Columbia-Moses language
| Moses-Columbia | |
|---|---|
| Columbia-Wenatchi | |
| Nxaʔamxcín | |
| Native to | United States of America |
| Region | northern Idaho, eastern Washington |
| Ethnicity | 230 (2000 census)[1] |
| Extinct | May 2, 2023, with the death of Pauline Stensgar[1] |
Salishan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | col |
| Glottolog | colu1241 |
| ELP | Columbian |
 Columbian is classified as Extinct by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Moses-Columbia, or Columbia-Wenatchi (in Moses-Columbia: Nxaʔamxcín), is an extinct Southern Interior Salish language, also known as Nxaảmxcín. Speakers traditionally lived in the Colville Indian Reservation. The Columbia people were followers of Chief Moses.
There were two dialects, Columbia (Sinkiuse, Columbian) and Wenatchi (Wenatchee, Entiat, Chelan). Wenatchi was the heritage language of the Wenatchi, Chelan, and Entiat tribes, Columbian of the Sinkiuse-Columbia.
Pauline Stensgar, who died on May 2, 2023 at age 96, is reported to have been the last known fully fluent speaker.[2]
Sample words
[edit]Here is a Nxaʔamxcín sample word
- Snkɬxwpáw’stn = ‘clothesline’ (Czaykowska-Higgins & Willett 1997) [3]
Phonology
[edit]Phonological inventory of the Columbia-Wenatchi dialect:
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | sibilant | lateral | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | |||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
plain | p | t | ts | k | kʷ | q | qʷ | ʔ | ||||
| glottalized | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tɬʼ | kʼ | kʷ’ | qʼ | qʷ’ | |||||
| Fricative | s | ɬ | x | xʷ | χ | χʷ | ħ | ħʷ | h | ||||
| Sonorant | plain | m | n | l | j | w | ʕ | ʕʷ | |||||
| glottalized | mˀ | nˀ | lˀ | jˀ | wˀ | ʕˀ | ʕʷˀ | ||||||
| Trill | plain | r | |||||||||||
| glottalized | rˀ | ||||||||||||
The three vowels in Moses-Columbia are /i/, /a/, /u/. They are sometimes transcribed as [e]; /i/, [o]; /u/, and [æ]; /a/, and could also tend to sound unstressed, almost as a schwa sound, /ə/.
References
[edit]- ^ a b Moses-Columbia at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Hanlon, James (May 5, 2023). "Last fluent speaker of n̓xaʔm̓xčín̓ language dies at 96". The Spokesman-Review. Retrieved May 5, 2023.
- ^ "View Chapters".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Further reading
[edit]- Czaykowska-Higgins, Ewa and Paul Proulx. 2000. "REVIEWS - What's in a Word? Structure in Moses-Columbia Salish". International Journal of American Linguistics. 66, no. 3: 410.
- Kinkade, M. Dale. Dictionary of the Moses-Columbia Language (Nxaʔamxcín). Nespelem, Wash: Colville Confederated Tribes, 1981.
- Mattina, Nancy. 2006. "Determiner Phrases in Moses-Columbia Salish". International Journal of American Linguistics. 72, no. 1: 97.
- Willet, Marie Louise. 2003." A Grammatical Sketch of Nxa'amxcin" PhD Thesis, University of Victoria.
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