Mount Hermon
| Mount Hermon | |
|---|---|
| Arabic: Jabal ash-Shaykh Hebrew: Har Hermon | |
 Mount Hermon, viewed from Mount Bental in the Golan Heights | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,814 m (9,232 ft) |
| Prominence | 1,804 m (5,919 ft) |
| Listing | Country high point Ultra |
| Geography | |
  Mount Hermon Mount Hermon's summit straddles the border between Lebanon and Syria. | |
| Location | Syria (southern slopes are located in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights) Lebanon |
| Parent range | Anti-Lebanon mountain range |
Mount Hermon (Template:Lang-ar / ALA-LC: Jabal al-Shaykh ("Mountain of the Chief") or Jabal Haramun; Template:Lang-he, Har Hermon, "Mount Hermon") is a mountain cluster constituting the southern end of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range. Its summit straddles the border between Syria and Lebanon[1] and, at 2,814 m (9,232 ft) above sea level, is the highest point in Syria.[2] On the top, in the United Nations buffer zone between Syria and Israeli-occupied territory, is the highest permanently manned UN position in the world, known as "Hermon Hotel".[3] The southern slopes of Mount Hermon extend to the Israeli-occupied portion of the Golan Heights, where the Mount Hermon ski resort is located.[4] A peak in this area rising to 2,236 m (7,336 ft) is the highest elevation in Israeli-controlled territory.
Geography
 |
Mount Hermon is actually a cluster of mountains with three distinct summits, each about the same height. The Anti-Lebanon range, of which Mount Hermon constitutes the southernmost part, extends for approximately 150 km (93 mi) in a northeast-southwest direction, running parallel to the Lebanon range on the west. The Hermon range covers an area of about 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi),[dubious – [[Talk:Mount Hermon#Far too large a figure; all of Lebanon has 10,000 km2, Israel has 20-22,000 km2, and Mt Hermon is not as big as 1/10 of Lebanon or 1/20 of Israel. Probably refers to entire Anti-Lebanon?|discuss]]] of which about 70 km2 (27 sq mi) are under Israeli control. Most of the portion of Mount Hermon within the Israeli-controlled area constitutes the Hermon nature reserve.
The mountain forms one of the greatest geographic resources of the area. Because of its height it captures a great deal of precipitation in a very dry area of the world. The Jurassic limestone is broken by faults and solution channels to form a karst topography. Mount Hermon has seasonal winter and spring snow falls, which cover all three of its peaks for most of the year. Melt water from the snow-covered mountain's western and southern bases seeps into the rock channels and pores, feeding springs at the base of the mountain, which form streams and rivers. These merge to become the Jordan River. Additionally, the runoff facilitates fertile plant life below the snow line, where vineyards and pine, oak, and poplar trees are abundant.
The springs, and the mountain itself, are much contested by the nations of the area for the use of the water. Mount Hermon is also called the "snowy mountain," the "gray-haired mountain", and the "mountain of snow". It is also called "the eyes of the nation" in Israel because its elevation makes it Israel's primary strategic early warning system.
