List of African American newspapers in Alabama
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This is a list of African American newspapers that have been published in Alabama. It includes both current and historical newspapers.
The first such newspaper in Alabama was The Nationalist, published in Mobile from 1865 to 1869.[1] Many more followed it, with some 100 newspapers established in the 1890s alone as the reading population grew and became more urbanized.
Alabama's first state organization of African American newspapers was the Alabama Colored Press Association, which was founded by the editors of nine papers in 1887.[2] However, the association ceased to function after two years, due to many of its key members having been driven out of the state by racist violence.[2] As the growth of the African American press continued unabated, the Afro-American Press Association of Alabama was established in 1894.[2]
Newspapers
[edit]City | Title | Beginning | End | Frequency | Call numbers | Remarks
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aldrich | 1895[3] | 1902?[3] | Weekly[3] | |||
Anniston / Birmingham (1909–1911)[5] | The Baptist Leader | 1880s[5] | 1900s[5] | Weekly[5] |
|
|
Anniston | The Union Leader | 1901[7] | 1903?[7] | Weekly[7] | ||
Bay Minette | American Banner | 1895?[8] | ?[8] | Weekly, bimonthly in 1899[8] | ||
Belmont | News | 1902[9] | 1903[9] | Weekly[9] | ||
Bethel | The Southern Star | 1890s[10] | 1900s[10] | Weekly[10] | ||
Birmingham / Montgomery (1877–1882)[11] | Advance | 1876[11] | 1882[11] | Weekly[11] |
|
|
Birmingham | The Afro-American Labor Sentinel | 1896[12] | ?[12] | Twice monthly[12] |
|
|
Birmingham | The Birmingham American | 1910s[13] | 1900s[13] | Weekly[13] | ||
Birmingham | 1907[14] | 1909[14] | Weekly[14] |
|
||
Birmingham | Broad Axe | 1891[16] | 1895[16] |
|
|
|
Birmingham | By Any Means Necessary: (BAMN) | 1985?[17] | ? | Irregular[17] | ||
Birmingham |
|
1886[18] | 1887[18] |
|
|
|
Birmingham / Demopolis | The Christian Hope | 1894?[19] | ?[19] | Weekly[19] | ||
Birmingham | Birmingham Free Speech | 1901[20] | ?[20] | Weekly[20] |
|
|
Birmingham | Hot Shots | 1896[21] | 1900s[21] | Irregular[21] | ||
Birmingham | 1939?[22] | ?[22] | Weekly[22] | |||
Birmingham | 1886[24] | 1891?[24] | Weekly[24] |
|
||
Birmingham | The New Era Banner | 1918[28] or 1919[27] | ?[27] | Weekly[27] | ||
Birmingham | The Pleiades | 1888[29] | ?[29] | Weekly[29] | ||
Birmingham | The Birmingham Reporter | 1900?[30] | ?[30] | Weekly[30] |
|
|
Birmingham |
|
1915?[32] | 1930s[31] | Weekly[32] |
|
|
Birmingham | The Times Plain Dealer | 1910s[33] | 1900s[33] | Weekly[33] |
|
|
Birmingham | The Birmingham Times | 1964[34] | current | Weekly[34] | ||
Birmingham | The Birmingham Truth | 1902[36] | 1900s[35] | Weekly[35] |
|
|
Birmingham | The Truth | 1903[37] | 1900s[37] | Weekly[37] | ||
Birmingham | 1913?[39] | 1920s[38] | Weekly[39] |
|
||
Birmingham | The Alabama Voice | 1946[40] | ?[40] | Bimonthly newspaper[40] |
|
|
Birmingham | Weekly Pilot | 1883[41] | ?[41] | Weekly[41] |
|
|
Birmingham | The Weekly Review | 1934?[42] | ?[42] | Weekly[42] |
|
|
Birmingham | 1887[43] or 1889?[46] | 1890s[43] | Weekly[43][46] |
|
||
Birmingham | 1917[47] | ?[47] | Weekly[47] |
|
||
Birmingham | Birmingham World | 1930[50] | 1996[49] | Weekly,[50] twice weekly from 1940 to 1969[49] |
|
|
Decatur | The Guardian | 1910[51] | 1900s[51] | Monthly newspaper[51] |
|
|
Decatur | 1980[54] | current | Weekly[54] |
|
||
Dothan | Southern Star | 1916[55] | ?[55] | Weekly[55] |
