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==Reception==
==Reception==
Jaws 3-D was one of the worst jaws movies ever. It shows that if steven leaves a project to a rookie it will get a low rating.

The film opened in more than a thousand screens across the U.S. There were many promotions to accompany the release of the film. As with ''Jaws 2'', [[Topps]] produced a series of [[trading card]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |title=We all die alone: a collection of cartoons |first=Mark |last=Newgarden |editor=Dan Nadel |publisher=Fantagraphics |year=2005 |ref=harv |postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> Television stations were encouraged to broadcast the featurette, ''Making of Jaws 3-D: Sharks Don't Die'', in a prime-time slot between July 16 and July 22 1983 to take advantage of an advertisement in that week's issue of ''TV Guide''.<ref>{{Cite document |title=Television/radio age, Volume 30 |publisher=Television Editorial Corp. |year=1983 |page=21 |ref=harv |postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> Alan Landsburg Productions found itself in trouble for using 90 seconds of footage from the [[National Geographic]]'s 1983 documentary film "The Sharks" in the featurette without authorization.<ref>{{harvnb|Bensman |1990|p=60}}</ref>
The film opened in more than a thousand screens across the U.S. There were many promotions to accompany the release of the film. As with ''Jaws 2'', [[Topps]] produced a series of [[trading card]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |title=We all die alone: a collection of cartoons |first=Mark |last=Newgarden |editor=Dan Nadel |publisher=Fantagraphics |year=2005 |ref=harv |postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> Television stations were encouraged to broadcast the featurette, ''Making of Jaws 3-D: Sharks Don't Die'', in a prime-time slot between July 16 and July 22 1983 to take advantage of an advertisement in that week's issue of ''TV Guide''.<ref>{{Cite document |title=Television/radio age, Volume 30 |publisher=Television Editorial Corp. |year=1983 |page=21 |ref=harv |postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> Alan Landsburg Productions found itself in trouble for using 90 seconds of footage from the [[National Geographic]]'s 1983 documentary film "The Sharks" in the featurette without authorization.<ref>{{harvnb|Bensman |1990|p=60}}</ref>


Revision as of 14:07, 27 July 2010

Jaws 3-D
Film Poster for its original name Jaws 3-D
Directed byJoe Alves
Written byCharacters:
Peter Benchley
Story:
Guerdon Trueblood
Screenplay:
Carl Gottlieb
Richard Matheson
Produced byRupert Hitzig
StarringDennis Quaid
Bess Armstrong
Simon MacCorkindale
Louis Gossett Jr.
John Putch
CinematographyJames A. Contner
Chris J. Condon
Austin McKinney
Edited byCorky Ehlers
Randy Roberts
Music byAlan Parker
Shark Theme:
John Williams
Distributed byUniversal Pictures
Release date
July 22, 1983
Running time
99 min.
CountryTemplate:FilmUS
LanguageEnglish
Budget$18 million[1]
Box office$87,987,055

Jaws 3-D (also known as Jaws 3) is a 1983 thriller film directed by Joe Alves and starring Dennis Quaid (in his first lead role). It is the second sequel to Steven Spielberg's Jaws.

As SeaWorld, a water park with underwater tunnels and lagoons, prepares for opening, a young great white shark infiltrates the park from the sea, seemingly attacking and killing water skiers and park employees. Once the baby shark is captured, it becomes apparent that it was the mother, a much larger shark who also entered the park, who was the real killer.

The film is notable for making use of 3-D film during the revived interest in the technology in the 1980s, amongst other horror films such as Friday the 13th Part III and Amityville 3-D. Cinema audiences could wear disposable cardboard polarized glasses to create the illusion that elements penetrate the screen.[2] Several shots and sequences were designed to utilise the effect, such as the shark's destruction. Since the 3-D is ineffective in home viewing, the alternative title Jaws III is used for television broadcasts, VHS and DVD.[1]

Plot

The film begins with the great white shark moving throughout the ocean and starts to follow an unsuspecting team of water skiers, the driver Richie stalls the boat and manages to get it going again before the shark can attack anyone, Florida announces the opening of Seaworld's new underwater tunnels, a set of tunnels to view underwater without getting wet, the shark follows the water skiers into the park. The shark throws the gate off its rails while it is closing.

