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Leonard Peltier

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Leonard Peltier
Peltier in 1972
Born (1944-09-12) September 12, 1944 (age 80)
Grand Forks, North Dakota, U.S.
Political partyAmerican Indian Movement
Criminal chargefirst degree murder
Criminal penalty2 life sentences
Criminal statusIn prison; next scheduled parole hearing 2024
Parent(s)Leo Peltier
Alvina Robideau

Leonard Peltier (born September 12, 1944) is a Native American activist and member of the American Indian Movement (AIM). In 1977 he was convicted and sentenced to two consecutive terms of life imprisonment for first degree murder in the shooting of two Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents during a 1975 conflict on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation.

Peltier's indictment and conviction have been the subject of much controversy; Amnesty International placed his case under the "Unfair Trials" category of its Annual Report: USA 2010.[2]

Peltier is incarcerated at the United States Penitentiary, Coleman in Florida. Peltier became eligible for parole in 1993; his next scheduled parole hearing will be in July 2024.[3][4] Barring appeals, parole, or presidential pardon, his projected release date is October 11, 2040.[5]

Early life and education

Peltier was born in Grand Forks, North Dakota, the eleventh of thirteen children, to Leo Peltier and Alvina Robideau.[6] His father was Turtle Mountain Chippewa on his paternal side and French on his maternal side, and his mother was Dakota Sioux and French on her mother's side and Chippewa on her father's.[citation needed] Peltier's parents divorced when he was four years old. At this time, Leonard and his sister Betty Ann were taken to live with their paternal grandparents Alex and Mary Dubois-Peltier in the Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation of the Turtle Mountain Chippewa near Belcourt, North Dakota.[7] In September 1953, at the age of nine, Leonard was enrolled at the Wahpeton Indian School in Wahpeton, North Dakota, an Indian boarding school run by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). He graduated at Wahpeton in May 1957, and attended the Flandreau Indian School in Flandreau, South Dakota. After dropping out in the ninth grade, he returned to the Turtle Mountain Reservation to live with his father.

Career and activism

In 1965, Peltier relocated to Seattle, Washington. He worked for several years and became the owner of an auto body station. In the city, Peltier became involved in a variety of causes championing Native American civil rights, and eventually joined the American Indian Movement. In the early 1970s, he learned about the factional tensions at the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota between supporters of Richard Wilson, elected tribal chairman in 1972, and traditionalist members of the tribe. Wilson had created a private militia, known as the Guardians of the Oglala Nation (GOON), whose members were reputed to have attacked political opponents. Protests over a failed impeachment hearing of Wilson contributed to the AIM and Lakota armed takeover of Wounded Knee in February 1973, which resulted in a 71-day siege by federal forces, known as the Wounded Knee Incident. They demanded the resignation of Wilson. Peltier, however, spent most of the occupation in a Milwaukee jail charged with attempted murder. When Peltier secured bail at the end of April, he took part in an AIM protest outside the federal building in Milwaukee and was on his way to Wounded Knee with the group to deliver supplies when the incident ended.[8]

The takeover did not end Wilson's leadership, the actions of the GOONs or the violence; the Oglala Sioux Tribal Government recently[when?] asked U.S Attorney Brendan Johnson to look at 45 unresolved deaths since that time.[9] In 1975, Peltier traveled to the Pine Ridge reservation as a member of AIM to try to help reduce the continuing violence among political opponents. At the time, he was a fugitive, with a warrant issued in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It charged him with unlawful flight to avoid prosecution for the attempted murder of an off-duty Milwaukee police officer, a crime of which he was later acquitted.[citation needed]

Shootout at Pine Ridge

Ronald A. Williams
Jack R. Coler

On June 26, 1975, Special Agents Jack R. Coler and Ronald A. Williams of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) were on the Pine Ridge Reservation searching for a young man named Jimmy Eagle, who was wanted for questioning in connection with the recent assault and robbery of two local ranch hands. Eagle had been involved in a physical altercation with a friend, during which he had stolen a pair of leather cowboy boots.[10] At approximately 11:50 a.m., Williams and Coler, driving two separate unmarked cars, spotted, reported, and followed a red pick-up truck which matched the description of Eagle's.

