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Metal theft

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Not to be confused with Medal theft.
A plaque on Eliot Memorial Bridge, Great Blue Hill, Milton, Massachusetts, an apparent target of metal theft.

Metal theft is "the theft of items for the value of their constituent metals".[1] It usually increases when worldwide prices for scrap metal rise, as has happened dramatically due to rapid industrialization in India and China. Apart from precious metals like gold and silver, the metals most commonly stolen are non-ferrous metals such as copper, aluminium, brass, and bronze. However, even cast iron and steel are seeing higher rates of theft due to increased scrap metal prices.[2][3]

One defining characteristic of metal theft is the motivation. Whereas other items are generally stolen for their extrinsic value, items involved in metal theft are stolen for their intrinsic value as raw material or commodities. Thefts often have negative consequences much higher than the metal value, such as the destruction of valuable statues, power interruptions, and the disruption of railway traffic.

Motivations for theft

See also: 2000s commodities boom
Global copper prices from 1986 to 2011
Police check a scrap van for questionable items (UK)

Scrap metal has drastically increased in price over recent years. In 2001, ferrous scrap sold for $77 a ton, increasing to $300/ton by 2004. In 2008, it hit nearly $500/ton.[4]

Some elected officials and law enforcement officials have concluded that many metal thefts are by drug addicts stealing metal in order to fund their addictions.[5] Some officials believe that most of these drug-related metal thefts are caused by methamphetamine users[citation needed]; however, this varies by the location of the metal being stolen.[6] A more likely explanation for the phenomenon is the unusually high price of non-ferrous metals coupled with elevated levels of unemployment. Individuals turn to metal theft to support themselves when more legitimate or socially acceptable means of earning an income are not open to them. Regardless of the reason, the industrialization of developing nations helps to increase the demand for scrap metal.[4]

In the fourth quarter of 2008, world market prices for metals like copper, aluminium, and platinum dropped steeply. Although there is anecdotal evidence that this price decrease has led to fewer metal thefts, strong empirical research on the exact nature of the relationship between commodity prices and metal thefts is still lacking. Some have argued that the "genie is out of the bottle" now and drops in commodity prices will not result in corresponding drops in thefts.[7] In fact, it is possible that thefts may actually increase to compensate for the loss in value.[citation needed]

Economic impact

Historic cast iron fencing on the Longfellow Bridge was stolen before refurbishment, requiring expensive replacement castings to be fabricated.

Thieves often cause damage far in excess of the value they recover by selling stolen metal as scrap. For example, thieves who strip copper plumbing and electrical wiring from houses render the residences uninhabitable without expensive, time-consuming repairs.

In Boston during the summer of 2008, two state employees stole 2,347 feet (715 m) of decorative iron trim that had been removed from the Longfellow Bridge for refurbishment and sold it for scrap. The men, one of whom was a Department of Conservation and Recreation district manager, were charged with receiving $12,147 for the historic original parapet coping. The estimated cost to remake the pieces, scheduled for replication by 2012, was over $500,000.[8] The men were later convicted, in September 2009.[9]

Metal theft by location

Australia

In Australia, in 2008, 8 tonnes of copper wiring, believed to be stolen from a variety of locations including rail tracks, power stations and scrap metal depots, was seized on its way to the Asian black market.[10]

Brunei

From July to September 2005, a gang of thieves in Brunei dismantled and stole parts from more than 60 power substations in that country, including copper earthing cables and aluminum doors.[citation needed] It is apparently being sold as scrap metal.