While the park staff wonder why the dolphins, Cindi and Sandi, are so afraid of leaving their dolphin pen, Shelby Overman (Harry Grant), one of the mechanics, dives into the water to repair and secure the gates. He is attacked by a large shark and killed, leaving only his right severed arm. The next day, Michael (Dennis Quaid) and his girlfriend Katherine "Kay" Morgan (Bess Armstrong) are informed of Overman's disappearance. They go down in a submarine to look in the tunnels to find Overman's body, Kay suggests the filtration pipe but Mike says that the current is too strong and flows all into the lagoon every hour and appears to be something moving inside. They decide to go into a piece of scenery, the Spanish galleon, despite the two dolphins attempting to keep them out. As they search the Spanish Galleon they encounter a baby great white shark. The dolphins rescue Kate and Mike but the shark escapes back into the park.

The news of the shark is disbelieved by Calvin Bouchard (Louis Gossett Jr.), the Seaworld park manager. although the news is exciting to his hunter friend Phillip FitzRoyce (Simon MacCorkindale) who states his intention to kill the shark on network television. Kay protests, arguing that while killing the shark would be good for one headline, capturing and keeping a great white shark alive in captivity would guarantee TV crews and money constantly rolling into Sea World. The baby shark is captured and Kay and her staff nurse it to health. However, Calvin, desperate to start the money rolling in immediately, orders it moved to an exhibit as "the first great white in captivity". The shark, however, dies in the exhibit.

Meanwhile, the park the staff notice a pressure build-up in the filtration pipe. The problem: the baby shark's mother, a massive 35 foot great white shark has been dwelling inside the pipe. Calvin orders the pipe shut down as the shark leaves and heads out to the park.

At the underwater tunnel, a girl is terrified when she sees Overman's corpse bob up to a window. Kate suspects that the shark that killed him must be the young shark's mother, and that since Overman was killed inside the park, the mother shark must also be inside the park, but Katherine can't convince Calvin until the enormous shark herself shows up at the window of their underwater cafe, terrifying the customers. Flushed out from her refuge inside the filtration pipe, the shark begins to wreak havoc on the park and attacks water skier Kelly Ann Bukowski (Lea Thompson) and Sean Brody (John Putch); it leaves Kelly injured, Sean unharmed and causes a leak that nearly drowns everyone in the underwater tunnel. Fitzroyce and his assistant Jack (P.H. Moriarty) go down to the filtration pipe attempting to lure the shark back in and lock it in, leaving it to drown (since sharks must be in constant motion in order to breathe). Fitzroyce leads the shark into the pipe but his lifeline rope snaps, and the shark attacks him. Fitzroyce grabs a grenade and prepares to use it, but gets torn up and crushed in the shark's mouth before he can use the grenade.

Hearing the shark has been lured into the pipe, Michael has gone down to repair the underwater tunnel so the technicians can restore air pressure and drain the water, with Kay to watch his back. He welds the repair piece, Calvin orders the pump shut down to suffocate the shark but it instead breaks free from the pipe and attacks Mike and Kay. They escape thanks to help from Cindi and Sandi, who attack the shark. They make their way back to the control room with Calvin and the technicians, but the shark appears in front of the window and smashes its way through the glass and floods the room. Mike notices Fitzroyce's corpse still wedged in the sharks mouth with the grenade in his hand and uses a bent pole to pull the grenades pin. The shark is killed by the resulting explosion, and in the aftermath Mike and Kay celebrate with Cindi and Sandi, who survived their brush with the shark.

Cast

Production

David Brown and Richard Zanuck, the producers for the first two films, originally pitched the second Jaws sequel as a spoof named Jaws 3, People 0.[3] Matty Simmons, fresh off the success of National Lampoon's Animal House, was brought in as producer, with Brown and Zanuck taking on executive producer roles. Simmons outlined a story and commissioned National Lampoon writers John Hughes and Todd Carroll for a script.[4] Joe Dante was briefly pursued as a director.[5] The project was shut down due to conflicts with Universal Studios.[4] David Brown later said a spoof would have been a mistake and that it would be like "fouling in your own nest."[3]

Alan Landsburg bought the rights to produce the film.[6] He attempted to involve experimental filmmaker Murray Lerner in Jaws 3, telling him that people at the Marineland theme park in Florida had seen his 1978 3-D film Sea Dream. Lerner said that his "heart sank" when he was sent the first script of Jaws 3-D, saying "I can't really get involved in this". As the production already had an art director, Lerner declined to be involved in the film.[6]

