Luis Barragán
Luis Barragán Morfin (Guadalajara, March 9, 1902 – Mexico City, November 22, 1988) is considered the most important Mexican architect of the 20th century and was self-trained.
Early life
Educated as an engineer, he graduated from the Escuela Libre de Ingenieros in Guadalajara in 1923 and was self-trained as an architect.
After graduation, he travelled extensively through Spain, France (where he attended lectures of Le Corbusier), and Morocco. While in France he became aware of the writings of Ferdinand Bac, a German-French writer, designer and artist who had a huge influence on Barragán's future career.[1] He practised architecture in Guadalajara from 1927–1936, and in Mexico City thereafter.
Career
His Guadalajara work includes over a dozen private homes in the "Colonia America" area of what is today downtown Guadalajara. The homes are within walking distance of each other, and include Barragán's earliest residential projects. His first home (the "Casa Cristo") is now restored and houses the University of Guadalajara's department of Architecture.
A unique feature, as can be seen in many of his residential interiors and fountain features, is the typical tall (3.5m [12 ft.] or more) coloured walls, which he borrowed and modified from traditional Mexican buildings. He situated many of his designs amidst natural backdrops, such as lava rock outcrops and groves of trees. His understanding of aesthetics allowed him to design urban landmarks as well as furniture and gardens. Although the number of works he completed is not great, they have allowed him to become an influential figure in the world of landscape and architectural design, as well as object design.
Notable projects
In 1945 he did the planning and urbanisation of the Jardines del Pedregal. In 1947 he built his own house and studio in Tacubaya and in 1955 he rebuilt the Convento de las Capuchinas Sacramentarias in Tlalpan, all in Mexico City. The same year he drew the plan of the colonia Jardines del Bosque in Guadalajara. In 1957 he started the design of what would become the Torres de Satélite in collaboration with sculptor Mathias Goeritz and designed the exclusive residential area Las Arboledas, a few kilometers away from Ciudad Satélite. In 1964 he designed, alongside architect Juan Sordo Madaleno, the Lomas Verdes residential area, also near the Satélite area, in the municipality of Naucalpan, Estado de México. In 1967 he started one of his best-known works, the San Cristóbal Estates equestrian development in Mexico City.
Barragán and the Modernist movement
Barragán attended lectures by Le Corbusier on his trip to Europe, and he became influenced by the European modernism of his time. The purist clean lines so evident in the work he produced in the years since his return to Mexico are evidence of the influence of the Modernist movement. Nonetheless, according to Andres Casillas (who worked with Barragán), he eventually became entirely convinced that the house should not be "a machine for living." Opposed to functionalism, Barragán advocated for an "emotional architecture" claiming that, "Any work of architecture which does not express serenity is a mistake." Barragán always used natural materials such as stone or wood in his work. He combined these natural materials with a pronounced creative use of light, enlivening his enchanting creations.
Honors
Barragán worked for years with little acknowledgement or praise until 1975 when he was honored with a retrospective at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. In 1980, he became the second winner of the Pritzker Prize.[2] His house and studio, built in 1948 in Mexico City, was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2004.
Influence
The work of Luis Barragán is often cited in reference to minimalist architecture. John Pawson, in his book Minimum, includes images from some of Barragán's projects. Most architects who do minimalistic architecture do not use color, but the ideas of forms and spaces which Barragán pioneered are still there. There have been several essays written by the Pritzker Prize recipient Alvaro Siza in prefaces to books that make reference to the ideas of Barragán as well.
It has also been suggested that Barragán informally consulted Louis Kahn on the space between the buildings of the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California.[3] According to that claim, Kahn's original idea was to place a garden between the buildings; however, Barragán reputedly suggested that an open plaza, with only a water feature in between, would better reflect the spirit of the location. This area, possibly designed with Barragán's advice in mind, is arguably the most impressive aspect of the building complex.
Barragán's influence can also be seen in the work of many of Mexico's contemporary architects, such as Ricardo Legorreta.
Legacy
After his death in 1988, two non-profit organizations were created to help manage Barragán's legacy.
Casa Luis Barragán was Barragán's former private residence. It is now a museum which celebrates Barragán, and also serves as a conduit between scholars and architects interested in visiting other Barragán buildings in Mexico, including Capilla de las Capuchinas and Casa Prieto López.[4] As noted previously, UNESCO added the Casa Luis Barragán to its World Heritage List in 2004.[5]
The Barragán Foundation is a non-profit organization based in Switzerland which functions as a Barragán archive as well his official estate. It owns the complete rights to "the name and oeuvre" of Luis Barragán, as well as Armando Salas Portugal's photographs involving Barragán and his work.[6] The U.S. copyright representative for The Barragán Foundation is the Artists Rights Society.[7]
Important works
- Las Arboledas / North of Mexico City (1955–1961)
- House for the architect / Barragán House, Mexico City (1947–48)
- Jardines del Pedregal Subdivision, Mexico City (1945–53)
- Tlalpan Chapel, Tlalpan, Mexico City (1954–60)
- Gálvez House, Mexico City (1955)
- Jardines del Bosque Subdivision, Guadalajara (1955–58)
- Torres de Satélite, Mexico City (1957–58), in collaboration with Mathias Goeritz
- Cuadra San Cristóbal, Los Clubes, Mexico City (1966–68)
- Gilardi House, Mexico City (1975–77)
References
- ^ Tim Street-Porter, Casa Mexicana Stewart, Tabori & Chang (1989) ISBN 1-55670-097-0
- ^ A Truly International Destination—Luis Barragán in Mexico City, Mexico, 2008, retrieved 2008-12-10
- ^ Salk Institute by Louis I. Kahn
- ^ Casa Luis Barragán website
- ^ List of Mexican Properties on the World Heritage List
- ^ http://www.barragan-foundation.org/ The Barragan Foundation website
- ^ ARS List of Artists Represented, Section "B"
External links