F.B.I. photograph of the vehicle allegedly followed by agents Coler and Williams
F.B.I. photograph of Agent Williams' car after the shootout

Soon after his initial report, Williams radioed into a local dispatch that he and Coler had come under high-powered rifle fire from the occupants of the vehicle and were unable to return fire with their .38 Special revolvers. Williams radioed that they would be killed if reinforcements did not arrive. He next radioed that he was hit. FBI Special Agent Gary Adams was the first to respond to Williams' call for assistance, and he also came under intense gun fire; he was unable to reach Coler and Williams.

The FBI, BIA, and the local police spent the afternoon waiting for other law enforcement officers. At 2:30 p.m., a BIA rifleman fatally shot Joe Stuntz, an AIM member who had taken part in the shootout.[11] At 4:31 p.m., authorities recovered the bodies of Williams and Coler from their vehicles. At 6:30 p.m. they ignited tear gas and stormed the Jumping Bull houses, where they found the body of a Native American, Joseph Stuntz. Stuntz was clad in Coler's green FBI field jacket, which he appeared to have taken from the agent's car. The two FBI Agents were later confirmed to have died on June 26, 1975. Stuntz appeared to have died later, during subsequent shooting.

The FBI reported that Williams had received a defensive wound to his right hand (as he attempted to shield his face) from a bullet which passed through his hand into his head, killing him instantly. Williams received two gunshot injuries, to his body and foot, prior to the contact shot that killed him. Coler, incapacitated from earlier bullet wounds, had been shot twice in the head. In total, 125 bullet holes were found in the agents' vehicles, many from a .223 Remington (5.56 mm) rifle.

Leonard Peltier provided numerous alibis, to different people, about his activities on the morning of the attacks. In an interview with the author Peter Matthiessen (In the Spirit of Crazy Horse 1983), Peltier described working on a car in Oglala, claiming to have driven back to the Jumping Bull Compound about an hour before the shooting started. In an interview with Lee Hill, he described being woken up in the tent city at the ranch by the sound of gunshots. To Harvey Arden, for Prison Writings, he described enjoying a beautiful morning before he heard the firing.[12]

Aftermath

FBI wanted poster for Leonard Peltier

On September 5, 1975, Agent Williams' .38 Special service revolver and shells from both agents' handguns were found in a vehicle near a residence where Dino Butler was arrested. On September 9, 1975, Peltier purchased a Plymouth station wagon in Denver, Colorado. The FBI sent out descriptions of the vehicle and a recreational vehicle (RV) in which Peltier and associates were believed to be traveling. An Oregon State Trooper stopped the vehicles and ordered the driver of the RV to exit; but, after a brief exchange of gunfire, the driver escaped on foot. Authorities later identified the driver as Peltier. Agent Coler's .38 Special service revolver was found in a bag under the front seat of the RV, where authorities later reported finding Peltier's thumb print.

On September 10, 1975, a station wagon exploded on the Kansas Turnpike near Wichita. A burned AR-15 rifle was recovered, along with Agent Coler's .308 rifle.[13] The car was loaded with weapons and explosives, which apparently ignited when placed too close to a hole in the exhaust pipe. Injured in the blast were Robert Robideau, Norman Charles, and Michael Anderson, who were all members of AIM.

On December 22, 1975, Peltier was named to the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list.

Peltier fled to Hinton, Alberta, where he hid in a friend's cabin. On February 6, 1976, he was arrested and extradited from Canada based on an affidavit signed by Myrtle Poor Bear, a local Native American woman. She claimed to have been Peltier's girlfriend at the time and to have witnessed the murders. But, according to Peltier and others at the scene, Poor Bear did not know Peltier, nor was she present at the time of the shooting. She later claimed that she was pressured and threatened by FBI agents into giving the statements. Poor Bear attempted to testify about the FBI's intimidation at Peltier's trial; however, the judge barred her testimony on the grounds of mental incompetence.[14]

Peltier fought extradition to the United States, even as Bob Robideau and Darrelle “Dino” Butler, AIM members also present on the Jumping Bull compound at the time of the shootings, were found not guilty on the grounds of self-defense by a federal jury in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Peltier returned too late to be tried with Robideau and Butler, and he was subsequently tried separately.