The film was directed by Joe Alves, who was the production designer for the first two films and was the second unit director for Jaws 2. It had been suggested that Alves co-direct the first sequel with Verna Fields when first director John D. Hancock left the project.[3] It was filmed at SeaWorld Orlando, a landlocked water park; and Navarre, Florida, a community in the Florida Panhandle near Pensacola.[7]

As with the first two films in the series, many people were involved in writing the film. Richard Matheson, who had written the script for Steven Spielberg's celebrated 1971 television movie Duel, says that he wrote a "very interesting" outline, although the story is credited to "some other writer".[8] Universal forced Matheson to include Brody's two sons, which the writer "thought was dumb". They also wanted it to be the same shark that was electrocuted in Jaws 2.[8] Matheson was also requested to write a custom-role for Mickey Rooney, "which I did so successfully that when Mickey Rooney turned out not to be available, the whole part was pointless".[9] The writer was unhappy with the finished film.

I'm a good storyteller and I wrote a good outline and a good script. And if they had done it right and if it had been directed by somebody who knew how to direct, I think it would have been an excellent movie. Jaws 3-D was the only thing Joe Alves ever directed; the man is a very skilled production designer, but as a director, no. And the so-called 3-D just made the film look murky - it had no effect whatsoever. It was a waste of time.[8]

Guerdon Trueblood is credited for the story; a reviewer for the website SciFilm says that the screenplay was based upon Trueblood's story about a white shark swimming upstream and becoming trapped in a lake.[10] Carl Gottlieb, who had also revised the screenplays for the first two Jaws films, was credited for the script alongside Richard Matheson.[11] Matheson has reported in interviews that the screenplay was revised by script doctors.[10]

The film did not use any actors from the first two Jaws films. Roy Scheider, who played Police Chief Martin Brody in the first two films, laughed at the thought of Jaws 3, saying that "Mephistopheles ... couldn't talk me into doing [it] ... They knew better than to even ask".[12] He agreed to do Blue Thunder to ensure his unavailability for Jaws 3-D.[12]

3-D

There was a revival in popularity of 3-D at this time, with many films using the technique. Jaws' second sequel integrated the technology into its title, as did Amityville 3-D. Friday the 13th Part III could also make dual use of the number three.[13] The gimmick was also advertised in the tagline "the third dimension is terror."[10] As it was Joe Alves' first film as director, he thought that 3-D would "give him an edge".[13]

The shark's jaws coming towards the screen after its destruction.

Cinema audiences could wear disposable polarized glasses to view the film, creating the illusion that elements from the film were penetrating the screen to come towards the viewers. The opening sequence makes obvious use of the technique, with the titles flying to the forefront of the screen, leaving a trail. There are more subtle instances in the film where props are meant to leave the screen. The more obvious examples are in the climatic sequence of the shark attacking the control room and its subsequent destruction. The glass as the shark smashes into the room uses 3-D, as does the shot where the shark explodes, with fragmented parts of it apparently bursting through the screen, ending with its jaws. There were many difficulties in making the green screen compositing work in 3-D, and a lot of material had to be reshot.[6]

Jaws 3-D had two 3-D consultants: the production started with Chris Condon, president of StereoVision,[14] and Stan Loth was later added to the team for the Arrivision 3-D. Production began using the StereoVision, but this was dropped after a week for the Arrivision system, "which Alves believed was a superior system because it has a wider variety of lenses".[13] According to Alves, inferior systems lead to ghosting and blurring, leaving audiences with headaches. He says that "the left and right images [in Jaws 3-D] are very well-matched, and the photography is very clean; it's restful to the eye, and though we do have the occasional effects where things do emerge toward the audience from the plane of projection, you come out of the film without a headache."[13][15] Historian R. M. Hayes says that the film was shot using both the Arrivision and StereoVision single strip-over-and-under units.[16] Both cameras were used in conjunction with each other. This is a means of shooting 3D movies in normal color with a single camera and single strip of film: the Arrivision 3D technique uses a special twin-lens adapter fitted to the film camera, and divides the 35 mm film frame in half along the middle, capturing the left-eye image in the upper half of the frame and the right-eye image in the lower half - this is known as "over/under". This allows filming to proceed as for any standard 2D movie, without the considerable additional expense of having to double up on cameras and film stock for every shot. When the resultant film is projected through a normal projector (albeit one requiring a special lens that combines the upper and lower images), a true polarised 3D image is produced. This system allows 3D films to be shown in almost any cinema since it does not require two projectors running simultaneously through the presentation - something most cinemas are not equipped to handle. What is required of the theatre is both the special projection lens and a reflective "silver" screen to enable the polarized images to reflect back to the viewer with the appropriate filter on each eye blocking out the wrong image, thus leaving the viewer to see the movie from two angles as the eyes naturally see the world. According to the company that built the underwater camera housings for Jaws 3-D, the underwater sequences were shot using an Arriflex 35-3 camera with Arrivision 18 mm over/under 3D lens.[2]

