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Munchkin

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by MagicatthemovieS (talk | contribs) at 23:59, 17 August 2015 (→‎References: I added this page to the category "Fictional slaves" as the Munckins were enslaved by the Wicked Witch of the East according to the first Oz book.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For other uses, see Munchkin (disambiguation).

The Munchkins
Oz books character
W. W. Denslow's depiction of Munchkins, from the first edition of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.
First appearanceThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)
Created byL. Frank Baum

The Munchkins are the natives of the fictional Munchkin Country in the Oz books by L. Frank Baum. They first appeared in the 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, in which they are described as wearing only blue. They and the non-Munchkin Witch accompanying them are described as being Dorothy's height. The 1939 film The Wizard of Oz depicted Munchkins as being much shorter than other residents of Oz; they are played by either adults with dwarfism or children,[1] dressed in brightly multicolored outfits, and their land is called Munchkinland. Many of the Munchkins' voices were achieved by pre-recording some of the actors' voices onto tape, and speeding it up slightly.[2]

On November 20, 2007, the Munchkins were given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Seven of the surviving Munchkins actors from the film were present.[3] As a result of the popularity of the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, the word "munchkin" has entered the English language as a reference to small children, persons with dwarfism, or anything of diminutive stature.[4]

Appearance

The following is an excerpt from chapter two of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, in which Dorothy first meets three Munchkins and the Good Witch of the North:

"... she noticed coming down toward her a group of the queerest people she had ever seen. They were not as big as the grown folk she had always been used to; but neither were they very small. In fact, they seemed about as tall as Dorothy, who was a well-grown child for her age, although they were, so far as looks go, many years older.

Baum apparently did not mean that only Munchkins are short in stature (as depicted in the iconic 1939 film), but that this is the norm for all of the adult humans of Oz. In a scene later in the book, the Guardian of the Gates, the first inhabitant of the Emerald City met by Dorothy and apparently representative of its citizens, is "a little man about the same size as the Munchkins." Still later, the Quadlings of the southern land are described as "short and fat."

In W. W. Denslow's illustrations for The Wonderful Wizard (approved by Baum), the only Oz humans depicted as remarkably taller than Dorothy are the Soldier with the Green Whiskers and Glinda.

Baum rarely refers to Ozites as small of stature in the Oz books that follow. (One notable exception is the Munchkin wrestler that Zeb challenges in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz.)

Origin of the term

Baum never explained where the term came from, but Baum researcher Brian Attebery has hypothesized that there might be a connection to the Münchner Kindl, the emblem of the Bavarian city of Munich (spelled München in German). The symbol was originally a 13th-century statue of a monk, looking down from the town hall in Munich. Over the years, the image was reproduced many times, for instance as a figure on beer steins, and eventually evolved into a child wearing a pointed hood. Baum's family had German origins, suggesting that Baum could have seen one such reproduction in his childhood.

It is also conceivable that "Munchkin" is derived from the German word for "mannikin" or "little figure": "Männchen", with "-chen" being the diminutive suffix for "Mann" (man). Southern German dialects use different diminutive suffixes and a "Männchen" is called "Manderl" or "Manschgerl", the latter of which is phonetically very close to munchkin.

It is also possible that the term came from the Romanian word for laborer, "muncitor", replacing the Romanian suffix of agency, "-itor", with the English suffix of (kind, sort, and) class identification, "-kin". "Munci" is the Romanian verb "to labor" and is pronounced /MOOHN-chee/.

Known Munchkins

The following is a list of Munchkins named in the Oz books:

Actors

The following is a list of actors who portrayed the Munchkins in the 1939 film. Most of the 124 dwarfs hired were acquired for MGM by Leo Singer, the proprietor of Singer's Midgets.[5][6] An additional dozen or so child actresses of average size were hired to make up for the shortage of little people that the studio found to appear in the film. These actors – including those with speaking parts – were credited on-screen collectively, as "The Munchkins."

In 1989, author Stephen Cox researched, found, and wrote about the surviving Munchkin actors fifty years after they made the film. He wrote about them in his book, The Munchkins Remember (1989, E.P. Dutton) which was later revised as The Munchkins of Oz (Cumberland House), and his book remained in print for nearly two decades. When he wrote the book, 33 of the dwarfs who acted in the film were surviving and were interviewed.