Free Leonard Peltier sign, March 2009

Peltier's trial was held in Fargo, North Dakota, where a jury convicted Peltier of the murders of Coler and Williams. Unlike the trial for Butler and Robideau, the jury was informed that the two FBI agents were killed by close-range shots to their heads, when they were already defenseless due to previous gunshot wounds.[15] They also saw autopsy and crime scene photographs of the two agents, which had not been shown to the jury at Cedar Rapids. In April 1977, Peltier was convicted and sentenced to two consecutive life sentences. In 1986, Federal Appeals Judge Gerald W. Heaney, concluded, "When all is said and done ... a few simple but very important facts remain. The casing introduced into evidence had in fact been extracted from the Wichita AR-15."[16][17] In his 1999 memoir, Peltier admitted that he fired at the agents, but denies that he fired the fatal shots that killed them.[18]

A cartridge case from the Wichita AR-15 was found in the trunk of Agent Coler's car, and admitted as evidence at Peltier's trial in Fargo, North Dakota. Also admitted as evidence was the fact that no person involved in shooting at the agents, other than Peltier, possessed an AR-15 rifle.

The journalist Scott Anderson said that in a 1995 interview with Peltier, he sought answers to the contradictions he had found in Peltier's accounts of the incident on 26 June 1975. When asked about the guns he carried that day, Peltier listed a .30-30, a .303, a .306, a .250 and a .22, but he did not remember the AR-15.[19]

The former United States Attorney General Ramsey Clark has served pro bono as one of Peltier's lawyers and has aided in filing a series of appeals on Peltier's behalf. In all appeals, the conviction and sentence have been affirmed by the 8th Circuit Court of Appeals. The last two appeals were Peltier v. Henman, 997 F. 2d 461 in July 1993[20] and United States v. Peltier, 446 F.3d 911 (8th Cir. 2006) (Peltier IV) in 2006.[21]

FBI affidavit of Norman Patrick Brown
Order granting immunity from prosecution to Norman Patrick Brown in exchange for his testimony in Leonard Peltier's criminal trial

Numerous doubts have been raised over Peltier's guilt and the fairness of his trial, based on allegations and inconsistencies regarding the FBI and prosecution's handling of this case:

  • FBI radio intercepts indicated that the two FBI agents had been pursuing a red pickup truck; this was confirmed by the FBI the day after the shootout. Red pickup trucks near the reservation were stopped for weeks, but Leonard Peltier did not drive a red pickup truck. Evidence was given that Peltier was driving a Suburban vehicle; a large station wagon style sedan built on a pickup truck chassis with an enclosed rear section. Peltier's vehicle was red with a white roof—not a red, open-tray pickup truck with no white paint. The FBI agents' radio message said that the suspect they were pursuing was driving a red pickup truck, with no additional details. At Peltier's trial, the FBI testified that it had been searching for a red and white van, which Peltier was sometimes seen driving. This was a highly contentious matter of evidence in the trials.[22]
  • Testimony from three witnesses placed Peltier, Robideau and Butler near the crime scene. Those three witnesses later recanted, alleging that the FBI, while extracting their testimony, had tied them to chairs, denied them their right to talk to their attorney, and otherwise coerced and threatened them.[14][22] Robideau said during an interview in the Robert Redford/Michael Apted film Incident at Oglala (1992), that "we approached" the agents' cars.
  • Unlike the juries in similar prosecutions against AIM leaders at the time, the Fargo jury were not allowed to hear about other cases in which the FBI had been rebuked for tampering with evidence and witnesses.[22]
  • An FBI ballistics expert testimony during the trial asserted that a shell case found near the dead agents' bodies matched the rifle tied to Peltier. He said that a forensics test of the firing pin, which would have more definitively matched the gun to the cartridge case, was not performed because the gun was damaged in the fire. A less definitive test indicated that the extractor marks on the case and rifle matched.
Years later, after an FOIA request, the FBI ballistics expert's records were examined. His report said that he had performed a ballistics test of the firing pin and concluded that the cartridge case from the scene of the crime did not come from the rifle tied to Peltier. That evidence was withheld from the jury during the trial.[22]
  • Though the FBI's investigation indicated that an AR-15 was used to kill the agents, several different AR-15s were in the area at the time of the shootout. Also, no other cartridge cases or evidence about them were offered by the prosecutor's office, although other bullets were fired at the crime scene.[14][22] During the trial, all the bullets and bullet fragments found at the scene were provided as evidence and detailed by Cortland Cunningham, FBI Firearms expert, in testimony. (Ref US v. Leonard Peltier Vol 9).
  • According to Peltier, when he appealed his first degree murder conviction in 1992, the charge was illegally changed to aiding and abetting.[23]
  • The U.S. Parole Commission denied Peltier parole in 1993 based on their finding that he "participated in the premeditated and cold blooded execution of those two officers." But, the Parole Commission has since stated that it "recognizes that the prosecution has conceded the lack of any direct evidence that [Peltier] personally participated in the executions of the two FBI agents."[24]