This kind of 3D effect does not work on television without special electronic hardware at the viewer's end, and so with two exceptions, the home video and broadcast TV versions of Jaws 3-D were created using just the left-eye image, and with the title changed to "Jaws 3" or "Jaws III". Because the left-eye image only takes up half the 35 mm film frame, the picture resolution is noticeably poorer than would normally be expected of a movie shot on 35 mm.

One of the above-mentioned exceptions was a 1986 release of the movie for the now-obsolete VHD video disc system (not to be confused with LaserDisc). This required a special 3D VHD player, or a standard VHD player with a hardware 3D adapter, and a set of LCD glasses that shuttered the viewer's eyes according to control signals sent by the player, allowing the polarised 3D effect to work.[17] The other exception was the Sensio 3-D DVD of Jaws 3-D released in February 2008. The Sensio 3-D Processor is needed for 3-D home viewing.[18]

TV3 in Malaysia tried to broadcast the 3D version of the film in 2001. The event was advertised heavily and required viewers to buy or obtain a pair of anaglyph glasses to fully enjoy the movie; this was an anaglyph 3D version of the film created from the Arrivision original.[19][20]

This film was referenced in the 1989 film Back to the Future Part II (which also featured Lea Thompson and produced by original Jaws director Steven Spielberg). When Marty McFly arrives in Hill Valley in the year 2015 he sees that a movie theatre that is playing "Jaws 19", as in the 19th installment of the franchise. The shark from the poster leaps out at him, "eating" him, taking him by surprise and causing him to cower in fear. The shark disappears, revealing it to be a 3-D hologram. He gets up off the ground, shrugs, and calmly says, "The shark still looks fake."[21]

Music

Untitled

The score was composed and conducted by Alan Parker, who had previously provided music for British television shows including Van der Valk and Minder.[22][23] It was Parker's first feature score, but he would later work on What's Eating Gilbert Grape and American Gothic.[24] John Williams' famous shark motif is, however, integrated into the score. The soundtrack album was released by MCA Records which was absorbed by Geffen Records. The soundtrack was later released on CD by Intrada and was limited to only 3000 copies.[25]

Track listing

  1. "Jaws 3-D Main Title" (2:59)
  2. "Kay and Mike's Love Theme" (2:18)
  3. "Panic at Seaworld" (2:07)
  4. "Underwater Kingdom and Shark Chase" (4:20)
  5. "Shark Chase and Dolphin Rescue" (1:22)
  6. "Saved by the Dolphins" (2:05)
  7. "The Shark's Gonna Hit Us!" (2:42)
  8. "It's Alive/Seaworld Opening Day/Silver Bullet" (2:34)
  9. "Overman's Last Dive" (1:18)
  10. "Philip's Demise" (4:59)
  11. "Night Capture" (4:53)
  12. "Jaws 3-D End Titles" (4:06)

DVD Release

The film was released on DVD by Universal on June 3, 2003 under the title "Jaws 3" the disc had no bonus features it only contained one theatrical trailer of the film and the 3-D effects were removed.

Reception

Jaws 3-D was one of the worst jaws movies ever. It shows that if steven leaves a project to a rookie it will get a low rating.