|
|
Dothan | 1912?[56] | ?[56] | Weekly[56] |
|
||
Epes | The Sumter Enterprise | 1907[58] | ?[58] | Weekly[58] |
|
|
Eufaula | Vindicator | 1889[59] | ? |
|
|
|
Eutaw | Greene County Democrat | ? | current | Weekly[60] | ||
Eutaw | Western Guide | 1905[9] | 1909[9] | Weekly[9] |
|
|
Fayette | Watchman | 1902[9] | 1903[9] | Weekly[9] |
|
|
Florence | The Shoals News Leader | 1979?[61] | ?[61] | Weekly[61] |
|
|
Florence | The Watcher | 1888[63] | 1800s[62] | Weekly[63] |
|
|
Georgiana | The Temple Star | 1916?[64] | ?[64] | Twice monthly[64] | ||
Girard | Eastern Sunlight | 1901[9] | 1914[9] | Weekly[9] | ||
Grove Hill | Grove Hill Herald | 1800s[65] | 1850s[65] | Weekly[65] | ||
Hayneville / Montgomery | The Republican Sentinel and Hayneville Times | 1878[67] | 1878[66] | Weekly[68] |
|
|
Huntsville | Huntsville Gazette | 1879[69] | 1894[69] | Weekly[69] | ||
Huntsville | The Herald | 1878[70] | 1884[70] | Weekly[71] |
|
|
Huntsville | The Huntsville Journal | 1895[72] | 1897[72] | Weekly[72] | ||
Huntsville | The Journal | 1897[74] | 1912[73] | Weekly[74] |
|
|
Huntsville | The Huntsville Mirror | 1935?[75] | ?[75] | Weekly[75] |
|
|
Huntsville | The Huntsville Star | 1900[77] | ?[77] | Weekly[77] |
|
|
Huntsville | The Weekly News | 1968[79] | 1980s[78] | Weekly[79] or bimonthly[78] | ||
Huntsville | The Weekly News | 1900s[78] | 1900s[78] | Weekly[78] |
|
|
Kempsville | 1800s[81] | 1910s[80] | Twice monthly[80] | |||
Lovan | The Eagle | 1880s[81] | 1900s[81] | Twice monthly[81] | ||
Marion | The Journal Reporter | 1870s[82] | ?[82] | Weekly[82] |
|
|
Mobile | Ace | 1975[83] | ?[83] | Weekly[83] | ||
Mobile | 1943[86] | current | Weekly[86] | |||
Mobile | Gazette | 1883[70] | 1884[70] | Twice weekly, then weekly (1882–1884)[70] |
|
|
Mobile | Herald | 1871[66] | 1872[66] |
|
||
Mobile | Methodist Vindicator | 1888[59] | 1889[59] |
|
|
|
Mobile | The Nationalist | 1865[1] | 1869[1] | Triweekly[88] |
|
|
Mobile | The New Times | 1981[90] | current[90] | Weekly[90] | ||
Mobile | The Press Forum Sun | 1900s[91] | 1900s[91] | Weekly[91] | ||
Mobile | The Press-Forum Weekly[92] | 1929[92] | 1941[92] | Weekly[92] | ||
Mobile | The Mobile Republican | 1870[93] | 1872?[93] | Weekly; daily in 1870[93] |
|
|
Mobile | The Southern Watchman | 1899[95] | 1904[95] | Weekly[96] |
|
|
Mobile |
|
1873[98] | 1874[97] | Weekly[98] |
|
|
Mobile | The Mobile Weekly Advocate | 1911[99] | ?[99] | Weekly[99] |
|
|
Mobile | The Mobile Weekly Press | 1896?[100] | 1929[100] | Weekly[100] |
|
|
Montgomery | The Advance | 1877?[102] | 1880s[101] | Weekly[102] |
|
|
Montgomery | The Alabama Enterprise | 1885?[103] | ?[103] | Weekly[103] | ||
Montgomery | The Alabama Guide | 1884[105] | ?[105] | Monthly newspaper[105] |
|
|
Montgomery | Alabama Republican | 1880[106] | ?[106] | Weekly[106] |
|
|
Montgomery | Alabama Tribune | 1951[107] | 1964?[107] | Weekly[107] |
|
|
Montgomery | The Montgomery Argus | 1890[108] | ?[108] | Weekly[108] | ||
Montgomery | The Colored Alabamian | 1907[109] | 1916[109] | Weekly[109] | ||
Montgomery | The Colored Citizen | 1884[110] | 1884[110] | Weekly[110] |
|
|
Montgomery | The Emancipator | 1917[111] | 1920s[111] | Weekly[111] |
|
|
Montgomery | The Montgomery Enterprise | 1898[112] | 1900[112] | Weekly[112] | ||
Montgomery | The Evening Appeal | 1886?[113] | ?[113] | Unknown[113] | ||
Montgomery | The Evening Appeal | 1880s[114] | ?[114] | Daily[114] |
|
|
Montgomery | The Helping Hand | 1907?[116] | 1910s[115] | Weekly[116] | ||
Montgomery | The Herald | 1886[117] | 1887[117] | Weekly[117] |
