) with 70-degree elevation coverage. The data rate is 1-scan per-second. Its maintained pulse density suppresses high cluttering in adverse weather conditions. Ultra-low antenna side-lobes combined with pulse-to-pulse and burst-to-burst frequency agility provides some resistance to jamming.

As in previous Giraffe radars, automatic hovering helicopter detection is provided, as is a rocket, artillery and mortar locating function, allowing the radar to detect incoming rounds and give 20 seconds or more of warning before impact. Giraffe AMB is the principal sensor of the Swedish RBS 23 BAMSE air defense missile system, and is available for many other applications. The Giraffe AMB can be delivered with ground surveillance options fitted.[1]. A skilled crew can deploy the radar in around 10 minutes and recover it in around 6 minutes.

A Sea Giraffe 3-D radar on a Polish corvette

ARTE 740

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This is a coastal defense radar based on the Giraffe 75 antenna and Giraffe AMB processing system, optimized for surface and low-altitude coverage for the Swedish Amphibious Forces, formerly the Coastal Artillery. It was mounted on a MOWAG Piranha 10x10 armored vehicle. Six systems were produced, but the system was withdrawn in 2008 prior to reaching full operating capability.[4] Four of the six units were leased to Australia and the United Kingdom for use in Afghanistan between 2008 and 2010. The systems were later reduced to spares and the radars and vehicles reused in other systems.

Sea Giraffe AMB

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Saab's Sea Giraffe AMB is the naval variant of their Giraffe radar with 3D AMB technology. It can detect air and surface targets from the horizon, up to a height of 20,000 metres (66,000 ft) at elevations up to 70°. It can simultaneously handle multiple threats approaching from different directions and altitudes, including diving anti-ship missiles. It is specialized for rapidly detecting small, fast moving targets at all altitudes and small surface targets in severe clutter.

The radar has an instrumented range of 180 km (110 mi).[5] Its roles include:

  • Air surveillance and tracking
  • Surface surveillance and tracking
  • Target identification for weapon systems
  • High-resolution splash spotting

The Sea Giraffe AMB is installed on the Republic of Singapore Navy's upgraded Victory-class corvette and US Navy's Independence class of littoral combat ships, and has the designation AN/SPS-77(V)1 for LCS 2 and 4, AN/SPS 77(V)2 for LCS 6-22, AN/SPS-77(V)3 multi-mode naval radar, and AN/SPS-77(V)4 for LCS 24 and beyond.[6] It has also been chosen for the Royal Canadian Navy's new Protecteur-class Joint Support Ships.[7]

Active electronically-scanned array

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AESA antenna of the Sea Giraffe 4A on board HTMS Bhumibol Adulyadej

In May 2014, Saab Electronic Defence Systems (EDS) unveiled two new classes of active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar—three land-based systems (Giraffe 1X, Giraffe 4A and Giraffe 8A) and two naval variants (Sea Giraffe 1X and Sea Giraffe 4A).

Giraffe 8A

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At the top end of the range is the Giraffe 8A, a long-range IEEE S-band (NATO E/F) 3D sensor that can be produced in fixed, transportable and fully mobile configurations.

Intended primarily for remote operation as part of an integrated air defence network, Giraffe 8A can also be operated locally. It has an instrumented range of 470 km (290 mi) and an altitude capability of more than 40,000 m (130,000 ft), bringing true long-range air defence capability to the Saab radar family for the first time.

Giraffe 8A produces 15 stacked beams to provide elevation coverage from ground level to more than 65°. It can operate in a continuous 360° scan mode, rotating mechanically at 24 rpm, or can be steered electronically across an operator-specified sector of 40° to 100°. More than 1,000 air defence tracks can be maintained, and the system also has anti-ballistic missile capability, in which case more than 100 tracks can be followed.

Saab has paid special attention to Giraffe 8A's electronic counter-countermeasures properties. The radar generates very low sidelobes and incorporates sophisticated frequency agility in pulse-to-pulse, burst-to-burst and scan-to-scan regimes. It also switches and staggers pulse repetition frequency and transmits random jitter to further confuse countermeasures. It automatically selects the least jammed frequencies and can transmit intermittently or randomly. The radar offers a passive detection and tracking capability against jammers.

Giraffe 4A

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While the Giraffe 8A occupies the high end of the family, Saab has introduced new radars in the medium-range category in the form of Giraffe 4A and Sea Giraffe 4A for naval use.[8] Employing similar S-band technology to the larger radar, Giraffe 4A offers true 3D multirole capability, combining the air defence and weapon locating tasks in a single unit. Able to be airlifted in a single C-130 load, Giraffe 4A can be deployed by two people in less than 10 minutes. It can operate as a standalone.

The Swedish armed forces designation for the G4A radar is PM24.[9]

Giraffe 1X

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To complete its new line-up, Saab has introduced two short-range radars, Giraffe 1X and Sea Giraffe 1X.[10] Working in the IEEE X-band (NATO I-band), Giraffe 1X is intended primarily as a highly mobile radar that can work with very short-range air defence systems in the battlefield or at sea.