Canada

In Quebec, during May 2006, thieves stole sections of copper roofing, gutters and wiring from four Quebec city churches, two being St. Charles de Limoilou and St. Francois d'Assise. The thieves were discovered in action on their third night, whereupon they fled. High copper prices are believed to be the reason for the thefts. Repairs were expected to cost more than $40,000.[11]

In October 2010, a 300-pound bronze bell was stolen in Shelburne County, Nova Scotia. Thieves removed the bell from a monument in Roseway Cemetery.[12] The bell was part of the Roseway United Memorial Church, built in 1912, until it was demolished in 1993. It was recovered in a Halifax-area scrapyard October 6, 2010.[13]

In September 2011, Peterborough, Ontario, experienced a four-hour power outage north of the city when thieves stole power transmission wires.[14]

In March and April 2012, Ajax, Ontario, and Niagara Falls, Ontario,[15] had dozens of manhole covers stolen.

Czech Republic

All bronze components of this memorial have been removed (Vienna, Austria)

327 bronze markers stolen from Theresienstadt concentration camp cemetery in mid-April 2008, with 700 more stolen the next week. A scrap metal dealer was arrested on April 18, 2008. He intended to melt them down for their copper.[16]

A ten-tonne footbridge and 200 meters of railway trackage, from the town of Slavkov[17] in the Karlovy Vary Region was dismantled and removed by a gang of thieves who presented forged papers saying that the bridge had been condemned. The bridge was erected in 1901.[18]

France

The French railway network company RFF face regular thefts of metal that affect the operation of the trains.[19]

Germany

In February 2006, near the German city of Weimar, thieves dismantled and carted away some 5 km (3 mi) of disused rail track, causing at least 200,000 euros worth of damage.[20]

Haiti

In Haiti, after the 2010 Haiti earthquake, some looters were reported to be removing rebar from the concrete of collapsed buildings in order to sell it.[21] Others hacked up downed power lines.[22]

Indonesia

Metal theft is quite rampant in Indonesia, as metals fetch quite highly in scrap metal market, coupled with job scarcity. Metal theft has harmed and degenerated some public services. In 2009, some nuts and bolts, also lighting equipments in Suramadu Bridge connecting Surabaya with Madura island has been stolen by metal thieves.[23]

In 2016, the sewers in Medan Merdeka avenue near National Monument, Central Jakarta, was discovered had been clogged with 10 trucks load of rubber-PVC cable jacket, causing flood in the area. Then it was discovered that the cables belongs to PT Telkom or PT PLN, state-owned telecomunication and electricity provider. The cable jacket was left clogging the sewer, while the metal thieves stole the inner copper wires.[24]

Japan

In Japan, there were 5,700 metal theft reported cases in 2007 in locations as far apart as Shizuoka, Hiroshima and Okinawa.[25][26]

Netherlands

On 11 January 2011, the theft of 300 meters of copper cable caused an ICE train to derail near the Dutch city of Zevenaar. Nobody was harmed.[27]

Russia

In 2001, thieves in Khabarovsk Krai stole electric and telephone lines leading to military bases there.[28] A small bridge was stolen in Russia in 2007, when a man chopped up its 5-meter span and hauled it away.[29][30]

South Africa

Metal theft from a memorial at the Union Buildings, Pretoria

Metal theft in South Africa is rampant, with an estimated of R5 billion per annum lost due to the theft. The stolen metal ranges from copper cables, piping, bolts to manhole covers. The theft continuously disrupts and degrades services, such as the power supply provided by Eskom and the telecommunication services by Telkom. Eskom estimated that the theft has cost the company about R25 million per annum, with incidents increasing from 446 incidents in 2005; 1,059 in 2007 and 1,914 in 2008. The theft has cost Telkom R863 million (April 2007 - January 2008 period). Despite the minimal copper reserve South Africa has, as much as 3000 tonnes of copper leave Cape Town harbour every month. Aside from the economic impact, the theft also impacted people's lives, this includes the death of six children due to theft of manhole covers (2004-2008 figures).[31][32][33] The theft of copper cables is a serious problem in Gauteng.[34]

Ukraine

In Ukraine, statues, wires, sewage hatches, and even a museum-exhibit steam locomotive have been stolen for sale as scrap. In February 2004, thieves in western Ukraine dismantled and stole an 11 m (36 ft) long, one-tonne steel bridge that spanned the river Svalyavka.[35] In September 2009, smugglers attempted to make off with 25 tons of radioactive scrap metal from the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. The Security Service of Ukraine caught them.[36]