Deceased (123)

Actor Born Died Part(s) played Source
Gladys W. Allison N/A N/A Played a villager [7]
John Ballas N/A N/A N/A [8]
Franz Balluck 1913 1987 Played a villager [9]
Josefine Balluck 1908 1984 Played a villager [10][11][12]
John T. Bambury 1891 1960 Played a soldier [13]
Charlie Becker 1887 1968 Played "The Mayor of Munchkinland" [13][14]
Freda Betsky N/A N/A Played a villager [7]
Henry Boers 1896 N/A N/A [15]
Theodore Boers 1894 N/A N/A [15]
Christie Buresh 1907 1979 Played a villager [16]
Eddie Buresh 1909 1982 Played a villager [17]
Lida Buresh 1906 1970 Played a villager [8][18]
Mickey Carroll 1919 2009 Played a fiddler, a town crier, and a soldier [19]
Casper "Colonel" Balsam 1904 1968 N/A [8]
Nona A. Cooper 1875 1953 Played a villager [20]
Tommy Cottonaro 1914 2001 Played the Bearded Man [21]
Elizabeth Coulter N/A N/A Played a villager
Lewis Croft 1919 2008 Played a soldier [22]
Frank Cucksey 1919 1984 Played the villager that gives Dorothy the flowers [23][24]
Billy Curtis 1909 1988 Played the Braggart ("and ohhhh what happened then was rich")
Eugene S. David, Jr. N/A N/A N/A
Eulie H. David 1921 1972 N/A
Ethel W. Denis 1894 1968 Played a villager
Prince Denis 1892 1984 Played the Sergeant-at-Arms [25]
Hazel I. Derthick 1906 1989 Played a villager [26]
Daisy Doll 1907 1980 Played a villager
Gracie Doll 1899 1970 Played a villager
Harry Doll 1902 1985 Member of "The Lollipop Guild"
Tiny Doll 1914 2004 Played a villager
Major Doyle 1893 1940 Played a villager
Ruth Robinson Duccini 1918 2014 Played a villager [27]
Carl M. Erickson 1917 1958 Played the 2nd Trumpeter & a Sleepyhead [28]
Fern Formica 1925 1995 Played a villager and a "sleepyhead" [29]
Addie Eva Frank N/A N/A played a villager
Thaisa L. Gardner 1909 1968 Played a villager
Jakob "Jackie" Gerlich 1917 1960 Member of "The Lollipop Guild" [30]
William A. Giblin 1916 1985 N/A
Jack S. Glicken 1900 1950 Played a city father [31]
Carolyn E. Granger 1915 1973 Played a villager
Joseph L. Herbst 1908 1993 Played a soldier [32]
Jakob Hofbauer 1908 N/A Played a soldier [33]
Clarence C. Howerton "Major Mite" 1913 1975 Played the 3rd Trumpeter & Sleepyhead [34]
Helen M. Hoy N/A N/A played a villager
Marguerite A. Hoy 1906 1969 N/A [35]
James R. Hulse 1915 1964 Played a villager [36]
Robert Kanter N/A N/A Played a soldier [37]
Eleanor Keaton 1918 1998 N/A
Charles E. Kelley N/A N/A N/A
Jessie E. Kelley 1907 1968 Played a villager
Shirley Ann Kennedy Vegors 1932 2005 Child actress [38]
Frank Kikel 1912 1989 N/A
Bernard "Harry" Klima 1897 1957 N/A [23][39]
Mitzi Koestner 1894 1975 N/A
Emma Koestner 1900 1984 Played a villager
Willi Koestner 1908 1974 Played a soldier
Adam Edwin "Eddie" Kozicki 1917 1986 Played a fiddler
Joseph J. Koziel N/A N/A Played a villager
Dolly F. Kramer 1904 1995 Played a villager [40]
Emil Kranzler 1911 1993 Played a villager [41]
Nita Krebs 1905 1991 Member of The Lullaby League and a villager
"Little Jean" LaBarbera 1909 1993 Played a villager [42]
Hilda Lange N/A N/A Played a villager [43]
Rae-Nell Laskey 1930 1991 Child actress
Johnny Leal 1905 1996 Played a villager and a soldier
Ann Rice Leslie 1900 1973 Played a villager
