Key signature names and translations
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When a musical key or key signature is referred to in a language other than English, that language may use the usual notation used in English (namely the letters A to G, along with translations of the words sharp, flat, major and minor in that language): languages which use the usual system include Irish, Welsh, Azeri, Hindi, Japanese (based on katakana in iroha order), Korean (based on hangul), Chinese, Thai, Indonesian, Filipino, Swahili, Esperanto.
Or it may use some different notation. Two notation systems are most commonly found besides the usual system, the Fixed Do key notation and the German key notation
- Fixed Do key notation – used (among others) in Italian, French, Dutch (in the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium), Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Occitan, Breton, Basque, Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Latvian, Romanian, Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, Persian, Turkish (along with the usual system) and Vietnamese. Most countries (though not all, e.g. Serbia) where Fixed Do solmization is used also use the Fixed Do key notation. Instead of the letters C, D, E, F, G, A, B, seven syllables (derived from solfege) are used to refer to the seven diatonic tones of C major: Do (in French Do or Ut), Re, Mi, Fa, Sol (never So), La, Si (never Ti), with some variations and adaptations according to country, language and alphabet, followed by the accidental (natural is clearly most often omitted) and then the major/minor qualifier as needed.
- German key notation – used (among others) in German, Dutch (in the Netherlands, where it is used along with the usual system), Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Finnish, Estonian, Lithuanian (along with the usual system), Serbian (along with the usual system), Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene, Hungarian, Polish, Czech and Slovak. The German key notation differs from the usual system in two respects, namely that B♮ is referred to by the letter H and B♭ by the letter B by itself, and that sharp and flat designations do not use words but suffix is for sharps and suffix es (reduced to s if the tone letter is a vowel) for flats, except that (as already mentioned) in the German system the letter B by itself already means B flat. However in some places where the German system is in use one may encounter the use of B for B♮ and Bes for B♭. This is especially common in the Netherlands.
There has been a tendency in some countries which historically used the Fixed Do key notation or the German key notation to switch to the usual system, especially among musicians working in popular music genres or jazz. The only case where this can lead to some confusion is when the letter B is used: should it be understood as B♮ (usual system) or B♭ (German system)? Another tendency has been to use the usual system in writing but to read it out according to either the Fixed Do or the German system if those are the systems used locally. For example recent French scores or books may use the usual system (this is especially common for chord symbols), but French users would read out that notation according to the Fixed Do system. Similarly a Dutch musician may refer to a written F♯ orally as Fis. This article is concerned with written usage.
To form a key designation, locate the note name in the pitch translation table and add the major/minor qualifier from the lower table as needed.
| alphabetic systems | solmization systems | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | German | Dutch (Netherlands, written) |
Japanese | Korean | Italian | French | Spanish | Portuguese | Russian | Romanian | Dutch (Belgium) | Greek |
