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Opinion polling for the 2021 Canadian federal election by constituency

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Various polling organizations have been conducting opinion polling in specific ridings in the lead up to the 2021 Canadian federal election. The results of publicized opinion polling for individual constituencies are detailed in this article.

Given the cost associated with polling individual constituencies, polling typically occurs in constituencies that are of particular interest, such as those considered marginal or facing an impending by-election. However, it's important to note that the constituencies polled may not necessarily be representative of a national average swing. Under the first-past-the-post electoral system, true marginal seats, by definition, hold significant influence over the outcome of the election.

Constituency polls

[edit]

Alberta

[edit]
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Spadina Strategies September 14, 2021 HTML 12.9 43.7 11.7 1.3 9.8 13.1 6.7 ±5.23 pp 350 IVR
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research August 20, 2021 PDF 37.6 35.4 12.8 2.6 1.3 1.1 9.2 ±5.6 pp 303 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 28.3 52.5 14.9 1.6 1.2 1.5 N/A ±0.0 pp 50,552 Election
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research August 28, 2021 PDF 40 26 22 2 1 3 6 ±5.6 pp 303 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 33.0 41.5 20.6 2.6 1.5 0.8 N/A ±0.0 pp 53,092 Election
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Other Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 12, 2021 PDF 19.0 38.4 28.2 1.7 3.9 3.7 5.1 ±4.6 pp 454 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 17.3 51.4 25.1 2.5 2.3 1.4 N/A ±0.0 pp 46,963 Election
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 9, 2021 PDF 37 35.4 14.4 1.4 6.9 1.6 3.3 ±5 pp 299 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 33.6 50.3 12.1 1.8 1.8 0.4 N/A ±0.0 pp 53,177 Election

British Columbia

[edit]
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 7, 2021 PDF 28.1 29.6 26 5.2 2.3 0.9 7.9 ±5 pp 379 IVR
Mainstreet Research August 5, 2021 HTML 32.8 22.7 13.2 N/A N/A 6.2 25.1 ±4.1 pp 558 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 35.5 19.5 32.3 9.6 2.2 1 N/A ±0.0 pp 50,525 Election
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 12, 2021 PDF 28 40 17 3 7 3 2 ±5.6 pp 307 IVR
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research August 30, 2021 PDF 34 36 19 3 3 1 4 ±5.6 pp 304 IVR
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Oracle Poll September 7, 2021 HTML 7.6 21.0 19.0 27.8 1.0 N/A 23.6 ±4.4 pp 500 Telephone
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 13.6 25.9 23.6 34.6 1.5 0.9 N/A ±0.0 pp 53,296 Election
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research August 28, 2021 PDF 26 33 28 3 2 2 6 ±5.6 pp 306 IVR
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 13, 2021 PDF 24.4 29.0 29.5 3.6 8.9 2.0 2.7 ±5.5 pp 320 IVR
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research August 4, 2021 PDF 37 22 22 6 5 1 8 ±6.3 pp 285 IVR
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research August 15, 2021 PDF 33 25 15 7 3 2 15 ±5.9 pp 280 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 26.6 21.9 13.1 5.1 0.8 32.6 N/A ±0.0 pp 53,296 Election
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research August 15, 2021 PDF 39 17 25 4 6 2 8 ±6.3 pp 242 IVR
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 5, 2021 PDF 25.1 42.3 15.1 6.2 5.1 0.7 5.4 ±3.8 pp 662 IVR
Mainstreet Research August 5, 2021 HTML 23.1 27.5 19.4 11.9 N/A 4 14.1 ±3.9 pp 624 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 34.9 26.7 13.9 22.4 1.6 0.5 N/A ±0.0 pp 64,980 Election

Manitoba

[edit]
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Other Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research August 20, 2021 PDF 36.2 37.0 10.8 1.8 3.0 1.4 9.8 ± pp 317 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 35.5 40.7 14.2 4.7 4.3 0.7 N/A ±0.0 pp 46,228 Election
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 14, 2021 PDF 33 30 18 5 7 1 7 ±5.5 pp 322 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 27.9 44.8 21.2 4.0 1.2 0.9 N/A ±0.0 pp 44,298 Election
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 8, 2021 PDF 43.4 28.1 16.3 2 3.4 0 6.9 ±5 pp 304 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 42.1 38.7 13.9 4.3 0.9 N/A N/A ±0.0 pp 47,889 Election

