Luso-Chinese agreement
The Luso-Chinese agreement of 1554 (Portuguese: Acordo Luso-Chinês de 1554) was a trade agreement between the Portuguese headed by Leonel de Sousa, and the authorities of Guangzhou headed by the Provincial Admiral (海道副使; haitao in European sources) Wang Bo (汪柏), which allowed for the legalization of Portuguese trade in China by paying taxes. It opened a new era in Sino-Portuguese relations, as Portuguese were then officially barred from trading in the region.[1] In 1517 an embassy led by Fernão Pires de Andrade to the Ming court failed and, after conflicts in 1521 and 1522, trade was conducted as smuggling and was fought by the authorities, who considered Portuguese to be "Folangji" (Frankish) pirates.
Leonel de Sousa, Captain-Major of the voyage to Japan,[2] had reached the coast of Guangdong in 1552, where he learned that all foreigners could trade through the payment of taxes to the Chinese, except the "Folanji" including Portuguese, then considered as pirates.[3] He then asked that they comply with the assumptions of peace and payment of taxes, pledging to change this "name".
In 1554 Leonel de Sousa made an agreement with Guangzhou's officials to legalize the Portuguese trade, on condition of paying certain customs duties. The single surviving written evidence of this agreement is a letter from Leonel de Sousa to Infante Louis, king John III's brother, dated 1556,[4][5] which states that the Portuguese undertook to pay the fees and were not to erect fortifications.[6] The letter, one of the most important documents in the history of Sino-Portuguese relations, describes the protracted negotiations with the haitao Wang Bo, identified in Chinese sources as having accepted a bribe from the Portuguese to dry their cargo and pay taxes in Guangzhou.[7][8] Both sides were available to find a solution, as the port of Guangzhou was also facing a depletion since it was closed to foreign trade.[9] Leonel de Sousa tried to negotiate only 10% fees, which Wang Bo countered with the mandatory 20%, but focusing only on half the cargoes, to which Leonel de Sousa agreed. This treaty would be followed by the recognition of Macau as an official Portuguese warehouse in 1557. Leonel de Sousa became the second Captain-Major of Macau in 1558 (the equivalent of the later governor of Macau).
See also
- China–Portugal relations
- Jorge Álvares, first Portuguese person to land in China, in 1513
- Rafael Perestrello, another early Portuguese explorer in China, arriving in 1516
References
- ^ Urs Bitterli, Ritchie Robertson, Cultures in Conflict: Encounters Between European and Non-European Cultures, p.139, 1492-1800, Stanford University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-8047-2176-9
- ^ DIFFIE, SHAFER, WINIUS, Bailey Wallys, Boyd C., George Davison, "Foundations of the Portuguese empire, 1415-1580", p.389
- ^ The Cambridge history of China, p.344
- ^ BRAGA, José Maria, "O primeiro acordo Luso-Chines realizado por Leonel de Sousa em 1554 reproduzido e anotado por J.M. Braga (Macau, 1939)
- ^ Bitterli, p. 140
- ^ Diffie, p.389
- ^ Zhang, p.91
- ^ Denis Crispin Twitchett, John King Fairbank, The Cambridge history of China, Volume 2; Volume 8, Cambridge University Press, 1978, ISBN 0-521-24333-5
- ^ Bitterli, p. 140
- Treaties of the Ming dynasty
- Treaties of the Kingdom of Portugal
- Portuguese Macau
- Concessions in China
- Commercial treaties
- Free trade agreements of China
- History of Macau
- China–Portugal relations
- Portuguese Empire
- 1554 in Portugal
- 1554 in China
- 1554 treaties
- 16th-century economic history
- Economic history of China
- Economic history of Macau
- Economic history of Portugal