List of gravitational wave observations

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The first measurement of a gravitational wave event

This is a list of observed gravitational wave events. Observation of gravitational waves, which commenced with the detection of an event by LIGO in 2015, constitutes part of gravitational wave astronomy. LIGO has played a role in all subsequent detections to date, with Virgo joining in August 2017.

Nomenclature

Gravitational wave events are named starting with the prefix GW (gravitational wave). The next two numbers are the year the event was observed, the middle two numbers are the month of observation and the final two numbers are the day of the month on which the event was observed. This is similar to the systematic naming for other kinds of astronomical event observations, such as those of gamma-ray bursts.

List of gravitational wave events

List of binary merger events
GW event Detection
time (UTC) 		Date
published 		Location
area[n 1]
(deg2) 		Luminosity
distance
(Mpc)[n 2] 		Energy
radiated
(c2M☉)[n 3] 		Primary Secondary Remnant Notes Ref
Type Mass (M☉) Type Mass (M☉) Type Mass (M☉) Spin[n 4]
GW150914 2015-09-14
09:50:45 		2016-02-11
600; mostly to the south
440+160
−180
3.0+0.5
−0.5
BH[n 5]
35.4+5.0
−3.4
BH[n 6]
29.8+3.3
−4.3
BH
62.2+3.7
−3.4
0.68+0.05
−0.06
First GW detection; first BH merger observed; largest progenitor masses to date [3][4][2]
LVT151012 [fr] 2015-10-12
09∶54:43 		2016-06-15
1600
1000+500
−500
1.5+0.3
−0.4
BH
23+18
−6
BH
13+4
−5
BH
35+14
−4
0.66+0.09
−0.10
Not significant enough to claim as a detection (~10% chance of being noise) [5]
GW151226 2015-12-26
03:38:53 		2016-06-15
850
440+180
−190
1.0+0.1
−0.2
BH
14.2+8.3
−3.7
BH
7.5+2.3
−2.3
BH
20.8+6.1
−1.7
0.74+0.06
−0.06
Smallest BH progenitor masses to date [6][7]
GW170104 2017-01-04
10∶11:58 		2017-06-01
1200
880+450
−390
2.0+0.6
−0.7
BH
31.2+8.4
−6.0
BH
19.4+5.3
−5.9
BH
48.7+5.7
−4.6
0.64+0.09
−0.20
[8][9]
GW170814 2017-08-14
10∶30:43 		2017-09-27
60; towards Eridanus
540+130
−210
2.7+0.4
−0.3
BH
30.5+5.7
−3.0
BH
25.3+2.8
−4.2
BH
53.2+3.2
−2.5
0.70+0.07
−0.05
First detection by three observatories; first measurement of polarization [10][11]
GW170817 2017-08-17
12∶41:04 		2017-10-16
28; NGC 4993
40+8
−14
> 0.025
NS
1.36 - 1.60[n 7]
NS
1.17 - 1.36[n 8]
NS or BH[n 9]
< 2.74+0.04
−0.01 [n 10]
First NS merger observed in GW; first detection of EM counterpart (GRB 170817A, SSS17a) [1][13]

List of gravitational wave candidate events

  • In a press release dated 7 July 2017, the LIGO Scientific Collaboration announced that to date, a total of eight trigger events had been recorded during the second LIGO observing run (O2). As of 16 October 2017, three signals (GW170104, GW170814 and GW170817) have been published.[14]