United Kingdom

Aftermath of theft of a vintage metal postbox (UK)

Significant rises in metal theft were observed during 2006-2007 in the UK,[37] especially in North West England (mainly Liverpool), where metal theft was still on the rise as of 2008.[38] Police Review have said that metal theft is now the fastest growing crime in the UK (for 2008) with the annual damage to industry estimated at £360m.[39]

In the UK, the British Metals Recycling Association[40] is working with authorities such as the Association of Chief Police Officers and the British Transport Police to halt the problem of metal being stolen from its members' sites and to identify stolen materials. Also see Operation Tremor.

Roofs, manhole covers, statues etc. have all been increasingly targeted recently due to the rising cost of metal. Most of the time metal is sold for scrap, but occasionally it is used by the thieves themselves. There have been many stories of metal theft; a bronze statue of former Olympic champion Steve Ovett disappeared from Preston Park in Brighton[41] and church bells in Devon were stolen by thieves.[42] A statue made by Henry Moore and estimated to be worth £300,000 was stolen from a museum in 2006, and believed to have been melted down for its scrap value of around £5,000.[43] Churches, especially older churches, suffer as 'lead theft' from church (and other) roofs is on the rise.[44] In late 2011 the police began a number of crackdowns on metal theft, the largest in South Yorkshire resulting in at least 22 arrests and the seizure of amateur smelting equipment.[45] In August 2012, thieves stole 26 metal cages from an animal hospital in Kibworth, Leicestershire. Cages containing sick or injured animals were emptied by the thieves. The cages were worth about £30,000.[46] Theft of copper cable by the side of railway tracks has also become increasingly a problem, and results in train stoppages as well as creating serious safety issues both for the perpetrators and the traveling public.

United States

Cities across the United States have become targets for metal thieves. Manhole cover thefts increased dramatically between 2007 and 2008, with Philadelphia as one of the hardest hit targets. Other cities dealing with this trend include Chicago, Illinois; Greensboro, North Carolina; and Long Beach, California.[4]

Copper wire thefts have also become increasingly common in the US. With copper prices at $3.70 a pound as of June 2007, compared to $0.60 a pound in 2002, people have been increasingly stealing copper wire from telephone and power company assets. Gangs have been created, a black market for copper wire has emerged, and men even have been injured in power plants while trying to obtain copper wire.[47][48] Other sources of stolen copper include railroad signal lines, grounding bars at electric substations, and even a 3000-pound bell stolen from a Buddhist temple in Tacoma, Washington, which was later recovered.[49]

For example, Georgia, like many other states, has seen enough copper crime that a special task force has been created to fight it. The Metro Atlanta Copper Task Force is led by the Atlanta Police Department and involves police and recyclers from surrounding metro areas, Georgia Power, and the Fulton County DA’s office.[50]

Many states around the nation have passed – or are exploring – legislation to combat the problem. A new Georgia law took effect in July 2007 making it a crime to knowingly buy stolen metal. It allows prosecutors to prosecute for the actual cost of returning property to original conditions, as many of these thefts dramatically hurt the surrounding property value.[51]

In response to the growing concerns and the lack of hard numbers on these crimes in Indianapolis, the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department (IMPD) and the University of Indianapolis Community Research Center (CRC) began in 2008 a collaborative effort to collect data on metal thefts.[1] The Indianapolis Metal Theft Project gathers and analyzes a wide variety of data to provide a clearer understanding of the incidence, types, costs, and impacts of metal theft in Indianapolis in order to inform and implement strategies to reduce these crimes and their impacts.