The film opened in more than a thousand screens across the U.S. There were many promotions to accompany the release of the film. As with Jaws 2, Topps produced a series of trading cards.[26] Television stations were encouraged to broadcast the featurette, Making of Jaws 3-D: Sharks Don't Die, in a prime-time slot between July 16 and July 22 1983 to take advantage of an advertisement in that week's issue of TV Guide.[27] Alan Landsburg Productions found itself in trouble for using 90 seconds of footage from the National Geographic's 1983 documentary film "The Sharks" in the featurette without authorization.[28]

The film grossed $13,422,500 on its opening weekend,[29] playing to 1,311 theaters at its widest release. This was 29.5% of its total gross. It has achieved total lifetime worldwide gross of $87,987,055.[30] Despite being #1 at the box office, this illustrates the series' diminishing returns, since Jaws 3-D has earned nearly $100,000,000 less than the total lifetime gross of its predecessor[31] and $300,000,000 less than the original film.[32] The final sequel would attract an even lower income, with around two thirds of Jaws 3-D's total lifetime gross.[33] However, the film was still drawing huge audiences when it was pulled from theaters; film historian R.M. Hayes says this action "was pure nonsense considering some cinemas were actually turning over more money per screen than the latest Star Wars film".[16]

Reception for the movie was generally poor. Variety calls it "tepid" and suggests that Alves "fails to linger long enough on the Great White."[34] It has an 13% 'rotten' rating at Rotten Tomatoes.[35] The 3-D was criticized as being a gimmick to attract audiences to the aging series[36] and for being ineffective.[37] Allmovie, however, says that "the suspense sequences were made somewhat more memorable during the film's original release with 3-D photography, an attribute lost on video, thereby removing the most distinctive element of an otherwise run-of-the-mill sequel."[38] Derek Winnert says that "with Richard Matheson's name on the script you'd expect a better yarn" although he continues to say that the film "is entirely watchable with a big pack of popcorn."[39] Others are disappointed that Matheson and Gottlieb produced this script given their previous success.[10]

Although most critics are in agreement that Jaws 2 is the best of the Jaws sequels, some are unsure if Jaws-3-D is better than Jaws: The Revenge. One reviewer says of Jaws 3-D:

Campy performances, cheesy special effects, and downright awful dialogue all contribute to making Jaws 3 a truly dismal experience for just about everyone. It's not only hard to believe that a sequel this downright abominable didn't kill the franchise, but that it actually would be followed by a movie that was arguably worse—Jaws: the Revenge.[24]

Amongst some flaws, some critics describe the film as "marginally entertaining."[40] The sound design has been commended, however. The moment when an infant's cry is heard when the baby shark dies in the pool is particularly praised by one reviewer.[10] Gossett, Jet magazine says, was the "only cast member to survive the generally negative reviews".[29]

It was nominated for five 1983 Golden Raspberry Awards, including worst picture, director, supporting actor (Lou Gossett, Jr.), screenplay, and newcomer (Cindy and Sandy, "The Shrieking Dolphins"), and received none.[41]

In her screenwriting textbook, Linda Aronson suggests that its protagonist, played by Quaid, is a major problem with the film. She says that after taking too long for him to be introduced, the character is "essentially a passive onlooker". There is no hunt until the climax when the shark is terrorizing the people in the aquarium; only then does Mike Brody become centre of the action. She also highlights inaccuracies in the plot. For instance, she refutes the idea of a "mother shark protecting her offspring [as] sharks do not mother their young", and points out that dolphins can attack sharks.[42]