|
|
Montgomery | The Montgomery Mirror | 1935?[119] | ?[119] | Weekly[119] | ||
Montgomery | 1979[120] | 2000s | Weekly[120] | |||
Montgomery | The Odd Fellows Journal | 1885[122] | ?[122] | Monthly newspaper[122] |
|
|
Montgomery | The Republican Sentinel | 1872?[123] | ?[123] | Weekly[123] |
|
|
Montgomery[125] | The Southern Courier | 1965[125] | 1968[124] | Weekly[125] |
|
|
Montgomery | The Montgomery Times | 1977[126] | 1979[126] | Weekly[126] | ||
Montgomery | Voice of Action | 1970[127] | ?[127] | Weekly[127] | ||
Montgomery |
|
1873[70] | 1874[70] |
|
|
|
Montgomery | The Weekly Citizen | 1884[128] | ?[128] | Weekly[128] |
|
|
Montgomery | The Weekly News | 1884[129] | ?[129] | Weekly[129] |
|
|
Montgomery | Montgomery Weekly Review | 1936?[130] | ?[130] | Weekly[130] |
|
|
Opelika | The People's Choice | 1894[131] | ?[131] | Weekly[131] | ||
Patton Junction | The Patton Pointer | 1897[9] or 1898[133] | 1904[9] | Weekly[133] |
|
|
Selma | The Baptist Pioneer | 1878[134] or 1879?[135] | 1886[134] | Weekly[135] or monthly[136] |
|
|
Selma | The Selma Cyclone | 1886[137] | 1890s[137] | Weekly[137] | ||
Selma | Dallas Post | 1884[138] | 1884[138] | |||
Selma |
|
1800s[139] | ?[139] | Weekly[139] |
|
|
Selma | Selma Record | 1900[140] | ?[140] | Weekly[140] |
|
|
Selma | Selma Sentinel | 1965[141] | ?[141] | Weekly[141] | ||
Selma | Southern Christian Age | 1898[142] | ?[142] | Weekly[142] | ||
Selma | Southern Christian Recorder | 1888[138] | 1891[138] |
|
||
Slocomb | Ardis Times | 1909[9] | 1911[9] | Weekly[9] |
|
|
Talladega | Reporter and Watchtower | 1873[143] | 1886?[143] | Weekly[143] |
|
|
Talladega | The Southern Sentinel | 1877[144] | 1881?[144] or 1886[70] | Monthly during school year[144] |
|
|
Tunnell Springs | Eagle | 1888 | 1913 | |||
Tuscaloosa | 1944?[145] or 1947[146] | 1947[145] or 1963[146] | Weekly[145] | |||
Tuscaloosa | Tuscaloosa Courier | 1979?[147] | ?[147] | Monthly newspaper[147] |
|
|
Tuscaloosa | Tuskaloosa Chronicle | 1896[148] | ?[148] | Weekly[148] | ||
Tuscumbia | The American Star | 1901[150] | 1929?[149] | Monthly[150] | ||
Tuskegee | The Alabama Headlight | 1900[151] | 1902?[151] | Semimonthly[151] |
|
|
Tuskegee | The Tuskegee Herald | 1950[152] | 1958[152] | Monthly newspaper[152] |
|
|
Tuskegee | The Messenger | 1905[153] | 1900s[153] | Weekly[153] | ||
Tuskegee | The Negro Farmer | 1940[154] | ?[154] | Monthly newspaper[154] | ||
Tuskegee | The Tuskegee Progressive | 1970?[155] | 1971[155] | Weekly[155] |
|
|
Tuskegee | The Tuskegee Times | 1974[156] | 1976[156] | Weekly[156] | ||
Tuskegee | The Tuskegee Voice | 1976[157] | 1977[157] | Weekly[157] |
|
|
Tuskegee | The Zion Church Worker: The Home Newspaper | 1900[158] | ?[158] | Monthly newspaper[158] | ||
Union Springs | The Union Springs Enterprise | 1895[159] | ?[159] | Weekly[159] |
|
|
Uniontown | 1900[161] | 1917[9] | Weekly[161] |
|
||
Wetumpka | Observer | 1910[9] | 1912[9] | Weekly[9] |
|
|
Yantley | Racial Endeavors | 1906[9] | 1907[9] | Weekly[9] |
|
|
See also
[edit]- List of African American newspapers and media outlets
- List of African American newspapers in Florida
- List of African American newspapers in Georgia
- List of African American newspapers in Mississippi
- List of African American newspapers in Tennessee
- List of newspapers in Alabama
Works cited
[edit]- Danky, James Philip; Hady, Maureen E., eds. (1998). African-American newspapers and periodicals : a national bibliography. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674007888.