Post-trial debate

Peltier's conviction sparked great controversy and has drawn criticism from a number of sources. Numerous appeals have been filed on his behalf; none of the resulting rulings has been made in his favor. Peltier is considered by the AIM to be a political prisoner[25] and has received support from individuals and groups including Nelson Mandela, Rigoberta Menchú, Soviet Peace Committee, Amnesty International, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation, Tenzin Gyatso (the 14th Dalai Lama), Mikhail Gorbachev, Zack de la Rocha, the European Parliament,[26] the Belgian Parliament,[27] the Italian Parliament, the Kennedy Memorial Center for Human Rights, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, and Rev. Jesse Jackson.

Peltier's supporters have asserted that he did not commit the murders, and that he either had no knowledge of the murders (as he told CNN in 1999), or that he has knowledge implicating others which he will never reveal, or (as told in Peter Matthiessen's In the Spirit of Crazy Horse , 1983) that he approached and searched the agents but did not execute them.

The film Incident at Oglala (1992) included the AIM activist Robert Robideau saying the FBI agents had been shot by a 'Mr X'. When Peltier was interviewed about 'Mr X', he said he knew who the man was. In 1995 Dino Butler, in an interview with E.K. Caldwell of News From Indian Country, said that 'Mr X' had been invented as the murderer in an attempt to achieve Peltier's release.[28] In a 2001 interview with News From Indian Country, Bernie Lafferty said that she had witnessed Peltier's referring to his murder of one of the agents.[29]

21st-century developments

Near the end of the Clinton administration in 2000, rumors began circulating that Bill Clinton was considering granting Peltier clemency. Opponents campaigned against that, culminating in a protest outside the White House by about 500 FBI agents and families, and a letter opposing clemency from FBI director Louis Freeh. Clinton did not grant or deny Peltier clemency. In 2002, Peltier filed a civil rights lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia against the FBI, Louis Freeh, and FBI agents who had participated in the campaign against his clemency petition, alleging that they "engaged in a systematic and officially sanctioned campaign of misinformation and disinformation." On March 22, 2004, the suit was dismissed.[30] In January 2009, President George W. Bush denied Peltier's clemency petition before leaving office.[31][32]

Editorial about deaths of agents and Aquash

In January 2002 in the News from Indian Country, the publisher Paul DeMain wrote an editorial that an "unnamed delegation" told him, "Peltier was responsible for the close range execution of the [FBI] agents. ..." DeMain described the delegation as "grandfathers and grandmothers, AIM activists, Pipe carriers and others who have carried a heavy unhealthy burden within them that has taken its toll."[33] DeMain said he was told the motive for the execution-style murder of the AIM activist Anna Mae Aquash in December 1975 "allegedly was her knowledge that Leonard Peltier had shot the two agents, as he was convicted." DeMain did not accuse Peltier of participation in the Aquash murder. In 2003 two Native American men were indicted and later convicted for the murder.

On May 1, 2003, Peltier sued DeMain for libel for similar statements about the case published on March 10, 2003, in News from Indian Country. On May 25, 2004, Peltier withdrew the suit after he and DeMain settled the case. DeMain issued the following statement:

I do not believe that Leonard Peltier received a fair trial in connection with the murders of which he was convicted. Certainly he is entitled to one. Nor do I believe, according to the evidence and testimony I now have, that Mr. Peltier had any involvement in the death of Anna Mae Aquash.[34][35]

DeMain did not retract his allegations that Peltier was guilty of the murders of the FBI agents and that the motive for Aquash's murder was the fear that she might inform on the activist.[36]

Indictments and trials for the murder of Aquash

Bruce Ellison, Leonard Peltier's lawyer since the 1970s, invoked his Fifth Amendment rights against self-incrimination and refused to testify at the 2003 federal grand jury hearings on charges against Arlo Looking Cloud and John Graham for the murder of Aquash. Ellison also refused to testify at Looking Cloud's trial in 2004. During the trial, the federal prosecutor named Ellison as a co-conspirator in the Aquash case.[37] Witnesses said that Ellison participated in interrogating Aquash about being an informant on December 11, 1975, shortly before her murder.[37]