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Ken Begg. "Jaws 3-D - Jabootu's Bad Movie Dimension". Retrieved 2006-11-25.
  2. ^ a b Ankeney, Jay (March 13, 2000). "Underwater with Hydroflex's Pete Romano". HydroFlex Inc. Retrieved 2007-01-04.
  3. ^ a b c The Making of Jaws 2, Jaws 2 DVD documentary, [2002]
  4. ^ a b Patrizio, Andy (October 31, 2003). "An Interview with Matty Simmons". IGN.com.
  5. ^ Dursin, Andy (2003). "Aisle Seat - Fourth of July Edition". Film Score Monthly.
  6. ^ a b c Zone 2005, p. 49
  7. ^ Pohlen 2003, p. 135
  8. ^ a b c Weaver 2006, p. 318
  9. ^ Lofficier 2003, p. 221
  10. ^ a b c d e Saxelid, Chadwick H. "JAWS 3 (a.k.a. JAWS 3-D)". Sci-fi Film. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-01-19.
  11. ^ Scheib, Richard (1990). "JAWS 3-D aka JAWS III Rating: ½". The SF, Horror and Fantasy Film Review. Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  12. ^ a b Kachmar 2002, p. 101
  13. ^ a b c d McGee 2001, p. 97-8
  14. ^ American Society of Cinematographers (1985). "American cinematographer, Volume 66" (Document). ASC Holding Corp. p. 85. {{cite document}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  15. ^ The Alves quote in McGee 2001 originally appeared in Thornshaw, Brian "Joe Alves and Jaws 3-D", Fangoria, 1, 29
  16. ^ a b Hayes 1998, p. 101-3
  17. ^ "VHD DiscWorld 3D Compatible Video". Retrieved 2007-01-03.
  18. ^ "Sensio and Universal to release classic 3-D titles on DVD". rollanet.org. Retrieved 2008-04-15.
  19. ^ "TV3 pitches in for the blind" (Web reprint from The Malay Mail). Portal Ilmu. 2001-01-23. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
  20. ^ "Pandangan untuk TV3 dan ntv7". Portal Ilmu. 2001-04-22. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
  21. ^ "Memorable Quotes from Back to the Future Part II (1989)". IMDb. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
  22. ^ Jaws 3-D (Media notes). MCA Records. 1983. {{cite AV media notes}}: |format= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |bandname= ignored (help)
  23. ^ "Alan Parker (II)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
  24. ^ a b Leo, Vince. "Jaws 3 (1983) / Horror-Adventure". Quipster's Movie Reviews. Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  25. ^ "JAWS 3-D". Intrada. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
  26. ^ Newgarden, Mark (2005). Dan Nadel (ed.). We all die alone: a collection of cartoons. Fantagraphics. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  27. ^ "Television/radio age, Volume 30" (Document). Television Editorial Corp. 1983. p. 21. {{cite document}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  28. ^ Bensman 1990, p. 60
  29. ^ a b "Gossett Rises Above Bad Reviews of 'Jaws 3-D'". Jet. 64 (25). Johnson Publishing Company: 37. 1983. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  30. ^ "JAWS 3-D". BoxOffice Mojo. Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  31. ^ "Jaws 2". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
  32. ^ "Jaws". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
  33. ^ "JAWS IV: THE REVENGE". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
  34. ^ "Jaws 3-D". Variety. 1983-01-01. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
  35. ^ "Jaws 3-D". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2007-01-24.
  36. ^ "DVD Review: Jaws 3". DVDown Under. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
  37. ^ Ebert, Roger (1996-03-22). "Wings Of Courage". Roger Ebert Movie Reviews. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
  38. ^ Blaise, Judd. "Jaws 3". Allmovie. Retrieved 2006-12-11.
  39. ^ Winnert 1993, p. 546
  40. ^ Haflidason, Almar (2001-03-09). "Jaws 3 (aka Jaws 3-D) (1983)". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-01-19.
  41. ^ "1983 Archive". Razzies.com. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
  42. ^ Aronson 2000

Bibliography

  • Aronson, Linda (2000). Scriptwriting updated: new and conventional ways of writing for the screen. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1876351039. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Bensman, Marvin R. (1990). Broadcast/cable regulation (3 ed.). University Press of America. ISBN 0819176613. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Hayes, R. M. (1998). 3-D movies: a history and filmography of stereoscopic cinema. McFarland. ISBN 0786405783. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Kachmar, Diane C. (2002). Roy Scheider: a film biography. McFarland. ISBN 0786412011. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Lofficier, Randy (2003). Into the Twilight Zone: The Rod Serling Programme Guide. iUniverse. ISBN 0595276121. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • McGee, Mark Thomas (2001). Beyond Ballyhoo: Motion Picture Promotion and Gimmicks. McFarland. ISBN 0786411147. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Pohlen, Jerome (2003). Oddball Florida: A Guide to Some Really Strange Places. Chicago Review Press. ISBN 1556525036. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Weaver, Tom (2006). Science Fiction Stars and Horror Heroes: Interviews with Actors, Directors, Producers and Writers of the 1940s Through 1960s. McFarland. p. 318. ISBN 0786428570. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Winnert, Derek (1993). Radio Times Film & Video Guide 1994. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-57477-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Zone, Ray (2005). 3-D filmmakers: Conversations with creators of stereoscopic motion pictures. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810854376. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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