Newfoundland and Labrador

[edit]
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 9, 2021 PDF 43.2 30.5 10.5 0.6 3.4 1 10.9 ±5 pp 298 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 45.7 39.5 12.0 2.9 N/A N/A N/A ±0.0 pp 32,179 Election
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 7, 2021 PDF 45.3 15.2 26.7 1.6 2.2 0 9 ±5.1 pp 363 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 33.2 18.1 46.9 1.8 N/A N/A N/A ±0.0 pp 42,940 Election

New Brunswick

[edit]
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 1, 2021 PDF 40 31 10 5 3 6 5 ±5.6 pp 307 IVR
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 1, 2021 PDF 42 30 13 2 4 1 7 ±5.7 pp 300 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 37.4 34.0 12.2 10.1 3.1 3.2 N/A ±0.0 pp 42,940 Election

Nova Scotia

[edit]
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research August 19, 2021 PDF 39.3 37.6 8.2 1.9 3.6 2.3 7.1 ±5 pp 301 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 38.9 34.5 14.8 7.7 2.2 1.9 N/A ±0.0 pp 42,940 Election
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 7, 2021 PDF 42 29 13 3 3 0 10 ±4.7 pp 442 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 30.9 27.7 20.1 5.5 N/A 21.3 N/A ±0.0 pp 40,565 Election
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 14, 2021 PDF 38 34 11 1 11 1 3 ±6 pp 262 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 36.4 39.3 10.7 12.7 N/A 0.9 N/A ±0.0 pp 46,798 Election

Ontario

[edit]
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Other Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research August 23, 2021 HTML 47 34 12 2 4 2 N/A ±5 pp 309 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 42.4 44.4 7.2 4.1 1.0 1.0 N/A ±0.0 pp 53,109 Election
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 8, 2021 PDF 46 11 28 6 3 2 5 ±5.6 pp 303 IVR
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 11, 2021 PDF 32 36 14 2 10 1 5 ±5.1 pp 294 IVR
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 15, 2021 PDF 30 33 16 6 7 0 7 ±5.6 pp 303 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 36.5 39.2 16.5 6.13 1.5 N/A N/A ±0.0 pp 62,920 Election
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research August 27, 2021 PDF 28 25 26 5 2 5 10 ±5.6 pp 305 IVR
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 8, 2021 PDF 36.3 32.8 18.5 4.5 1.5 0.2 6.2 ±5 pp 297 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 43 36.5 12.5 6.6 1.4 N/A N/A ±0.0 pp 66,772 Election
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 16, 2021 PDF 48.1 38.6 7.4 1.6 3.7 0.2 0.4 ±5.6 pp 298 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 45 43.2 6.7 3.9 1.1 N/A N/A ±0.0 pp 64,446 Election
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 18, 2021 HTML 34 27 13 20 5 0 N/A ±5.9 pp 287 IVR
Mainstreet Research August 24, 2021 PDF 27.8 23.4 23.6 11.9 1.2 6.7 5.5 ±5.9 pp 280 IVR
Mainstreet Research August 5, 2021 HTML 25.8 17.9 11.1 14.3 N/A 4 26.8 ±4 pp 601 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 36.7 23.8 11.3 26 1.9 0.4 N/A ±0.0 pp 55,374 Election
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 10, 2021 PDF 35 27 17 2 10 1 8 ±5 pp 301 IVR
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research August 30, 2021 PDF 40 39 11 1 3 1 5 ±5.5 pp 314 IVR
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research August 23, 2021 PDF 42 21 28 5 1 1 2 ±5.3 pp 344 IVR
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research August 5, 2021 HTML 34.5 14.3 16.6 8.8 N/A 2.9 23 ±4 pp 600 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 47.4 13.2 31.5 6.4 1.1 1.1 N/A ±0.0 pp 60,887 Election
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 1, 2021 PDF 25.8 37.5 17.9 8.6 3.4 0.9 5.9 ±5.7 pp 291 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 39.3 34.9 17.1 7.1 1.3 0.5 N/A ±0.0 pp 69,801 Election
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research August 15, 2021 PDF 47.5 18.9 12 3.7 3.9 3.9 10.1 ±4.1 pp 574 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 55.8 17.6 20.1 5.2 1.1 1.1 N/A ±0.0 pp 60,887 Election
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research August 2, 2021 PDF 30 34 21 2 4 3 7 ±5.9 pp 273 IVR
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research August 5, 2021 HTML 39.9 8.6 9.5 15.5 N/A 2.3 24.3 ±4.1 pp 574 IVR
2020 By-election October 26, 2020 HTML 42 5.7 17 32.7 1.1 1.6 N/A ±0.0 pp 25,205 Election
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 57.4 12.1 22.3 7.1 N/A 1.2 N/A ±0.0 pp 54,512 Election
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 16, 2021 PDF 26.8 18.8 28.1 3.5 16.6 0.8 5.5 ±4.9 pp 390 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 33.4 27.8 32.3 3.8 2.2 0.3 N/A ±0.0 pp 56,957 Election