In February 2004, Fritz Arlo Looking Cloud, an Oglala Sioux, was tried and convicted for the murder of Aquash. In Looking Cloud's trial, the federal prosecution argued that AIM's suspicion of Aquash stemmed from her having heard Peltier admit to the murders. Darlene "Kamook" Nichols, former wife of the AIM leader Dennis Banks, was a witness for the prosecution. She testified that in late 1975, Peltier told her and a small group of AIM fugitive activists about shooting the FBI agents. At the time all were fleeing law enforcement after the Pine Ridge shootout. The other fugitives included her sister Bernie Nichols, her husband Dennis Banks, and Anna Mae Aquash, among several others.[38] Bernie Nichols-Lafferty testified with a similar account of Peltier's statement.[29]

Earlier in 1975, the AIM member Douglass Durham had been revealed to be an FBI agent and dismissed from the organization. AIM leaders were fearful of infiltration. Other witnesses have testified that, once Aquash was suspected of being an informant, Peltier interrogated her while holding a gun to her head.[39][40][41][42][43][44] Peltier and David Hill were said to have Aquash participate in bomb-making so that her fingerprints would be on the bombs. Prosecutors alleged in court documents that the trio planted these bombs at two power plants on the Pine Ridge reservation on Columbus Day 1975.[44]

During the trial, Nichols acknowledged receiving $42,000 from the FBI in connection with her cooperation on the case.[45] She said it was compensation for travel expenses to collect evidence and moving expenses to be farther from her ex-husband Dennis Banks, whom she feared because she had implicated him as a witness.[38] Peltier has claimed that Kamook Nichols committed perjury with her testimony.[46]

On June 26, 2007, the Supreme Court of British Columbia ordered the extradition of John Graham to the United States to stand trial for his alleged role in the murder of Aquash.[47] He was eventually tried by the state of South Dakota in 2010. During his trial, Darlene "Kamook" Ecoffey said Peltier told both her and Aquash that he had killed the FBI agents in 1975. Ecoffey testified under oath, "He (Peltier) held his hand like this," she said, pointing her index finger like a gun, "and he said 'that (expletive) was begging for his life but I shot him anyway.'"[48] Graham was convicted of murder as the gunman who shot Aquash and sentenced to life imprisonment.

Presidential candidate

Peltier was the candidate for the Peace and Freedom Party in the 2004 Presidential race. While numerous states have laws that prohibit prison inmates convicted of felonies from voting (Maine and Vermont are exceptions),[49] the United States Constitution has no prohibition against felons being elected to Federal offices, including President. The Peace and Freedom Party secured ballot status for Peltier only in California, where his presidential candidacy received 27,607 votes,[50] approximately 0.2% of the vote in that state.

Ruling on FBI documents

In a February 27, 2006, decision, U.S. District Judge William Skretny ruled that the FBI did not have to release five of 812 documents relating to Peltier and held at their Buffalo field office. He ruled that the particular documents were exempted on the grounds of "national security and FBI agent/informant protection." In his opinion Judge Skretny wrote, "Plaintiff has not established the existence of bad faith or provided any evidence contradicting (the FBI's) claim that the release of these documents would endanger national security or would impair this country's relationship with a foreign government." In response, Michael Kuzma, a member of Peltier's defense team, said, "We're appealing. It's incredible that it took him 254 days to render a decision." Kuzma further said, "The pages we were most intrigued about revolved around a teletype from Buffalo ... a three-page document that seems to indicate that a confidential source was being advised by the FBI not to engage in conduct that would compromise attorney-client privilege." Peltier's supporters have tried to obtain more than 100,000 pages of documents from FBI field offices, claiming that the files should have been turned over at the time of his trial or following a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request filed soon after.[51][52]

On July 20, 2012, a federal judge refused a request by Kuzma to review more than 900 pages of FBI documents related to Frank Blackhorse, who was among the approximately 24 AIM members or supporters the FBI identified as having participated in the fatal shootout on June 26, 1975. Blackhorse was arrested with Peltier but faced no extradition effort.[53]

2007 political controversy

In 2007, billionaire David Geffen, a Peltier supporter, shifted his financial support from Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign to that of Barack Obama. Geffen said he switched his support because he was disillusioned by Bill Clinton's refusal to pardon Peltier, although he had pardoned Marc Rich.[54]