Epigraphy, archaeology and references in religious texts
In the Book of Enoch, Mount Hermon is the place where the Watcher class of fallen angels descended to Earth. They swear upon the mountain that they would take wives among the daughters of men and take mutual imprecation for their sin (Enoch 6). The mountain or summit is referred to as Saphon in Ugaritic texts where the palace of Baal is located in a myth about Attar.[5][6] The Book of Chronicles also mentions Mount Hermon as a place where Epher, Ishi, Eliel, Azriel, Jeremiah, Hodaviah and Jahdiel were the heads of their families.[7] R.T. France, in his book on the Gospel of Matthew, noted that Mount Hermon was a possible location of the Transfiguration of Jesus.[8]
Various Temples of Mount Hermon can be found in villages on the slopes. There is a sacred building made of hewn blocks of stone on the summit of Mount Hermon. Known as Qasr Antar, it is the highest temple of the ancient world and was documented by Sir Charles Warren in 1869. An inscription on a limestone stele recovered by Warren from Qasr Antar was translated by George Nickelsburg to read "According to the command of the greatest a (nd) Holy God, those who take an oath (proceed) from here." Nickelsburg connected the inscription with oath taken by the angels under Semjaza who took an oath together, bound by a curse in order to take wives in the Book of Enoch (1 Enoch 6:6). Hermon was said to have become known as "the mountain of oath" by Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau. The name of God was supposed to be a Hellenized version of Baʿal or Hadad and Nickelsburg connected it with the place name of Baal-Hermon (Lord of Hermon) and the deity given by Enoch as "The Great Holy One".[9] The mountain was said to have become known as "the mountain of oath" by Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau. Eusebius recognized the religious importance of Hermon in his work Onomasticon, saying "Until today, the mount in front of Panias and Lebanon is known as Hermon and it is respected by nations as a sanctuary". It has been related to the Arabic term al-haram, which means "sacred enclosure".[10] Another Greek inscription found in a large temple at Deir El Aachayer on the northern slopes notes the year that a bench was installed "in the year 242, under Beeliabos, also called Diototos, son of Abedanos, high priest of the gods of Kiboreia". The era of the gods of Kiboreia is not certain, nor is their location which is not conclusively to be identified with Deir al-Achayer, but was possibly the Roman sanctuary or the name of a settlement in the area.[11]
In Song of Songs 4:8, Hermon is an instance of an exotic locale, and the Song of Ascents as well as Psalm 133:3 make specific reference to the abundant dew formation upon Mount Hermon.[12]
Climate
| Climate data for Hermon (1640 meters above sea level) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.3 (37.9) |
4.0 (39.2) |
7.6 (45.7) |
12.0 (53.6) |
16.0 (60.8) |
19.4 (66.9) |
21.6 (70.9) |
21.7 (71.1) |
19.1 (66.4) |
15.3 (59.5) |
10.2 (50.4) |
5.1 (41.2) |
12.9 (55.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 1.2 (34.2) |
1.9 (35.4) |
4.1 (39.4) |
7.5 (45.5) |
11.2 (52.2) |
14.5 (58.1) |
16.8 (62.2) |
16.7 (62.1) |
14.3 (57.7) |
11.2 (52.2) |
7.0 (44.6) |
3.3 (37.9) |
9.1 (48.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.2 (28.0) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
0.6 (33.1) |
3.1 (37.6) |
6.4 (43.5) |
9.6 (49.3) |
12.0 (53.6) |
11.8 (53.2) |
9.5 (49.1) |
7.2 (45.0) |
2.7 (36.9) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
4.8 (40.6) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 300.3 (11.82) |
250.4 (9.86) |
138.8 (5.46) |
100.2 (3.94) |
30.2 (1.19) |
7.5 (0.30) |
1.7 (0.07) |
0.9 (0.04) |
10.4 (0.41) |
110.6 (4.35) |
175.3 (6.90) |
226.5 (8.92) |
1,352.8 (53.26) |
| Average rainy days | 20.8 | 19.3 | 11.5 | 8.8 | 5.8 | 2.3 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 3.5 | 11.2 | 15.5 | 18.9 | 118.9 |
| [citation needed] | |||||||||||||
Arab-Israeli conflict
During the Six day war in June 1967, a part of Mount Hermon in Syria was captured by Israel. It was regained by Syria on October 6, 1973, the first day of the Yom Kippur War, following the First Battle of Mount Hermon. Israel recaptured both the formerly Israeli-occupied sector and the pre-Yom Kippur War Syrian-controlled sector on October 21, 1973, during Operation Dessert.[13] The pre-Yom Kippur War Syrian-controlled sector was returned to Syria after the war.[14]
The Israeli-occupied sector of the mountain became patrolled by the Israel Defense Forces and the Israel Police, and the Israeli Security Forces have maintained a strategic observation post for monitoring Syrian and Lebanese military activity near Mitzpe Shlagim ("Snow Lookout"), which is at an elevation of about 2,224 m (7,300 ft). Its neighboring peak, at 2,236 metres (7,336 ft)*, is the highest elevation in Israeli-occupied territory.[15]
Since the onset of Syrian Civil War, the Syrian-controlled Hermon has continued to be under pro-Assad forces, though clashes have sporadically erupted on the mountain range and spilled into Lebanon and the Israeli-occupied portion. Most notably the Islamist rebel factions of Jaish al-Haramoun took part in the fighting on the Southern slopes of the mountain.