Prince Edward Island

[edit]
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research August 5, 2021 HTML 36.5 25.3 7 12.1 N/A 0.2 19 ±5.9 pp 280 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 41.4 25.6 6.5 26.5 N/A 0.4 N/A ±0.0 pp 23,039 Election

Quebec

[edit]
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Bloc Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
SOM March 29, 2021 HTML 25 9 5.5 20 N/A N/A 6 35 ±5.1 pp 501 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 25 15 10 45.5 4 1 0 N/A ±0.0 pp 50,155 Election
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Bloc Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 4, 2021 PDF 26 30 12 19 2 1 5 5 ±5.5 pp 313 IVR
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Bloc Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 10, 2021 PDF 16.7 14.2 14.1 35.1 3.8 7.4 1.3 7.5 ±5.6 pp 308 IVR
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Bloc Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 4, 2021 PDF 33 17 8 27 6 1 4 5 ±5.1 pp 370 IVR
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Bloc Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 2, 2021 PDF 24.0 27.7 6.6 24.5 4.2 1.5 2.9 8.5 ±5.5 pp 314 IVR
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Bloc Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 11, 2021 PDF 31.0 14.4 5.4 40.8 0.4 2.4 2.3 3.3 ±5.2 pp 355 IVR
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Bloc Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research August 27, 2021 PDF 42.4 5.1 6.1 34.1 4.0 1.7 0.3 6.4 ±5.6 pp 311 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 34.2 6.3 8.5 38.5 6.1 1.3 0.4 N/A ±0.0 pp 59,844 Election
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Bloc Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research August 19, 2021 PDF 33 24 14 9 2 4 2 12 ±4.9 pp 398 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 48.9 16.8 10.5 16.1 6.1 1.3 0.4 N/A ±0.0 pp 62,508 Election
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Bloc Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research August 31, 2021 PDF 29 17 8 33 3 3 2 5 ±4.7 pp 436 IVR
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Bloc Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research August 29, 2021 PDF 29 19 3 31 5 3 3 6 ±5.5 pp 322 IVR
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Bloc Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 13, 2021 PDF 38.2 10.8 4.6 40.1 1.1 2.8 0.2 2.2 ±6.6 pp 221 IVR
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Bloc Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research September 15, 2021 PDF 28 32 2 28 1 0 1 7 ±5 pp 300 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 26 25.2 16.7 28.5 2.5 0.9 0.2 N/A ±0.0 pp 60,538 Election

Saskatchewan

[edit]
Polling Firm Last Date
of Polling
Link Liberal Cons. NDP Green PPC Others Undecided Margin
of Error[1]
Sample
Size[2]
Polling Method[3]
Mainstreet Research August 25, 2021 PDF 19 28.6 28.8 2.4 5.2 1.2 15.5 ±5.6 pp 305 IVR
2019 Election October 21, 2019 HTML 7.3 47.7 40.3 2.7 2.0 N/A N/A ±0.0 pp 38,985 Election

See also

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Notes

[edit]

Notes

1 In cases when linked poll details distinguish between the margin of error associated with the total sample of respondents (including undecided and non-voters) and that of the subsample of decided/leaning voters, the latter is included in the table. Also not included is the margin of error created by rounding to the nearest whole number or any margin of error from methodological sources. Most online polls—because of their opt-in method of recruiting panellists which results in a non-random sample—cannot have a margin of error.[1] In such cases, shown is what the margin of error would be for a survey using a random probability-based sample of equivalent size.[2]
2 Refers to the total sample size, including undecided and non-voters.
3 "Telephone" refers to traditional telephone polls conducted by live interviewers; "IVR" refers to automated Interactive Voice Response polls conducted by telephone; "online" refers to polls conducted exclusively over the internet; "telephone/online" refers to polls which combine results from both telephone and online surveys, or for which respondents are initially recruited by telephone and then asked to complete an online survey.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "MRIA Responds to "Evaluating the Polls: An Open Letter to Ontario's Journalists"". Marketing Research and Intelligence Association. September 16, 2011. Archived from the original on February 22, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2012.
  2. ^ American Association for Public Opinion Research (undated), Best Practices for Survey and Public Opinion Research Archived November 30, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, retrieved October 17, 2012