Weighing less than 300 kg (660 lb), Giraffe 1X can be mounted on a small vehicle or vessel or in fixed installations such as on a building or a mast. The radar has a sense-and-warn function and can be optionally configured for weapon location.[11]

Users

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Operators

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Variant operators

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Passive electronically scanned array (PESA) variants

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Main article: Passive electronically scanned array
  • Giraffe 40 – 138
    Brazil 2, Finland 20, Indonesia 5, Ireland 1, Latvia 3, Lithuania 1, Malaysia 2, Norway 77, Pakistan 10, Singapore 4, Thailand 1, Tunisia 12
  • Giraffe 50AT – 9
    Norway 9
  • Giraffe 75 – 29
    Bahrain 6, Greece 6, Serbia 15, Venezuela 4
  • Giraffe AMB – 30
    Australia 5, Canada 2, Estonia 4, France 4, Singapore 2, United Kingdom 10, United States 2, unknown 1
  • Giraffe 100 – 4
    Finland 4
  • Sea Giraffe 50HC – 26
    Bahrain 4, Finland 4, Kuwait 8, UAE 10
  • Sea Giraffe 150 – 34
    Australia 8, Canada 12, Malaysia 2, New Zealand 2, Singapore 6, Thailand 4
  • Sea Girafe AMB – 44
    Algeria 2, Philippines 2, Poland 6, UAE 6, United States 25

Active electronically scanned array (AESA) variants

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Main article: Active electronically scanned array
  • Giraffe 8A – 0
  • Giraffe 4A – 10
    Finland 4, Germany 4, Thailand 1, unknown 1
  • Giraffe 1X – 12
    Finland 4, Germany 4, Thailand 2, unknown 1

See also

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References

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Citations
  1. ^ "Војска Србије - Наоружање Копнене војске - Средства за противваздухопловна дејства - Противавионски топ 40 mm Л/70 БОФОРС". Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  2. ^ "Saab expands surface radar portfolio". Archived from the original on 16 June 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  3. ^ "RBS 90". Jane's Land-Based Air Defence. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
  4. ^ Hansson, Lennart. "Arte 740 Kustartilleriets sista artillerieldledning" (PDF). Försvarets Historiska Telesamlingar. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  5. ^ a b "Sea Giraffe AMB". Saab Solutions. Archived from the original on 27 October 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  6. ^ "Sea Giraffe AMB Multi-Role 3D Surveillance Naval Radar". Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  7. ^ "Saab to Deliver Radars for Royal Canadian Navy's Joint Support Ships" (Press release). (Press release). Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  8. ^ "Giraffe 4A | Saab".
  9. ^ Tidskrift: Artilleri och luftvärn - Artilleri-Tidskrift nr1 2021 sida nr:6 https://issuu.com/whdesign.se/docs/artilleri_nr1_2021
  10. ^ "Giraffe 1X | Saab".
  11. ^ "SAAB Extends Its Reach". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
  12. ^ "First Algerian MEKO A-200 frigate undocked". Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  13. ^ "Canberra Class Landing Helicopter Docks (LHDS)".
  14. ^ "Saab receives an order for Giraffe AMB radar system to Australia". Defence Professionals. 2010. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  15. ^ "Canadian Navy Selects Swedish Firm for Frigate Modernisation". naval-technology.com. 2010. Archived from the original on 8 June 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  16. ^ "Õhutõrjepataljon". Kaitsevägi (in Estonian). Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  17. ^ "Ericsson Giraffe contracted by French Air Force". CisionWire.Com. 17 April 2001. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
  18. ^ "Lietuvos kariuomenės rezervas sustiprėjo beveik 800 karių" [The reserve of the Lithuanian army has been strengthened by almost 800 soldiers]. 15min (in Lithuanian). 1 July 2022. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  19. ^ "Lekiu Class Frigates, Malaysia". naval-technology.com. 2010. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  20. ^ "Welcome to Saab Malaysia". Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  21. ^ "SIPRI Arms transfer database". armstransfers.sipri.org. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  22. ^ "The Philippines – AN/SPS-77 Sea Giraffe 3D Air Search Radars | the Official Home of the Defense Security Cooperation Agency". Archived from the original on 19 December 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  23. ^ "Saab to deliver Sea Giraffe radars for Philippine Navy frigates". Naval Today. 21 May 2018. Archived from the original on 22 May 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  24. ^ https://www.mod.gov.rs/eng/tekst/16303/ministar-vulin-razvoj-sistema-pasars-i-modernizacija-radara-zirafa-vazni-su-za-vojsku-srbije-16303
  25. ^ Huxley, Tim (2001). Defending the Lion City. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-118-3.
  26. ^ "RSAF Conducts Networked Air Defence Demonstration" (Press release). Singaporean Ministry of Defence (MINDEF). 23 April 2007. Archived from the original on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
  27. ^ Saunders, Stephen (2007). Jane's Fighting Ships, 2007-2008. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2799-5.
  28. ^ "FMV - Filmer". Archived from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  29. ^ "Joint Warriors at RAF Boulmer". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  30. ^ "Sea Giraffe Radar now AN/SPS-77(V)1 in U.S." (Press release). PR Newswire. 15 January 2014. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
Bibliography
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