Ski resort
Since 1981, the Israeli-occupied portion of the Golan Heights became governed under Golan Heights Law. Mount Hermon hosts the only ski resort in territory held by Israel, including a wide range of ski trails at novice, intermediate, and expert levels. It also offers additional winter family activities such as sledding and Nordic skiing. Those who operate the Hermon Ski area live in the nearby Israeli settlement of Neve Ativ and the Druze town of Majdal Shams. The ski resort has a ski school, ski patrol, and several restaurants located at either the bottom or peak of the area. In 2005, the Syrian government had plans to develop a 15-billion-dollar ski resort on the slopes of the mountain.[16]
See also
- Hermon nature reserve
- Mountains in the Golan Heights
- First Battle of Mount Hermon
- Second Battle of Mount Hermon
- Third Battle of Mount Hermon
References
- ^ "ACME Mapper terrain display". mapper.acme.com. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- ^ "CIA World Fact Book: Syria". 14 November 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
highest point: Mount Hermon 2,814 m
- ^ Gröppel, Ekkehard (April–June 2013). "It is time to say Goodbye!" (PDF). Golan: The UNDOF Journal (135). United Nations Disengagement Observer Force: 10–15. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
- ^ The World's 18 Strangest Ski Resorts: The Mount Hermon Ski Resort, Shannon Hassett, Popular Mechanics
- ^ John C. L. Gibson; Nick Wyatt; Wilfred G. E. Watson; Jeffery B. Lloyd (1996). Ugarit, religion and culture: proceedings of the International Colloquium on Ugarit, religion and culture, Edinburgh, July 1994 : essays presented in honour of Professor John C.L. Gibson. Ugarit-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-927120-37-2. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
- ^ Manfried Dietrich; Oswald Loretz (1996). Ugarit-Forschungen, p. 236. Verlag Butzon & Bercker. ISBN 978-3-7887-1588-5. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
- ^ 1 Chronicles 5:23–24
- ^ R.T. France, Matthew: An Introduction and Commentary (Tyndale New Testament Commentaries) (IVP Academic, 2008)
- ^ Nickelsburg, 1 Enoch 1. A Commentary on the Book of 1 Enoch, 1–36; 81–108 (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2001.
- ^ E. A. Myers (11 February 2010). The Ituraeans and the Roman Near East: Reassessing the Sources. Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–. ISBN 978-0-521-51887-1. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
- ^ Fergus Millar (1993). The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.-A.D. 337. Harvard University Press. pp. 311–. ISBN 978-0-674-77886-3. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
- ^ Clifford, Richard J. (1 November 2003). Abingdon Old Testament Commentaries: Psalms 73-150. Abingdon Press. pp. 263–264. ISBN 978-1-4267-6009-9.
"Hermon" is an instance of an exotic locale, as in Song 4:8, where it occurs with several other place names. Mount Hermon was famous for its heavy dew. Though the Mediterranean climate of Palestine had no rainfall from May or June to September, it had dew. Dew was important in the summer and a supplement to rain. Zion was therefore a place of fertility which even in the rainless season has an abundance of dew, like that of mighty Hermon to the north. So plentiful is it that it "runs down [NRSV: "falls on"] the mountains of Zion" (Ps 133:3).
- ^ "The Yom Kippur War". Ynetnews. 2008-11-11. Retrieved 24 November 2008.
- ^ "Syria". Ynetnews. 2007-12-23. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
- ^ Cordesman, Anthony H. (2008). Israel and Syria. USA: Center for Strategic and International Studies. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-313-35520-2. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
Its adjacent peak, at 2,236 meters, is the highest elevation in Israel.
- ^ "Syria unveils 15 billion dollar tourism project". Middle East Online. Dec 20, 2005.
- Golan Heights
- Landforms of the Golan Heights
- Great Rift Valley
- Hebrew Bible mountains
- Mountains of Israeli-occupied territories
- Mountains of Lebanon
- Mountains of Syria
- Nature reserves in Israeli-occupied territories
- Ski areas and resorts in Israeli-occupied territories
- Lebanon–Syria border
- International mountains of Asia