Charles Ludwig N/A N/A Played a villager
Dominick Magro N/A 1959 N/A [44]
Carlos Manzo 1914 1955 N/A [37]
Howard Marco N/A N/A N/A
Bela "Mike" Matina 1903 N/A Played a villager [37]
Lajos "Leo" Matina 1893 1975 Played a villager [37]
Matjus "Ike" Matina 1903 N/A Played a villager [37]
Patsy May 1934 2013 Child actress [45]
Walter M. B. Miller 1906 1987 Played a soldier and a flying monkey
George Ministeri 1913 1986 Played the coachman and a villager
Harry Monty 1904 1999 Played a villager and a flying monkey [46]
Yvonne Bistany Moray 1917 N/A Member of The Lullaby League and a villager
Olga C. Nardone 1921 2010 One of the sleepyheads, a villager, and a member of The Lullaby League [47][48]
Nels P. Nelson 1918 1994 Played a villager
Margaret C.H. Nickloy 1902 1961 Played a villager [49]
Franklin O'Baugh N/A N/A N/A
William H. O'Docharty 1920 1988 The coach footman and villager
Hildred C. Olson N/A N/A Played a villager
Frank Packard N/A N/A N/A
Nicholas Page 1904 1978 Played a city father [37]
Leona M. Parks 1897 N/A Played a villager
Margaret Williams Pellegrini 1923 2013 Played a "sleepyhead" and the "flower pot munchkin" [50]
Johnny Pizo N/A N/A N/A
"Prince Leon" Polinsky 1918 1955 Played a villager
Meinhardt Raabe 1915 2010 Played the coroner [51]
Margaret Raia 1928 2003 Played a villager [52]
Matthew Raia N/A N/A Played a city father who welcomed Dorothy to Oz
Friedrich "Freddie" Retter 1913 N/A Played a fiddler and villager
"Little Billy" Rhodes 1894 1967 Played the barrister [53]
Gertrude H. Rice N/A N/A Played a villager
Hazel Rice N/A N/A Played a villager
Sandor Roka 1899 1957 N/A
Jimmy Rosen 1892 1973 N/A [54]
Charles F. Royal 1900 1947 Played a soldier
Helen J. Royal 1897 1958 Played a villager
Stella A. Royal 1903 1959 Played a villager
Albert Ruddinger N/A N/A N/A
Elsie R. Schultz 1892 1987 Played a villager [37]
Charles Silvern 1902 1979 N/A
Garland "Earl" Slatten 1917 1995 Played a soldier [55]
Karl Slover 1918 2011 Played lead trumpeter, a soldier, a "sleepyhead" and a villager [56]
Ruth E. Smith 1895 1985 Played a villager
Elmer Spangler 1910 N/A N/A
Pernell St. Aubin 1922 1987 Played a soldier
Carl Stephan N/A N/A N/A
Alta M. Stevens 1913 1989 Played a villager
Donna Jean Johnson Stewart-Hardaway 1933 2008 Child actress
George Suchsie N/A N/A N/A
Charlotte V. Sullivan 1906 1966 Played a villager
Clarence Swensen 1917 2009 Played a soldier [57]
Betty Tanner 1916 1994 Played a villager
Arnold Vierling 1919 1949 Played a villager [58]
Gus Wayne 1920 1998 Played a soldier [59]
Victor Wetter 1902 1990 The Captain of the Army [60]
Viola White N/A N/A Child actress
Gracie B. Williams N/A N/A Played a villager
Harvey B. Williams N/A N/A Played a soldier
Johnny Winters 1905 1985 Played The Commander of the Navy
Marie Winters 1901 1979 Played a villager [37]
Gladys V. Wolff 1911 1984 Played a villager [37]
Murray Wood 1908 1999 Played a city father [61]
Elaine Mirk N/A N/A Child actress
Valerie Shepherd N/A N/A Child actress

Living today (1)

The last known surviving female munchkin from the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz died in March 2015.

