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Japanese people in the Netherlands

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Japanese people in the Netherlands
Japanners in Nederland
Regions with significant populations
Amsterdam,[1] Maastricht[2]
Languages
　Dutch, Japanese, English
Religion
Mahayana Buddhism[3]

Japanese people in the Netherlands include expatriates from Japan and their Japanese citizen children, as well as Dutch citizens of Japanese ancestry.

There were 7,524 persons of Japanese origin living in the Netherlands as of 2009, according to the figures of the Statistics Netherlands office.[5] In general, they are transient foreign residents employed by Japanese companies.[6]

Demography and distribution

According to a 1996 survey, 80% of Japanese in the Netherlands consist of Japanese company employees and their families. Another 10% are Japanese civil servants on overseas postings, researchers, and students. The remainder were long-term residents, largely Japanese women married to Dutch men. Most live in Amsterdam.[7] However, there are also about 150 living in Maastricht, mostly employees of Mitsubishi and their spouses and children.[8]

Statistics Netherlands' 2009 figures with regards to persons of Japanese background show:

  • 5,985 persons born in Japan (2,691 men, 3,294 women)
  • 1,539 locally-born persons of Japanese background (783 men, 756 women), of which:
    • 1,140 had one parent born outside of the Netherlands (582 men, 558 women)
    • 399 had both parents born outside of the Netherlands (201 men, 198 women)

For a total of 7,524 persons. This represented growth of about 2.4% over the previous year's total, and about 18% over the total for 1996, the earliest year for which statistics are made available. However, they still form only a minute proportion, little over two-tenths of a percent, of all persons of foreign background in the Netherlands.[9]

Employment

The workplace is one of the most important sites of cross-cultural encounters for Japanese working in the Netherlands.[10] Japanese company offices in the Netherlands are generally small in size, numbering less than 100 employees.[11] The decision-making processes in Japanese and Dutch corporate cultures are superficially similar, both relying on achieving consensus from stakeholders and subordinates rather than devolving decision-making authority to a single person.[12] However, the need for Japanese expatriate middle-managers to refer plans back to headquarters in Japan, in addition to the emphasis on collective responsibility for the results of plans agreed to by consensus, means that decision-making in Japanese companies proceeds more slowly than in Dutch companies; Dutch employees in Japanese companies perceive the decision-making process as achieving better and more thorough results despite its slow pace.[13]

Japanese expatriate employees in the Netherlands put in longer hours than local employees. Dutch employees feel that their Japanese superiors and colleagues put in such long hours because they use their time inefficiently; furthermore, they feel little pressure to adopt those same working hours, asserting that the Japanese managers simply receive more benefits and salary in line with their increased responsibility. However, their Japanese colleagues resent this attitude, feeling that Dutch colleagues "leave work undone on their desk and go home", leaving it for the late-working Japanese to complete.[14] Japanese managers find they have to delineate job requirements and responsibilities more explicitly for Dutch employees than they would for Japanese employees in Japan, due to the local cultural emphasis on individual responsibility above collective responsibility.[15]

Cuisine

When eating outside the home, Japanese expatriates in the Netherlands most commonly patronise Chinese restaurants (29% of meals eaten out); Japanese restaurants run a close second at 25%, Italian restaurants at 19%, and French restaurants at 10%.[16] However, they deride the Japanese restaurants of the Netherlands as low-quality and expensive.[17] They also cook Japanese food at home, though in a pattern different from that in Japan; they consume less fish and more meat dishes (especially nikujaga), and often have to find substitutes for preferred vegetables which are unavailable locally.[18] Preparing Japanese food is often viewed as troublesome due to these limitations, and many Japanese wives express that they only prepare such dishes because their husbands prefer them; when the husbands are away, they cook Western-style food instead.[19] However, the community in Amsterdam at least have some Japanese-style grocery stores available locally. For the community in Maastricht, fewer such options are available; many cross the border to Germany to do their shopping in Düsseldorf and take advantage of the many specialised grocery shops which have popped up to serve the city's significant Japanese community, or band together and order groceries—especially fish prepared in the Japanese style—to be shipped down from Amsterdam.[20] Another common option is to grow herb seasonings, especially garland chrysanthemum, perilla, and cryptotaenia, in one's own back garden.[21]

Education

Amsterdam boasts one Japanese-medium day school.[22][23] There is also a Japanese weekend school in Maastricht, founded in 1992 as an outgrowth of the Joppenhoff International School. It began with 15 students, and grew as large as 30, but declined in concert with the economy, and as of 2004 enrolled just 20 students.[24]

References

Notes

  1. ^ Cwiertka 2000, p. 15
  2. ^ O'Dell 2004
  3. ^ O'Dell 2004
  4. ^ CBS 2009
  5. ^ CBS 2009
  6. ^ Cwiertka 2000, p. 15
  7. ^ Cwiertka 2000, p. 15
  8. ^ O'Dell 2004
  9. ^ CBS 2009
  10. ^ Ybema & Byun 2007, p. 2
  11. ^ Stam 2001, p. 362
  12. ^ Stam 2001, p. 361
  13. ^ Stam 2001, pp. 364–365
  14. ^ Ybema & Byun 2007, p. 5
  15. ^ Stam 2001, p. 363
  16. ^ Cwiertka 2000, p. 17
  17. ^ Cwiertka 2000, p. 19
  18. ^ Cwiertka 2000, p. 19
  19. ^ Cwiertka 2000, p. 18
  20. ^ O'Dell 2004
  21. ^ Cwiertka 2000, p. 17
  22. ^ Cwiertka 2000, p. 15
  23. ^ O'Dell 2004
  24. ^ O'Dell 2004

Sources

  • Cwiertka, Katarzyna (September 2000), "The Japanese in the Netherlands and Their Foodways" (PDF), Food Culture (2): 14–19, retrieved 2008-11-03
  • O'Dell, Casey (June 2004), "Japanese at home in Maastricht", Crossroads, Maastricht, retrieved 2008-11-03
  • Stam, Joop A. (2001), "Mirroring Consensus", in Holzhausen, Arne (ed.), Can Japan Globalize?: Studies on Japan's Changing Political Economy and the Process of Globalization in Honour of Sung-Jo Park, Springer, p. 359–368, ISBN 978-3-79081381-4
  • Ybema, Sierk; Byun, Hyunghae (2007), "The experience of cultural differences in asymmetric power relations: Japanese–Dutch encounters", Proceedings of the Critical Management Studies Conference (PDF), New Zealand: Waikato Management School, retrieved 2008-11-03
  • "Population; generation, sex, age and origin, 1 January", StatLine Database, Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, 2009, retrieved 2009-07-17

Further reading

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