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Louis I, Duke of Orléans

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For other people named Louis d'Orléans, see Louis d'Orléans (disambiguation).
For other people named Louis, Duke of Orléans, see Louis, Duke of Orléans (disambiguation).
Louis I
Duke of Orléans
Reign1392–1407
SuccessorCharles
Born(1372-03-13)13 March 1372
Died23 November 1407(1407-11-23) (aged 35)
Paris, France
Burial
Saint Denis Basilica, France
SpouseValentina Visconti
IssueCharles, Duke of Orléans
John, Count of Angoulême
Philip, Count of Vertus
Margaret, Countess of Étampes and Vertus
HouseValois-Orléans
FatherCharles V of France
MotherJoanna of Bourbon

Louis I of Orléans (13 March 1372 – 23 November 1407) was Duke of Orléans from 1392 to his death. He was also Count of Valois (1386?-1406), Duke of Touraine (1386–1392), Count of Blois (1397–1407), Angoulême (1404–1407), Périgord (1400-1407) and Soissons (1404–07).

Louis was son of King Charles V of France and Joanna of Bourbon and younger brother of Charles VI.

Succession in Hungary, Poland and Naples

In 1374, Louis was betrothed to Catherine, heiress presumptive to the throne of Hungary.

Louis in the camp in front; in the background, Sigismund marries Mary

Louis and Catherine were expected to reign either over Hungary or over Poland, as Catherine's father, Louis I of Hungary, had no sons. Catherine's father also planned to leave them his claim to the Crown of Naples and the County of Provence, which were then held by his ailing and childless cousin Joanna I.[1][2] However, Catherine's death in 1378 ended the marriage negotiations. In 1384, Elizabeth of Bosnia started negotiating with Louis' father about the possibility of Louis marrying her daughter Mary, notwithstanding Mary's engagement to Sigismund of Luxembourg. If Elizabeth had made this proposal in 1378, after Catherine's death, the fact that the French king and the Hungarian king did not recognize the same pope would have presented a problem. However, Elizabeth was desperate in 1384 and was not willing to let the schism stand in the way of the negotiations. Antipope Clement VII issued a dispensation which annulled Mary's betrothal to Sigismund[citation needed] and a proxy marriage between Louis and Mary was celebrated in April 1385.[3] Nonetheless, the marriage was not recognized by the Hungarian noblemen who adhered to Pope Urban VI. Four months after the proxy marriage, Sigismund invaded Hungary and married Mary, which ultimately destroyed Louis' chances to reign as King of Hungary.[4][5]

Hundred Years' War

Louis d'Orléans unveils a mistress c1825–26 (Thyssen-Bornemisza Collection, Madrid) by Eugène Delacroix, illustrating Louis' reputation as a debauchee.

Louis had an important political role during the Hundred Years' War. With the increasing insanity of his elder brother Charles the Mad (who suffered from either schizophrenia, porphyria or bipolar disorder), Louis disputed the regency and guardianship of the royal children with John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy. The enmity between the two was public and a source of political unrest in the already troubled France. Louis had the initial advantage, being the brother rather than the first cousin of the king, but his reputation as a womaniser and the rumour of an affair with the queen consort Isabeau of Bavaria made him extremely unpopular. For the following years, the children of Charles VI were successively kidnapped and recovered by both parties, until the Duke of Burgundy managed to be appointed by royal decree guardian of the Dauphin and regent of France.

Louis did not give up and took every effort to sabotage John's rule, including squandering the money raised for the relief of Calais, then occupied by the English. After this episode, John and Louis broke into open threats and only the intervention of John of Valois, Duke of Berry and uncle of both men, avoided a civil war.

Murder

Louis's assassination on the rue Vieille du Temple.