Actor Born Notes Source
Jerry Maren January 24, 1920 green member of "The Lollipop Guild" [62][63]
Priscilla Ann Montgomery Clark 1929 Child actress [64][65][66]

Unknown

Actor Born Died Part(s) played Source
Betty Ann Cain 1931 Unknown Child actress [65][66]

AKA Betty Ann Bruno. Retired from KTVU-TV in 1991.

Ardith Dondanville 1930 Unknown Child actress [65][66]
Joan Kenmore 1931 Unknown Child actress [65][66]
Eva Lee Kuney 1934 Unknown Child actress

Appearances

The Munchkins (specifically the "Lollipop Guild") as depicted in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. L-R: Jackie Gerlich, Jerry Maren and Harry Doll

The Munchkins appeared in The Wizard of Oz. When Dorothy and Toto first arrived in the Land of Oz after her house landed on the Wicked Witch of the East, the Munchkins have been hiding until Glinda the Good Witch arrived and had the Munchkins come out of their hiding place.

During the musical number, Dorothy told them how she arrived in the Land of Oz and the Munchkins celebrate. The Mayor of Munchkinland and his assistant had to make sure that the Wicked Witch of the East is dead before the celebration continued. The coroner tells the Mayor of Munchkinland that the Wicked Witch of the East is not merely dead and that she is most sincerely dead while showing the Certificate of Death. The Munchkins then celebrate further as Dorothy receives gifts from the Lullabye League and the Lollipop Guild. Near the end of the song, the Wicked Witch of the West arrived causing the Munchkins to hit the deck. After the Wicked Witch of the West left, Glinda had Dorothy follow the Yellow Brick Road to the Emerald City as the Munchkins guide her out of Munchkinland.

  • The Munchkins appeared in The Wiz and were played by children and teenagers.
  • In The Muppets' Wizard of Oz, the Munchkins were played by Rizzo the Rat (who portrayed the Mayor of Munchkinland) and his fellow rats.
  • The Munchkins appeared in Dorothy and the Witches of Oz. They were brought to Earth by Glinda in order to combat the forces of the Wicked Witch of the West.
  • Munchkins appear (alongside Quadlings and Tinkers) as inhabitants of Glinda's protectorate in Oz the Great and Powerful. Although the film is not otherwise a musical, the Munchkins sing and dance, much as they do in the 1939 film.