Beaten in Canaan

On January 13, 2009, Peltier was severely beaten by fellow inmates at the United States Penitentiary, Canaan, where he had been transferred from USP Lewisburg.[55][56] He was sent back to Lewisburg, where he remained until the fall of 2011 when he was transferred to a federal penitentiary in Florida. As of 2016, Leonard Peltier is housed at Coleman Federal Correctional Complex in Coleman, Florida.[57]

Films

  • Incident at Oglala: The Leonard Peltier Story (1992) is a documentary by Michael Apted about Peltier narrated by Robert Redford. The film argues in favour of the assertion that the government's prosecution of Peltier was unjust and politically motivated.
  • Thunderheart (1992) is a fictional movie by Michael Apted, partly based on Peltier's case but with no pretense to accuracy.
  • Warrior, The Life of Leonard Peltier (1992) is a feature documentary film about Peltier's life, the American Indian Movement, and his trial directed by Suzie Baer. The film argues that the government's prosecution of Peltier was unjust and motivated by the hugely profitable energy interests in the area.[58]

Music

Bibliography

  • Arden, Harvey (& Leonard Peltier). "Have You Thought of Leonard Peltier Lately?" HYT Publishing, 2004. ISBN 0-9754437-0-4.
  • Peltier, Leonard. Prison Writings: My Life Is My Sun Dance. New York, 1999. ISBN 0-312-26380-5.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Who Is Leonard Peltier |". Footprintsforpeace.footprintsforpeace.net. Retrieved 2016-11-27.
  2. ^ "Annual Report: USA 2010 | Amnesty International USA". Amnestyusa.org. 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  3. ^ "United States v. Leonard Peltier | by Peter Matthiessen | The New York Review of Books". Nybooks.com. Retrieved 2016-11-27.
  4. ^ “American Indian activist denied parole”, Newsday, August 21, 2009
  5. ^ "Federal Bureau of Prisons". Bop.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  6. ^ Leonard Peltier biography at ELPSN.com (retrieved November 11, 2010)
  7. ^ Peltier, Leonard (1999). Prison Writings: My Life is My Sundance. St. Martins Griffin. p. 71. ISBN 0-312-26380-5.
  8. ^ Peltier, Prison Writings, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999, p. 125; The Bureau by Ronald Kessler, St. Martin's Press, 2003, p. 108.
  9. ^ "Pine Ridge Reservation Deaths To Be Reinvestigated". Npr.org. 2012-08-18. Retrieved 2016-11-27.
  10. ^ Multiple interviewees, Incident at Oglala (1992). [DVD] Lions Gate Studio. Directed by Michael Apted.
  11. ^ "FBI — Report for Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  12. ^ "Leonard Peltier's Different Views of June 26, 1975," News from Indian Country
  13. ^ [1][dead link]
  14. ^ a b c "Leonard Peltier Speaks from Prison". Democracy Now!. Retrieved 2016-11-27.
  15. ^ Peter Mattheissen, In the Spirit of Crazy Horse
  16. ^ United States v. Peltier, 800 F.2d (8th Circuit Court of Appeals 1986).
  17. ^ Ronald Kessler, The Bureau, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2003, p. 356.
  18. ^ Peltier, Prison Writings, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999, p. 125; The Bureau by Ronald Kessler, St. Martin's Press, 2003, p. 356.
  19. ^ Scott Anderson, "Interview with Leonard Peltier", Outside magazine, July 1995
  20. ^ Peltier v. Henman, 997 F. 2d 461 (8th Cir.1993)..
  21. ^ "''United States v. Peltier'', 446 F.3d 911 in 2006". Openjurist.org. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
  22. ^ a b c d e "As Clinton Contemplates Clemency for Leonard Peltier, a Debate Between the FBI and Defense Attorneys", Democracy Now, December 2000
  23. ^ "Exclusive: Leonard Peltier Speaks Out From Prison on Denial of Medical Care, Bid for Clemency". democracynow.org. 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