- Jones, Allen Woodrow (1983). "Alabama". In Suggs, Henry Lewis (ed.). The Black Press in the South, 1865–1979. ISBN 9780313222443.
- Pride, Armistead Scott; Wilson, Clint C. (1997). A History of the Black Press. Howard University Press. ISBN 9780882581927.
- Smith, Jessie Carney (2012). Black Firsts: 4,000 Ground-Breaking and Pioneering Historical Events. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 9781578593699.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Smith 2012, p. 408.
- ^ a b c d Jones 1983, p. 35.
- ^ a b c d e f Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 317.
- ^ "About The Alabama time-piece. [volume] (Aldrich, Ala.) 1895-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d "About The Baptist leader. [volume] (Anniston, Ala.) 188?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c Jones 1983, p. 29.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 577, ¶ 6025.
- ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 39, ¶ 400.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Jones 1983, p. 59.
- ^ a b c "About The Southern star. (Bethel, Ala.) 189?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d e f Jones 1983, p. 27.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 25, ¶ 249.
- ^ a b c "About The Birmingham American. (Birmingham, Ala.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 727.
- ^ "About The Birmingham blade. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1907-1909". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b Jones 1983, p. 56.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 126, ¶ 1314.
- ^ a b c d e Jones 1983, p. 33.
- ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 150, ¶ 1563.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 728.
- ^ a b c "About Hot shots. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1896-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d e f Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 729.
- ^ "About Birmingham mirror. (Birmingham, Ala.) 19??-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 398, ¶ 4149.
- ^ "About Negro American. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1886-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d e Jones 1983, p. 32.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 408, ¶ 4247.
- ^ a b c "About The Pleiades. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1888-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d e f Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 730.
- ^ a b "About The Birmingham reporter. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 1???-193?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 70, ¶ 731.
- ^ a b c d "About The Times plain dealer. (Birmingham, Ala.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 71, ¶ 732.
- ^ a b c "About The Birmingham truth. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b Flynt, Wayne (2004). Alabama in the Twentieth Century. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 9780817314309.
- ^ a b c d e "About The Truth. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1903-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b "About The Voice of the people. (Birmingham, Ala.) 191?-192?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 598, ¶ 6252.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 32, ¶ 319.
- ^ a b c d "About Weekly pilot. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1883-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 608, ¶ 6351.
- ^ a b c d "About Wide awake bulletin. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1887-189?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ "About Wide-awake. [volume] (Birmingham, Ala.) 189?-1906". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ "About Birmingham wide-awake. (Birmingham, Ala.) 1906-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 615, ¶ 6424.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 621, ¶ 6487.
- ^ a b "About The Workmen's chronicle. (Birmingham, Ala.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b Birmingham Public Library. "Birmingham World". Local Databases. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
Frequency: semi-weekly from 1940 - April 2, 1969; weekly from April 9, 1969 - 1996.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 71, ¶ 735.
- ^ a b c d "About The Guardian. (Decatur, Ala.) 1910-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ "About Speakin' out weekly news. (Decatur, Ala.) 198?-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 533, ¶ 5558.
- ^ a b "About Speakin' out news. (Decatur, Ala.) 1980-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 529, ¶ 5522.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 598, ¶ 6250.
- ^ a b "About The Voice of the Negro. [volume] (Dothan, Ala.) 191?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 548, ¶ 5718.
- ^ a b c d e Jones 1983, p. 34.
- ^ "About Greene County democrat. [volume] (Eutaw, Ala.) 1???-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 514, ¶ 5374.
- ^ a b "About The watcher. [volume] (Florence, Ala.) 1888-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 604, ¶ 6311.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 556, ¶ 5806.
- ^ a b c "About Grove Hill herald. [volume] (Grove Hill, Ala.) 18??-185?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d e f Jones 1983, p. 25.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 490, ¶ 5112.
- ^ "About The Republican sentinel and Hayneville times. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala. ;) 187?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 286, ¶ 3009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Jones 1983, p. 26.