On Sunday 20 November 1407, the contending Dukes exchanged solemn vows of reconciliation before the court of France. But only three days later, Louis was brutally assassinated in the streets of Paris, by the orders of the duke of Burgundy John the Fearless. Louis was stabbed while mounting his horse by fifteen masked criminals led by Raoulet d'Anquetonville, a servant of the Duke of Burgundy.[6] The unarmed servants who escorted him were powerless to protect him.

Funeral of Louis. Miniature from Vigiles du roi Charles VII.

John was supported by the population of Paris and the University. He could even publicly admit the killing. Rather than deny it, John had the scholar Jean Petit of the Sorbonne deliver a peroration justifying the killing of tyrants.

Louis' murder sparked a bloody feud and civil war between Burgundy and the French Royal family which divided France for the next seventy years, and only ended with the death of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy in 1477.

Marriage and Issue

In 1389, Louis married Valentina Visconti,[7] daughter of Gian Galeazzo, Duke of Milan. The union produced eight children:

  • A son (born and died Paris, 25 March 1390), buried in Paris église Saint-Paul.
  • Louis (Paris, Hôtel de Saint-Pol, 26 May 1391 - September 1395), buried Paris église des Célestins.
  • John (September 1393 - Château de Vincennes, bef. 31 October 1393), buried Paris église des Célestins.
  • Charles, Duke of Orléans (Hôtel royal de Saint-Pol, Paris, 24 November 1394 - Château d'Amboise, Indre-et-Loire, 4 January 1465),[7] father of King Louis XII of France.
  • Philip, Count of Vertus (Asnières-sur-Oise, Val d'Oise, 21/24 July 1396 - Beaugency, Loiret, 1 September 1420).[7]
  • John, Count of Angoulême (24 June 1399 – Château de Cognac, Charente, 30 April 1467),[7] grandfather of King Francis I of France.
  • Marie (Château de Coucy, Aisne, April 1401 - died shortly after birth).
  • Margaret (4 December 1406 - Abbaye de Laguiche, near Blois, 24 April 1466), married Richard of Brittany, Count of Étampes. She received the County of Vertus as a dowry.

His illegitimate son by Mariette d'Enghien was "Jean Levieux Valois des Orléans", better known as John of Dunois (1402–1468), ancestor of the Dukes of Longueville.

Honours

Ancestry

Notes

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louis I, Duke of Orléans.
Statue of Louis d'orléans in the courtyard of château de Pierrefonds, by Frémiet.
  1. ^ Engel, Pal; Ayton, Andrew; Pálosfalvi, Tamás (1999). The realm of St. Stephen: a history of medieval Hungary, 895-1526 Volume 19 of International Library of Historical Studies. Penn State Press. ISBN 0-271-01758-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[page needed]
  2. ^ Halecki, Oskar (1978). A history of Poland. Routledge. ISBN 0-7100-8647-4.[page needed]
  3. ^ Retha M. Warnicke, The Marrying of Anne of Cleves: Royal Protocol in Early Modern England, (Cambridge University Press, 2000), 106.
  4. ^ Parsons, John Carmi (1997). Medieval Queenship. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-17298-2.[page needed]
  5. ^ Richard II: The Art of Kingship. Oxford University Press. 2003. ISBN 0-19-926220-9. {{cite book}}: |first= missing |last= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[page needed]
  6. ^ Theis, Laurent. Histoire du Moyen Âge Français, Perrin 1992, p. 326-327
  7. ^ a b c d Tracy Adams, The Life and Afterlife of Isabeau of Bavaria, (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 255.

Further reading

  • Darwin, F. D. S. (1936) Louis d'Orléans (1372-1407): a necessary prologue to the tragedy of La Pucelle d'Orleans. London: John Murray
  • Jager, Eric. (2014). Blood Royal: a true tale of crime and detection in Medieval Paris. Little, Brown, and Co.
French nobility
Vacant
Title last held by
Philip 		Duke of Orléans
Count of Valois
1392–1407 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Count of Blois
1397–1407
Preceded by Count of Angoulême
1404–1407 		Succeeded by

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