References

  1. ^ TV Guide Movie News Question: "Are some of the Munchkins in The Wizard of Oz played by children dressed like adults?" by Maitland McDonagh, Sep 22, 2005.
  2. ^ "The Ultimate Oz liner notes for chapter 44". Retrieved 14 August 2014.
  3. ^ "News, Munchkin actors get star on Walk of Fame". City-Data.com (with CNN reference). Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2004. Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Harmetz, Aljean (2013). The Making of the Wizard of Oz (75th Anniversary Updated ed.). Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 193. ISBN 1613748329.
  6. ^ GoogleBooks image for The Making of the Wizard of Oz p. 193.
  7. ^ a b Jay Scarfone, William Stillman. The Wizardry of Oz: The Artistry and Magic of the 1939 M-G-M Classic. Hal Leonard Corporation. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  8. ^ a b c British Film Institute Film Classics, Volume 1. Taylor & Francis. Retrieved 2 February 2014. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  9. ^ "Find a Grave website/Franz 'Mike' Balluck". Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ "Find a Grave website/Josefine Balluck". Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Scarfone, Jay (2004). The Wizardry of Oz: The Artistry and Magic of the 1939 M-G-M Classic. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 240. ISBN 1557836248.
  12. ^ Rushdie, Salman (1992). The Wizard of Oz. Macmillan. p. 67. ISBN 0851703003.
  13. ^ a b "Munchkins of 'Oz' get a star on Walk of Fame". USA Today. 11/21/2007. Retrieved 08/08/2013.
  14. ^ "Munchkin Mayor's famed 'Oz' vest displayed at Chicagoland casino". www.nwitimes.com. 17 November 2007. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  15. ^ a b "1938 Midget Jamboree". www.phreeque.com. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  16. ^ "Find a Grave website/Christie Buresh". Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ "Find a Grave website/Eddie Buresh". Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ "Lida Buresh at Find a Grave". www.findagrave.com. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  19. ^ "Mickey Carroll Obituary". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ "Find a Grave website/Nona A. Cooper". Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ "Tommy Cottonaro at Find a Grave". www.findagrave.com. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  22. ^ http://broadwayworld.com/board/printthread.cfm?thread=965821&boardid=2
  23. ^ a b "Nate Eagle's Hollywood Midgets". Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ "Frank H. Cucksey". Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ "Prince Denis, 84, Performer Who Played Munchkin Mayor". The New York Times. 24 June 1984. Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ "Find a Grave website/Hazel I. Derthick". Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ "Final female 'Oz' Munchkin Ruth Duccini dead at 95". Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ "Carl M. "Kayo" Erickson". Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ "Fern Formica". Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ "Jackie Gerlich Biography". Retrieved September 2014. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "Jack S. Glicken Biography". Retrieved September 2014. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ "Joseph L. Herbst Biography". Retrieved September 2014. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ "Jacob Hofbauer". Archived from the original on 20 June 2004. Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ "Find a Grave website/Clarence Chesterfield "Major Mite" Howerton". Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ "Marguerite A. Hoy". Archived from the original on 14 September 2006. Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ "Find a Grave website/James R. Hulse, Jr". Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Little People: Midget, Dwarves and Others..." Archived from the original on 24 February 2005. Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ "Shirley Ann Kennedy Vegors Obituary". www.legacy.com. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  39. ^ "Circus Midget Dies in Mexico". Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ "Dolly Kramer". Archived from the original on 8 November 2006. Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ "Find a Grave website/Emil Kranzler". Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ "Jeane La Barbera and Robert Drake". Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ Hogoboom Family Tree, Ancestry.com
  44. ^ San Diego Union 5/1/1959 p b5
  45. ^ "Patsy May 1934 - 1913 - Find A Grave Memorial". www.findagrave.com. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  46. ^ "Wizard of Oz 'Munchkin' dies aged 95". BBC News. 1 January 2000.
  47. ^ Olga Nardone's obituary. Tributes.com. Retrieved 2010-11-04
  48. ^ "The "MGM" Munchkins". Kansasoz. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
  49. ^ "Find a Grave website/Margaret Cynthia Nickloy". Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  50. ^ "Margaret Pellegrini dies at 89; actress played Munchkin in 'Oz'". Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  51. ^ Fox, Margalit (9 April 2010). "Meinhardt Raabe, Famous Munchkin, Is Dead at 94". New York Times. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
  52. ^ "Find a Grave website/Margaret "Margie" Raia". Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  53. ^ "Find a Grave website/Billy Rhodes". Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  54. ^ "Jimmy Rosen". Archived from the original on 10 November 2006. Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  55. ^ "Midget Jamboree 1938". Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  56. ^ FOXNews.com - Munchkins Get Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame
  57. ^ Banta, Bob (26 February 2009). "Former Munchkin dies at 91". Austin-American Statesman. Retrieved 26 February 2009.
  58. ^ "Find a Grave website/Arnold James Vierling". Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  59. ^ "Find a Grave website/Gus Wayne". Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  60. ^ "Victor Wetter". Archived from the original on 6 February 2005. Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  61. ^ "Murray Wood". Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  62. ^ "OFFBEAT: 'Wizard of Oz' Munchkin's wife, Elizabeth Maren, dead at 69". Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  63. ^ As of January 18, 2014 there are several Munchkins whose names do not appear in the Social Security Death Index and may still be alive. They include Joan Kenmore Bernhoft, Betty Ann Cain Bruno, and Ardith Dondanville Todd. Their married names are documented here. (Joan divorced and some sources use the former married name of Bernhoft)
  64. ^ "'The Wizard of Oz' 3D Screening in LA". Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  65. ^ a b c d "Child actors recall joining Munchkin ranks in 'Oz'". Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 22 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  66. ^ a b c d "Meet Joan Kenmore who once danced on the yellow brick road". www.allvoices.com. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
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