- ^ a b "About The Herald. [volume] (Huntsville, Ala.) 187?-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c "About The Huntsville journal. [volume] (Huntsville, Ala.) 1895-1897". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ Jones 1983, p. 38.
- ^ a b c "About The Journal. [volume] (Huntsville, Ala.) 1897-191?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 286, ¶ 3010.
- ^ "About The Huntsville mirror. (Huntsville, Ala.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 287, ¶ 3011.
- ^ a b c d e f "About The Weekly news. (Huntsville, Ala.) 1968-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 607, ¶ 6344.
- ^ a b c "About The Cagie. (Kempsville, Ala.) 1899-191?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d e "About The Eagle. (Kempsville, Ala.) 18??-1899". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d "About The Journal reporter. (Marion, Ala.) 187?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 6, ¶ 62.
- ^ "About Mobile beacon. (Mobile, Ala.) 195?-196?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ "About The Mobile beacon & Alabama citizen. [volume] (Mobile, Ala.) 1963-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3876.
- ^ WPMI Web Staff (2018-12-12). "Mobile Beacon closing in 2019?". Retrieved 2020-02-15.
Today the Lagniappe reported that Alabama's oldest African-American newspaper, The Mobile Beacon, will close next year . . . . But tonight the Mobile Beacon's owner tells NBC 15 she's not closing.
- ^ "About The Nationalist. [volume] (Mobile, Ala.) 1865-1869". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
- ^ a b c Jones 1983, p. 23.
- ^ a b c "About The new times. [volume] (Mobile, Ala.) 1981-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c "About The Press forum sun. (Mobile, Ala.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 472, ¶ 4915.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3877.
- ^ a b c Jones 1983, p. 24.
- ^ a b Jones 1983, p. 37.
- ^ a b "About The Southern watchman. (Mobile, Ala.) 189?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ Jones 1983, p. 53.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3879.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3880.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 372, ¶ 3881.
- ^ "About The Advance. (Montgomery, Ala.) 187?-188?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 8, ¶ 83.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 310.
- ^ a b "About The Alabama enterprise. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 188?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 311.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 313.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 318.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 373, ¶ 3893.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 161, ¶ 1672.
- ^ a b c d "About The Colored citizen. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 1884-1884". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d "About The Emancipator. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 1917-192?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 373, ¶ 3895.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 215, ¶ 2252.
- ^ a b c d "About The Evening appeal. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 188?-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b "About The Helping hand. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 19??-191?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 273, ¶ 2864.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 274, ¶ 2872.
- ^ a b Jones 1983, p. 30.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 373, ¶ 3896.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 374, ¶ 3899.
- ^ "About The Montgomery-Tuskegee times. [volume] (Montgomery, Ala.) 1979-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d "About The Odd fellows journal. (Montgomery, Ala.) 1885-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 490, ¶ 5111.
- ^ a b "About The Southern courier. [volume] (Atlanta, Ga.) 1965-1968". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 527, ¶ 5500.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 374, ¶ 3897.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 595, ¶ 6221.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 606, ¶ 6337.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 607, ¶ 6345.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 374, ¶ 3898.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 459, ¶ 4779.
- ^ Jones 1983, p. 36.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 455, ¶ 4746.
- ^ a b Jones 1983, pp. 25–26.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 60, ¶ 616.
- ^ "About The Baptist pioneer. [volume] (Selma, Ala.) 18??-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c "About The Selma cyclone. [volume] (Selma, Ala.) 1886-189?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Jones 1983, p. 31.
- ^ a b c "About The Independent. [volume] (Selma, Ala.) 18??-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 509, ¶ 5317.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 509, ¶ 5318.
- ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 526, ¶ 5496.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 489, ¶ 5106.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 529, ¶ 5520.
- ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 308.
- ^ a b c d "About Alabama citizen. (Tuscaloosa, Ala.) 1947-1963". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 571, ¶ 5964.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 571, ¶ 5965.
- ^ a b c Jones 1983, p. 39.
- ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 42, ¶ 425.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 31, ¶ 312.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 571, ¶ 5967.
- ^ a b c "About The Messenger. (Tuskegee, Ala.) 1905-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c "About The Negro farmer. [microfilm reel] (Tuskegee, Ala.) 1940-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 572, ¶ 5971.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 572, ¶ 5974.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 572, ¶ 5977.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 627, ¶ 6557.
- ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 577, ¶ 6028.
- ^ a b "About The Negro leader. (Uniontown, Ala.) 19??-1915". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
- ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 577, ¶ 6031.