The Department of Justice's Office of Community-Oriented Policing and the Center for Problem-Oriented Policing published its 58th problem-solving guide in 2010 directed towards theft of scrap metal. Brandon Kooi provides a review of the problem in the US and internationally, followed by a number of suggested responses and what to consider in those responses.[52]

The International Association of Property Crime Investigators presents the annual National Metal Theft Investigation Seminar uniting law enforcement and corporate security to share, learn and network to combat metal theft.

The Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries is one of the groups backing these educational efforts throughout the country. As the nation’s trade association for the scrap recycling industry, ISRI provides members and community leaders with resources that they can use when facing the issue.[4] They have also teamed with the National Crime Prevention Council (known for McGruff the Crime Dog and the “Take a Bite Out of Crime” slogan) in an effort to team with law enforcement and crime prevention organizations to fight and solve this problem, and have established a theft alert system that these groups can use.[4] ISRI and the National Crime Prevention Council offer a number of tips for how to fight and prevent metal theft, including requiring photo ID and license plate information for every transaction, training employees on identifying stolen goods, and keeping good records that might be useful later.[53]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Metal theft.

References

Specific citations:

  1. ^ a b "Indianapolis Metal Theft Project". Community Research Center, University of Indianapolis. Archived from the original on February 3, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "2008 Metal Theft Investigations Seminar". International Association of Property Crime Investigators. Archived from the original on 2011-10-04.
  3. ^ Schwartz, Emma (March 27, 2008). "Price Hikes Lead to Rash of Metal Thefts". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved August 6, 2008.
  4. ^ a b c d e Newsweek Staff (2010-07-10). "Manhole Covers Stolen for Scrap Metal". Newsweek Business. Archived from the original on September 2, 2013. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "Berryhill And Galgiani Metal Theft Legislation Clears First Hurdle". SACRAMENTO. March 29, 2007. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008.
  6. ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (31 July 2007). "Unusual Culprits Cripple Farms in California". The New York Times. BUTTONWILLOW, Calif. p. 10.
  7. ^ Berinato, Scott (2007-02-01). "Copper Theft: The Metal Theft Epidemic". CSO Online. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved 2014-01-19. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Ebbert, Stephanie (2008-09-12). "Case of the purloined ironwork". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  9. ^ Ellement, John R. (2009-09-16). "Pair get jail for iron theft at bridge". Boston Globe. Boston, Massachusetts. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
  10. ^ Burgess, Matthew (2008-03-03). "Police bust copper theft racket". Melbourne: The Age.
  11. ^ "Brazen thieves swipe copper from Que. churches". May 29, 2006. Archived from the original on 2011-06-29.
  12. ^ Woolvett, Amy (October 7, 2010). "Stolen church bell recovered in Halifax". Nova News Now. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
  13. ^ "Church bell saved from scrapyard". CBC.ca. October 7, 2010. Archived from the original on 2012-11-08. Retrieved 8 October 2010. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 2012-06-14 suggested (help)
  14. ^ Nicole Riva. "Power outage north of city caused by wire theft". The Peterborough Examiner.
  15. ^ Tony Ricciuto. "Stolen manhole covers put 'lives at risk'". niagarafallsreview.ca.
  16. ^ Patricia Treble (April 5, 2008). "Meltdown: metal prices spur thieves". Macleans Magazine: 35. Archived from the original on May 19, 2008. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Moye, David (2012-04-30). "Bridge Stolen In Czech Republic Results In Million-Dollar Gap". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  18. ^ "10-tonne bridge stolen in Czech Republic". dnaindia.com. Warsaw. May 1, 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  19. ^ Pyrénées : le Train jaune victime de vol de câble
  20. ^ "It's hard to keep track..." ABC Online. Feb 5, 2006. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