  24. ^ "Parole Hearing to Be Held Tuesday for Imprisoned Native American Activist Leonard Peltier". Democracynow.org. 2009-07-27. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  25. ^ "AIM - American Indian Movement Store". Aimovement.org. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  26. ^ "Resolution on the case of Leonard Peltier". European Parliament. February 11, 1999. Archived from the original on December 27, 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-27. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ Lode Vanoost (June 29, 2000). "Voorstel van resolutie betreffende Leonard Peltier". Belgische Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers. Retrieved 2006-12-27. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  28. ^ "Dino's Interview". Dickshovel.com. Retrieved 2016-11-27.
  29. ^ a b "Bernie Lafferty Speaks Regarding Leonard Peltier". Justice for Anna Mae and Ray.
  30. ^ "US District Court, Peltier v. Freeh, et al" (PDF). Noparolepeltier.com. 2004-03-22.
  31. ^ "Clinton refuses to pardon Leonard Peltier - World Socialist Web Site". Wsws.org. Retrieved 2016-11-27.
  32. ^ "Bush denies bevy of pardons, commutations". UPI.com, 2009-01-27. Accessed 2009-07-28.
  33. ^ Paul DeMain, "Leonard Peltier. Now what do we do?", News From Indian Country, 2002.
  34. ^ "Press Release May 28, 2004". Jfamr.org. Retrieved 2016-11-27.
  35. ^ [2][dead link]
  36. ^ "Press Release May 28, 2004". Jfamr.org. Retrieved 2016-11-27.
  37. ^ a b Paul DeMain, "Aquash Murder Case Timeline", News from Indian Country, published on Justice for Anna Mae and Ray Website
  38. ^ a b "Ka-Mook Testifies". Justice for Anna Mae and Ray.
  39. ^ "Troy Lynn Yellow Wood Testifies". Jfamr.org. February 2004. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  40. ^ "News from Indian Country Taped Interviews". Dickshovel.com. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  41. ^ "Open Letter to Paul DeMain". Coloradoaim.org. 1994-04-08. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  42. ^ Steve Hendricks, The Unquiet Grave: The FBI and the Struggle for the Soul of Indian Country, Thunder's Mouth Press, 2006, p. 202
  43. ^ "Aquash Time Line". Dickshovel.com. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
  44. ^ a b "Corel Office Document" (PDF). Jfamr.org. Retrieved 2016-11-27.
  45. ^ "[R-G] LPDC Alerts: Begin the New year with Leonard Peltier in mind and action". Lists.ecom.utah.edu. Retrieved 2016-11-27.
  46. ^ "AIM - American Indian Movement Store". Aimovement.org. Retrieved 2016-11-27.
  47. ^ "Former FBI agent says: Anna Mae Awaits Justice", News From Indian Country
  48. ^ "Marshall takes witness stand in Graham murder trial", Rapid City Journal
  49. ^ [3][dead link]
  50. ^ "Results, by district, of Presidential vote in California, 2004" (PDF). Ss.ca.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-27.
  51. ^ "LDPC email", Prison Activist.org
  52. ^ Carolyn Thompson, "Judge Allows FBI to Withhold Some Peltier Documents", AP, LPDC Texas Blog
  53. ^ Tim Phillips, "Judge Denies Freedom of Information Act Request by Attorney with Leonard Peltier's Defense Team", Activist Defense, July 25, 2012.
  54. ^ "Maureen Dowd Column Incites Hillary-Obama War of Words". Editor & Publisher. 2007-02-21.
  55. ^ "Political Matters: Native Issues in the Halls of Government", The Circle News
  56. ^ "Leonard Peltier attacked in prison", Workers.org
  57. ^ [4][dead link]
  58. ^ "NativeVideos.com.com". NativeVideos.com.com. Retrieved 2016-11-27.
  59. ^ "Blue Rodeo Discography, retrieved 15 April 2011". Angelfire.com. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
  60. ^ [5] Archived March 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  61. ^ Flanary, Patrick (15 December 2012). "Jackson Browne and Common Unite to Bring Leonard Peltier Home". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  62. ^ "Crazy Life by Velveteen Dream | Free Listening on SoundCloud". Soundcloud.com. Retrieved 2016-11-27.
  63. ^ "Freedom by Rage Against the Machine Songfacts". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 2016-11-27.
  64. ^ "Rage Against The Machine - Freedom". YouTube. 2011-03-26. Retrieved 2016-11-27.
  65. ^ "Flobots – Same Thing Lyrics | Genius Lyrics". Genius.com. Retrieved 2016-11-27.

Further reading

Party political offices
Preceded by Peace and Freedom nominee for
President of the United States
2004 		Succeeded by
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