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Indian River Lagoon

Coordinates: 28°03′19″N 80°34′34″W / 28.05528°N 80.57611°W / 28.05528; -80.57611
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Indian River Lagoon
Aerial view of Indian River Lagoon
Map of lagoon and surrounding area
Location
CountryUnited States
StateFlorida
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • elevationSea level
Length156 mi (251 km)
Basin size2,187.5 sq mi (5,666 km2)

28°03′19″N 80°34′34″W / 28.05528°N 80.57611°W / 28.05528; -80.57611

The Indian River Lagoon is a grouping of three lagoons: the Mosquito Lagoon, the Banana River, and the Indian River, on the Atlantic Coast of Florida; it is the most biodiverse lagoon ecosystem in the Northern Hemisphere and is home to more than 10,000 species of plants and animals.[1][2][3]

The Lagoon contains five state parks, four federal wildlife refuges and a national seashore.[4]

The Lagoon varies in width from .5 to 5 miles (0.80 to 8.05 km) and averages 4 feet (1.2 m) in depth.[5]

History

The Indian River Lagoon was originally known on early Spanish maps as the Rio de Ais, after the Ais Indian tribe, who lived along the east coast of Florida. An expedition in 1605 by Alvero Mexia resulted in the mapping of most of the lagoon. Original place names on the map included Los Mosquitos (the Mosquito Lagoon and the Halifax River), Haulover (current Haulover Canal area), Ulumay Lagoon (Banana River) Rio d' Ais (North Indian River), and Pentoya Lagoon (Indian River Melbourne to Ft. Pierce)[6]

Prior to the arrival of the railroad, the river was an essential transportation link.[7]

From 1989 to 2013, the population along the lagoon increased 50% to 1.6 million people.[8]

Course

The full length of the Indian River Lagoon is 156 miles (251 km), extending from Ponce de León Inlet in Volusia County, Florida, to Jupiter Inlet in Palm Beach County, Florida,[9][10] and includes Cape Canaveral. Lake Okeechobee is connected to the lagoon by the Okeechobee Waterway and the St. Lucie River meeting in Sewall's Point.

From north to south, the Indian River Lagoon system includes the following:

Natural history

The Indian River Lagoon is North America's most diverse estuary, with more than 2100 species of plants and 2200 animals.

Fauna

The lagoon contains 35 species listed as threatened or endangered — more than any other estuary in North America.[5][11] The lagoon has about 2,500 types of animals in it.[clarification needed] It serves as a spawning and nursery ground for different species of oceanic and lagoon fish and shellfish. The lagoon also has one of the most diverse bird populations anywhere in America.

Nearly 1/3 of the nation's manatee population lives here or migrates through the Lagoon seasonally.

Nine-banded armadillos comprise one of the 34 mammals in the area. It is a 1920s immigrant from the Southwestern United States. In 2016 a Right whale with her calf entered the lagoon by mistake and safely exited to the ocean.[12]

Between 200 and 800 Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) also live in the Indian River Lagoon.[13][14]

Red Drum, Spotted seatrout, Common snook, and the Tarpon are the main gamefish in the Titusville area of the lagoon system.[15]

Avians include the American kestrel, Reddish egret and spoonbills.[12]

Butterflies include the Polydamas swallowtail.[12]

Flora

Seagrass is a critical component to the overall health of the lagoon.[16] By 1990, it had surpassed levels reached in 1943. the lagoon also contains Night-blooming cereus.[12]

River modifications

From 1913 to 2013, activity by humans has increased the watershed for the lagoon from 572,000 acres (231,000 ha) to 1,400,000 acres (570,000 ha) increasing runoff of freshwater and nutrients from farms. Both have been detrimental to lagoon health.[8] The wetlands are needed to cleanse the lagoon. About 40,000 acres (16,000 ha) of land were lost to mosquito control and have been restored, but by 2013, recovery was incomplete.[8]

Mangroves are important to marine life. Between the 1940s and 2013, 85% of them had been removed for housing development.

In 1990, the Florida Legislature passed the Indian River Lagoon Act, requiring most sewer plants to stop discharging into the lagoon by 1996. Some sports fish rebounded in population in the 1990s when gill nets were banned and pollution in the lagoon was reduced. In 1995 the seagrass covered over 100,000 acres (40,000 ha).[16][17]

The 1993–1996 data base used to track the movement of water through the St. Lucie Estuary and into Indian River Lagoon is described in Smith (2007). This includes daily mean discharge rates for the 16 gauged canals emptying into the St. Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon, predicted shelf tides, and wind speeds and directions recorded along the west side of the lagoon at about 27°32'N (corresponding to Segment 11 of the model).[18]

In 2007, concerns were raised about the future of the lagoon system, especially in the southern half where frequent freshwater discharges seriously threatened water quality, decreasing the salinity needed by many fish species, and have contributed to large algae blooms promoted by water saturated with plant fertilizers.[citation needed] In the mid 1990s, the lagoon has been the subject of research on light penetration for photosynthesis in submerged aquatic vegetation.[16]

In 2010, 3,300,000 pounds (1,500,000 kg) of nitrogen and 475,000 pounds (215,000 kg) of phosphorus entered the lagoon.[19]

In 2011, a "superbloom" of phytoplankton resulted in the loss of 32,000 acres (13,000 ha) of lagoon seagrass. In 2012, a brown tide bloom fouled the northern lagoon. The county has approval for funds to investigate these unusual blooms to see if they can be prevented.[20]