  21. ^ Benson, Tedd (January 16, 2010). "Rebar!". New House Rules. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
  22. ^ Leinwand, Donna (Jan 22, 2010). "Fine line between stealing, surviving in Haiti". USA TODAY. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
  23. ^ "Mur dan Lampu Suramadu Terus Dicuri". Kompas (in Indonesian). 19 June 2009.
  24. ^ Aldi Geri Lumban Tobing (11 March 2016). "Pencuri Logam Kabel Jual Barang ke Penadah di Jakarta". Berita Jakarta (in Indonesian).
  25. ^ "Metal theft up thanks to hot market prices". The Japan Times. 2007-02-28. Archived from the original on 2012-07-14. Retrieved 2008-02-02. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 2012-06-14 suggested (help)
  26. ^ McCurry, Justin (2007-03-05). "Japanese metal stolen to 'feed China's Olympic boom'". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
  27. ^ "Treinbotsing Zevenaar vermoedelijk door koperdiefstal" (in Dutch).
  28. ^ "Russia: Metal thieves leave military bases without power. (Brief Article)". IPR Strategic Business Information Database. October 2001. Retrieved 2009-09-27. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)[dead link]
  29. ^ Singer, Dick (August 28, 2007). "Honesty wins out when rediscovering stolen chairs". Archived from the original on Sep 29, 2007.
  30. ^ "Russian police arrest man for stealing a bridge". Reuters. Moscow. August 31, 2007.
  31. ^ Ndlovu, Sinegugu (2008-07-24). "Metal theft is crippling industry". Independent Online (South Africa).
  32. ^ "DA: Cable theft needs urgent action". Independent Online (South Africa). 2008-07-31.
  33. ^ "Cable theft costs Telkom R863m". Mail & Guardian. 2008-03-03.
  34. ^ Pretorius, William Lyon (2013-10-02). "A criminological analysis of copper cable theft in Gauteng". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)[1]
  35. ^ "Thieves steal bridge in Ukraine". BBC NEWS. 2004-02-23. Retrieved 2014-01-19.
  36. ^ "Theft Thwarted Of Radioactive Scrap Metal From Chornobyl". Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. September 17, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-27.
  37. ^ Milmo, Dan (2007-05-28). "Copper thieves cause havoc for commuters". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-02-02. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)
  38. ^ Aslet, Clive (2008-01-22). "Pillar boxes could be next to go missing". London: The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
  39. ^ Edemariam, Aida (2008-06-25). "The Big Meltdown". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  40. ^ British Metals Recycling Association (BMRA)
  41. ^ Pilditch, David (September 5, 2007). "Who did a runner with Ovett's statue?". Daily Express. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
  42. ^ "Church bells saved from scrapyard". BBC News. 22 October 2007. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
  43. ^ Bowcott, Owen (25 January 2006). "As another bronze is stolen, police fear treasures are going for scrap". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
  44. ^ "'Highest ever' lead theft levels threaten community churches". Christian Today. July 10, 2008. Retrieved 2009-09-27.
  45. ^ "South Yorkshire Police crack down on metal thefts". BBC. 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
  46. ^ "Metal thieves now target cages at animal hospital". The Telegraph. 6 August 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  47. ^ Mitchell, Kay (August 31, 2009). "Salem man badly burned in attempted metal theft, police say". The Oregonian. Retrieved 2009-09-27.
  48. ^ Amistadi, Bonnie (September 5, 2013). "Copper stolen from Otter Tail Power Company substation in Wahpeton". KVOX–FM – Today's Froggy 99.9. Retrieved 2014-09-21.
  49. ^ "Bell heralds break in theft case". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. March 7, 2008. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
  50. ^ Garner, Marcus K. (2008-08-03). "E. Atlanta church among sites stripped of copper". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on 2008-12-05.
  51. ^ "EMCs Mark One Year of Tougher Copper Theft Law". Georgia Front Page. 2008-07-06. Retrieved 2014-01-19.
  52. ^ Kooi, Brandon. "Theft of Scrap Metal". Center for Problem-Oriented Policing. Retrieved 2014-01-19.
  53. ^ "Ferrous Infrastructure Theft on the Rise". Environmental Protection. 2008-05-21. Retrieved 2013-01-19.

General references:

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