Nygaardsvold's Cabinet
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Nygaardsvold_Cabinet.jpg/300px-Nygaardsvold_Cabinet.jpg)
Nygaardsvold's Cabinet (later becoming the Norwegian government-in-exile) was appointed on 20 March 1935,[1] the second Labour cabinet in Norway. It brought to an end the non-socialist, minority Governments that had been dominating politics since the introduction of the parliamentary system in 1884, and replaced it with stable, Labour Governments that, with the exception of during World War II, would last until the coalition cabinet Lyng in 1963.[2]
Since the cabinet Hornsrud intermezzo in the winter of 1928, a one-month Labour Government, the Labour Party had changed from revolutionary communism to social democracy. The main reason for the change of course was the realization of that Government power could be used for reforms that could lessen the impact of the economic crisis. In the 1933 election the party used the slogans "Work for everyone" and "Country and city, hand in hand". The last time the party portrayed itself as revolutionary was the 1930 election.
The Labour Party advanced in the 1933 election, but did not get a majority. Instead they made a compromise with the Farmer Party, allowing the cabinet Nygaardsvold to enter the Council of State. The party did not get majority in the 1936 election either, and continued to govern thanks to fluctuating support from various opposition parties.
The night before 9 April 1940, the Norwegian Government was, like most other authorities in the country, surprised by the German Operation Weserübung. It chose resistance, though in a rather fumbling and unclear way, especially initially. The Government left Norway on 7 June 1940 after the capitulation and established itself in London the same day, along with King Haakon VII and Crown Prince Olav.[3]
Back in Norway, over the course of the war, four cabinets were instated by Vidkun Quisling and Josef Terboven, as the de facto Governments of Norway. The Government-in-exile is sometimes referred to as the London Cabinet. It returned to Norway on 31 May 1945 aboard the UK troop ship RMS Andes.[4] On 12 June, Nygaardsvold announced his resignation, and on 25 June, the pan-political first cabinet Gerhardsen took over.
Below are the four de facto Governments in Oslo during the war, either sympathising with or actually appointed by German Forces. The Reichskommissar in Oslo was Josef Terboven.
- First cabinet Quisling (1940)
- Cabinet Christiansen (1940)
- Cabinet Terboven (1940–42)
- Second cabinet Quisling (1942–45)
Cabinet Nygaardsvold
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Norwegian_Government-in-exile_%285096990445%29.jpg/220px-Norwegian_Government-in-exile_%285096990445%29.jpg)
Portfolio | Minister | Period | Party |
---|---|---|---|
Prime Minister | Johan Nygaardsvold | 20 March 1935 – 25 June 1945 | Labour |
Minister of Agriculture | Hans Ystgaard | 20 March 1935 – 25 June 1945 | Labour |
Minister of Church Affairs and Education | Nils Hjelmtveit | 20 March 1935 – 25 June 1945 | Labour |
Minister of Defence | Christian Fredrik Monsen Adolf Indrebø Oscar Torp Christian Fredrik Monsen Birger Ljungberg Oscar Torp |
20 March 1935 – 15 November 1935 15 November 1935 – 20 December 1935 20 December 1935 – 15 August 1936 15 August 1936 – 22 December 1939 22 December 1939 – 28 November 1942 28 November 1942 – 25 June 1945 |
Labour Labour Labour Labour Labour Labour |
Minister of Finance | Adolf Indrebø Kornelius Bergsvik Oscar Torp Paul Hartmann |
20 March 1935 – 13 November 1936 13 November 1936 – 1 July 1939 1 July 1939 – 28 November 1941 28 November 1941 – 25 June 1945 |
Labour Labour Labour Resistance |
Minister of Foreign Affairs | Halvdan Koht Trygve Lie |
20 March 1935 – 19 November 1940 19 November 1940 – 25 June 1945 |
Labour Labour |
Minister of Justice | Trygve Lie Terje Wold |
20 March 1935 – 19 November 1939 19 November 1939 – 25 June 1945 |
Labour Labour |
Minister of Labour | Johan Nygaardsvold Olav Hindahl |
20 March 1935 – 2 October 1939 2 October 1939 – 25 June 1945 |
Labour Labour |
Minister of Social Affairs | Kornelius Bergsvik Oscar Torp Sverre Støstad |
20 March 1935 – 13 November 1936 13 November 1936 – 1 July 1939 1 July 1939 – 25 June 1945 |
Labour Labour Labour |
Minister of Shipping | Arne Sunde | 1 October 1942 – 25 June 1945 | Liberal |
Minister of Supply | Trygve Lie Arne Sunde Anders Rasmus Frihagen |
2 October 1939 – 19 November 1940 19 November 1940 – 1 October 1942 1 October 1942 – 25 June 1945 |
Labour Liberal Labour |
Minister of Trade, Shipping, Industry, Crafts and Fisheries | Alfred Madsen Trygve Lie Anders Rasmus Frihagen Terje Wold Anders Rasmus Frihagen Olav Hindahl Sven Nielsen |
20 March 1935 – 1 July 1939 1 July 1939 – 2 October 1939 2 October 1939 – 7 June 1940 7 June 1940 – April 1942 April 1942 – 1 October 1942 1 October 1942 – 9 March 1945 9 March 1945 – 25 June 1945 |
Labour Labour Labour Labour Labour Labour Conservative |
References
- ^ "The cabinet of Johan Nygaardsvold" (in Norwegian). NorgesLexi.com. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
- ^ Friis, 1965
- ^ Friis, 1965
- ^ Nicol, Stuart (2001). MacQueen's Legacy; Ships of the Royal Mail Line. Vol. Two. Brimscombe Port and Charleston, SC: Tempus Publishing. p. 170. ISBN 0-7524-2119-0.
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See also
Further reading
- Friis, Erik J (1965). "The Norwegian Government-In-Exile, 1940–45". Scandinavian Studies. Essays Presented to Dr. Henry Goddard Leach on the Occasion of his Eighty-fifth Birthday. pp. 422–444.