Catches of blue crabs dropped unevenly from 4,265,063 pounds (1,934,600 kg) in 1987 to 389,795 pounds (176,808 kg) in 2012, but with high catches in 1998, 1991, alternating with low catch years. These crabs require 2% salt content in the water to survive. A drought increases the salt content and heavy rainfall decreases it. Both of these conditions have recurred over the past decades and are believed to have had an adverse effect on the crab population.[21]

In 2013, algae blooms and loss of sea grass destroyed all gains.[8] In 2013, four major problems with lagoon water quality were identified. 1) Excess nitrogen and phosphorus from runoff from the application of fertilizer; 2) an estimated 8 to 11% septic tank failures of tens of thousands of septic tanks in the county. 3) Muck from construction, farming, erosion and dead plants find their way to the bottom of the lagoon, preventing growth and consuming vital oxygen essential to marine flora and fauna; 4) Invasive species, including the Asian green mussel, South American charru mussel, and the Australian spotted jellyfish, eat clams and fish larvae.[22]

In 2016, there were an estimated 300,000 septic tanks in the five-county area bordering the Lagoon.[23] At one time, sewer plants were worse polluters. In 1986, there were 46 sewer plants along the 156 miles (251 km) lagoon. They discharged about 55,000,000 US gallons (210,000,000 L; 46,000,000 imp gal) daily into the estuary. The state ended most sewer plant pollution by 1995.[24]

Economy

According to the Florida Oceanographic Society, nearly 1 million people live and work in the Indian River Lagoon region. The Lagoon accounts for $300 million in fisheries revenues, includes a $2.1 billion citrus industry, and generates more than $300 million in boat and marine sales annually.[4]

In 2007, visitors spent an estimated 3.2 million person-days in recreation on the lagoon.[25]

In 2008, Hazen and Sawyer,P.C. submitted a report titled "Indian River Lagoon Economic Assessment and Analysis Update" to Troy Rice, Director of the Indian River Lagoon National Estuary Program, St. Johns River Water Management District. The report described the estimated 2007 recreational uses and economic value of the Indian River Lagoon to residents and visitors of the five counties that comprise the Lagoon system. The sum of recreational expenditures and recreational use value was estimated at $2.1 billion.[26]

See also

Citations

  1. ^ "The 20 Best Small Towns to Visit in 2015 -- 3. Stuart, Florida".
  2. ^ "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - FACT SHEET COMPREHENSIVE E VERGLADES R ESTORATION P LAN Indian River Lagoon – South" (PDF).
  3. ^ "Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP): Indian River Lagoon South".
  4. ^ a b "Florida Oceanographic Society - Indian River Lagoon Fact Sheet" (PDF).
  5. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-19. Retrieved 2013-04-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ^ Eriksen, John M. Brevard County, Florida : A Short History to 1955. Chapter One
  7. ^ Johnston, Larry (May 15, 2016). "What's the history behind a waterway's name?". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 17A. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
  8. ^ a b c d Waymer, Jim (October 13, 2013). "Leaders to discuss lagoon cures during special meeting.Talking solutions". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida: Gannett. pp. 6A. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  9. ^ "Website of the St. Johns River Water Management District". sjrwmd.com. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  10. ^ "www.indianriverlagoon.com". indianriverlagoon.com. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  11. ^ "You are being redirected". sjrwmd.com. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  12. ^ a b c d "January 2017". 2017 Calendar. 2017.
  13. ^ *BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN (Tursiops truncatus) Indian River Lagoon Estuarine System Stock
    Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce - Tursiops truncatus - Habitat and Distribution
    Field Study - Indian River Lagoon Dolphins - Dolphin 56 Sighting Ssummary Archived 2010-11-30 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Soper, Shawn J. (May 6, 2011). "Dolphin 56 Back Dazzling Boaters In Ocean City". The Dispatch (Ocean City, Maryland). Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  15. ^ "Fishing the Indian River Lagoon from Titusville Florida". abouttitusville.com. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  16. ^ a b c Hanisak, M. Dennis (1997). "Continuous Monitoring of Underwater Light in Indian River Lagoon: Comparison of Cosine and Spherical Sensors". In: EJ Maney, Jr and CH Ellis, Jr (Eds.) The Diving for Science…1997, Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences, Seventeenth annual Scientific Diving Symposium. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  17. ^ Dawes, Clinton J.; M. Dennis Hanisak,; Judson W. Kenworthy (1995). "Seagrass biodiversity in the Indian River Lagoon". Bulletin of Marine Science. 57 (1): 59–66. Retrieved 2009-04-02.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  18. ^ Ned P. Smith (2016). "Transport pathways through southern Indian River Lagoon". Florida Scientist. 79 (1): 39–50. ISSN 0098-4590. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  19. ^ "Editorial:Dying dolphins". Melbourne, Florida: Florida Today. 22 May 2010. pp. 13A.
  20. ^ Waymer, Jim (April 25, 2013). "Panel approves $1.2 million in lagoon projects". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 2B.
  21. ^ Waymer, Jim (September 8, 2013). "Lagoon crab catches dwindle". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 1A, 3A. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  22. ^ Waymer, Jim (September 29, 2013). "Do something!". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 4A.
  23. ^ How septic tanks may imperil this Florida ecosystem' on YouTube
  24. ^ Berman, Dave (March 20, 2016). "Some issues remain half century later". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. p. 11. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  25. ^ "Visitors spend big on the lagoon". Indian River Lagoon Update. XVI (3): 1. Summer 2008.
  26. ^ Section 7. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-07. Retrieved 2013-04-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian River Lagoon.

Smith, N.P. 2016, "Transport pathways through southern Indian River Lagoon", Florida Scientist, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 39.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_River_Lagoon&oldid=838741813"