| C flat | Ces | Ces / C mol | 変ハ (hen-ha) | 내림 다 (naerim da) | Do bemolle | Do bémol | Do bemol | Dó bemol | До-бемоль | Do bemol | Do mol | Ντο ύφεση (Do hyphesis) |
| C | C | C | ハ (ha) | 다 (da) | Do | Do (Ut) | Do | Dó | До | Do | Do | Ντο (Do) |
| C sharp | Cis | Cis / C kruis | 嬰ハ (ei-ha) | 올림 다 (ollim da) | Do diesis | Do dièse | Do sostenido | Dó sustenido | До-диез | Do diez | Do kruis | Ντο δίεση (Do diesis) |
| D flat | Des | Des / D mol | 変ニ (hen-ni) | 내림 라 (naerim ra) | Re bemolle | Ré bémol | Re bemol | Ré bemol | Ре-бемоль | Re bemol | Re mol | Ρε ύφεση (Re hyphesis) |
| D | D | D | ニ (ni) | 라 (ra) | Re | Ré | Re | Ré | Ре | Re | Re | Ρε (Re) |
| D sharp | Dis | Dis / D kruis | 嬰ニ (ei-ni) | 올림 라 (ollim ra) | Re diesis | Ré dièse | Re sostenido | Ré sustenido | Ре-диез | Re diez | Re kruis | Ρε δίεση (Re diesis) |
| E flat | Es | Es / E mol | 変ホ (hen-ho) | 내림 마 (naerim ma) | Mi bemolle | Mi bémol | Mi bemol | Mi bemol | Ми-бемоль | Mi bemol | Mi mol | Μι ύφεση (Mi hyphesis) |
| E | E | E | ホ (ho) | 마 (ma) | Mi | Mi | Mi | Mi | Ми | Mi | Mi | Μι (Mi) |
| E sharp | Eis | Eis / E kruis | 嬰ホ (ei-ho) | 올림 마 (ollim ma) | Mi diesis | Mi dièse | Mi sostenido | Mi sustenido | Ми-диез | Mi diez | Mi kruis | Μι δίεση (Mi diesis) |
| F flat | Fes | Fes / F mol | 変ヘ (hen-he) | 내림 바 (naerim ba) | Fa bemolle | Fa bémol | Fa bemol | Fa bemol | Фа-бемоль | Fa bemol | Fa mol | Φα ύφεση (Fa hyphesis) |
| F | F | F | ヘ (he) | 바 (ba) | Fa | Fa | Fa | Fá | Фа | Fa | Fa | Φα (Fa) |
| F sharp | Fis | Fis / F kruis | 嬰ヘ (ei-he) | 올림 바 (ollim ba) | Fa diesis | Fa dièse | Fa sostenido | Fá sustenido | Фа-диез | Fa diez | Fa kruis | Φα δίεση (Fa diesis) |
| G flat | Ges | Ges / G mol | 変ト (hen-to) | 내림 사 (naerim sa) | Sol bemolle | Sol bémol | Sol bemol | Sol bemol | Соль-бемоль | Sol bemol | Sol mol | Σολ ύφεση (Sol hyphesis) |
| G | G | G | ト (to) | 사 (sa) | Sol | Sol | Sol | Sol | Соль | Sol | Sol | Σολ (Sol) |
| G sharp | Gis | Gis / G kruis | 嬰ト (ei-to) | 올림 사 (ollim sa) | Sol diesis | Sol dièse | Sol sostenido | Sol sustenido | Соль-диез | Sol diez | Sol kruis | Σολ δίεση (Sol diesis) |
| A flat | As | As / A mol | 変イ (hen-i) | 내림 가 (naerim ga) | La bemolle | La bémol | La bemol | Lá bemol | Ля-бемоль | La bemol | La mol | Λα ύφεση (La hyphesis) |
| A | A | A | イ (i) | 가 (ga) | La | La | La | Lá | Ля | La | La | Λα (La) |
| A sharp | Ais | Ais / A kruis | 嬰イ (ei-i) | 올림 가 (ollim ga) | La diesis | La dièse | La sostenido | Lá sustenido | Ля-диез | La diez | La kruis | Λα δίεση (La diesis) |
| B flat | B | Bes / B mol | 変ロ (hen-ro) | 내림 나 (naerim na) | Si bemolle | Si bémol | Si bemol | Si bemol | Си-бемоль | Si bemol | Si mol | Σι ύφεση (Si hyphesis) |
| B | H | B | ロ (ro) | 나 (na) | Si | Si | Si | Si | Си | Si | Si | Σι (Si) |
| B sharp | His | Bis / B kruis | 嬰ロ (ei-ro) | 올림 나 (ollim na) | Si diesis | Si dièse | Si sostenido | Si sustenido | Си-диез | Si diez | Si kruis | Σι δίεση (Si diesis) |
| English | German | Dutch | Japanese | Korean | Italian | French | Spanish | Portuguese | Russian | Romanian | Greek |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| major | Dur | groot | 長調 (chōchō) | 장조 (jangjo) | maggiore | majeur | mayor | maior | мажор | major | μείζονα |
| minor | Moll | klein | 短調 (tanchō) | 단조 (danjo) | minore | mineur | menor | menor | минор | minor | ελάσσονα |
Note that the 'major' alteration is usually superfluous, as a key description missing an alteration is invariably assumed to be major.
In the German notation scheme, a hyphen is added between the pitch and the alteration (D-Dur). Minor key signatures are written with a lower case letter (d-Moll).
For example, to describe Bach's Mass in B minor one could use:
- B minor (English)
- h-Moll (German)
- b (klein) (Dutch)
- ロ短調 (ro tanchō) (Japanese)
- 나 단조 (na danjo) (Korean)
- Si minore (Italian)
- Si mineur (French)
- Si menor (Spanish)
- Si menor (Portuguese)
- Си минор (Russian)
- Si minor (Romanian)
- Σι ελάσσονα (Greek)