Notes

  1. ^ The area of the sky within which it was possible to localize the source.
  2. ^ 1 Mpc is approximately 3.26 Mly.
  3. ^ c2M☉ is about 1.8×103 foe; 1.8×1047 J; 1.8×1054 erg; 4.3×1046 cal; 1.7×1044 BTU; 5.0×1040 kWh, or 4.3×1037 tonnes of TNT.
  4. ^ Values of the dimensionless spin parameter cJ/GM2 for black holes range from zero to a maximum of one. The macroscopic properties of an isolated astrophysical (uncharged) black hole are fully determined by its mass and spin. Values for other objects can potentially exceed one. The largest value known for a neutron star is ≤ 0.4, and commonly used equations of state would limit that value to < 0.7.[1]
  5. ^ Spin estimate is 0.26+0.52
    −0.24    .[2]
  6. ^ Spin estimate is 0.32+0.54
    −0.29    .[2]
  7. ^ Mass based on presumption of low spin (constrained to match observations of binary neutron stars extrapolated to time of merger); the estimate without this assumption is 1.36 - 2.26 M☉.
  8. ^ Mass based on presumption of low spin; the estimate without this assumption is 0.86 - 1.36 M☉.
  9. ^ Depending on the mass of the remnant relative to the poorly known Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit.
  10. ^ Based on total mass prior to merger for the presumption of low spin; the mass estimate for the binary without this assumption is 2.82+0.47
    −0.09     M☉. Besides the loss of mass due to GW emission that occurred during the merger, the event is thought to have ejected 0.05 ±0.02 M☉ of material.[12]

References

  1. ^ a b Abbott, B. P.; et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration & Virgo Collaboration) (16 October 2017). "GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral". Physical Review Letters. 119 (16). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.161101. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |first1= (help)
  2. ^ a b c The LIGO Scientific Collaboration and The Virgo Collaboration (3 June 2016). "An improved analysis of GW150914 using a fully spin-precessing waveform model". arXiv:1606.01210 [gr-qc].
  3. ^ Abbott, B. P.; et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration) (11 February 2016). "Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger". Physical Review Letters. 116 (6): 061102. arXiv:1602.03837. Bibcode:2016PhRvL.116f1102A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102. PMID 26918975.
  4. ^ Tushna Commissariat (11 February 2016). "LIGO detects first ever gravitational waves – from two merging black holes". Physics World.
  5. ^ Abbott, B. P.; et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration) (21 October 2016). "Binary Black Hole Mergers in the first Advanced LIGO Observing Run". Physical Review X. 6: 041015. arXiv:1606.04856. doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.6.041015.
  6. ^ Abbott, B. P.; et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration) (15 June 2016). "GW151226: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a 22-Solar-Mass Binary Black Hole Coalescence". Physical Review Letters. 116 (24): 241103. arXiv:1606.04855. Bibcode:2016PhRvL.116x1103A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.241103. PMID 27367379.
  7. ^ Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (15 June 2016). "GW151226: A Second Confirmed Source of Gravitational Radiation". Astronomy Picture of the Day. NASA.
  8. ^ Abbott, B. P.; et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration) (1 June 2017). "GW170104: Observation of a 50-Solar-Mass Binary Black Hole Coalescence at Redshift 0.2". Physical Review Letters. 118: 221101. arXiv:1706.01812. Bibcode:2017PhRvL.118v1101A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.221101.
  9. ^ Overbye, Dennis (1 June 2017). "Gravitational Waves Felt From Black-Hole Merger 3 Billion Light-Years Away". New York Times. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  10. ^ Abbott, Benjamin P.; et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration) (2017-10-06). "GW170814: A three-detector observation of gravitational waves from a binary black hole coalescence". Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 (14): 141101. arXiv:1709.09660. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.141101. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lay-summary= ignored (help)
  11. ^ Overbye, Dennis (27 September 2017). "New Gravitational Wave Detection From Colliding Black Holes". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
  12. ^ Drout, M. R.; Piro, A. L.; Shappee, B. J.; et al. (2017-10-16). "Light curves of the neutron star merger GW170817/SSS17a: Implications for r-process nucleosynthesis" (PDF). Science: eaaq0049. arXiv:1710.05443. doi:10.1126/science.aaq0049. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |first4= (help); Unknown parameter |class= ignored (help)
  13. ^ Cho, Adrian (16 October 2017). "Merging neutron stars generate gravitational waves and a celestial light show". Science (magazine). Retrieved 16 October 2017.
  14. ^ "LIGO news". LIGO Scientific Collaboration. www.ligo.org. 16 October 2017.

External links

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