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Thai banana

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Thai banana
(pisang awak)
粉蕉
Unripe Thai banana in An Giang province, Vietnam
Hybrid parentageMusa acuminata × Musa balbisiana
Cultivar groupABB Group[1][2][3][4]
CultivarMusa 'Pisang Awak'
OriginThailand[1]

Thai banana[3] (also called pisang awak; Chinese: 粉蕉; pinyin: Fěn jiāo) is a banana cultivar originating from Thailand,[1] belonging to the triploid ABB banana cultivar group.[1][2][3][4]

In China, it is commonly known as fenjiao (粉蕉, literally "powder banana") and is widely grown in the southern provinces such as Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan and Fujian.[5]

Etymology

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A bunch of Thai banana

Thai banana (or 'pisang awak') is also known in Australia as 'Ducasse'[6] and 'Kayinja' in Uganda.[7] The Malaysian name "pisang awak" is more commonly used among research institutions.[8][2] In Thailand, it is known as kluai nam wa (กล้วยน้ำว้า, pronounced [klûaj nám wáː]).[9] The term nam wa has crossed over into the Khmer language where Thai banana is known in Cambodia as chek nam va (ចេកណាំវ៉ា),[10] but is known in the Khmer-speaking Thai province of Surin as chek sâ (ចេកស) or white banana.[11] This banana variety has multiple romanizations including 'Namwah Tall' (with a superfluous 'h'). In Vietnam, it is called as chuối sứ or chuối xiêm ("Siamese banana", means 'Thailand banana'). In Philippines, it is commonly called lagkitan in the Southern Tagalog region or botolan in the Palawan region.[12]

As a stout mutation, 'Dwarf Pisang Awak' is known in America as Musa 'Dwarf Namwah' as popularized by Agri-Starts Inc;[13] and in Thai language as kluai nam wa khom (กล้วยน้ำว้าค่อม).[14]

Description

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Thai banana plant grows up to 3–5 m (9.8–16.4 ft) in height.[2] It is known to produce seed with the availability of fertile pollen.[15]

Taxonomy

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Thai banana is originated from Thailand,[1] a cross between Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana. Most sources affirm that Thai banana belongs to the triploid ABB genome group.[1][2][3][4] Its official designation is Musa (ABB Group) 'Pisang Awak'.[3] Synonyms include: Musa paradisiaca var. awak.[16]

Cultivars and mutants

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Several improved cultivars and mutants of the Pisang Awak subgroup have been developed, particularly in China, through different breeding strategies.

'RF1' (Refen 1) is a semi-dwarf mutant derived from ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis of a local ‘Fenjiao’ (ABB Pisang Awak) cultivar. Compared to the wild type, RF1 shows a 32% reduction in pseudostem height, improved cold tolerance, and enhanced resistance to Sigatoka disease, along with increased soluble sugar and starch accumulation and reduced cellulose deposition.[17]

'Qingfen No.1' (青粉1号) is a superior variant selected from somaclonal variation of ‘Zhongfen No.1’ tissue culture plantlets. It features a yellow-green leaf sheath (vs. purple-red in the parent), tall stature (412.2 cm), high yield (average bunch weight 30.5 kg), excellent fruit quality (soluble solids 28.0%), and resistance to leaf spot, bunch top virus and black freckle disease, but is susceptible to Fusarium wilt race 1.[18]

'Fenza No.1' (also known as ‘Fenza 1’, 粉杂1号) is a hybrid cultivar (ABBB genome) derived from crossing ‘Guangfen No.1’ (ABB) with a wild BB banana. It shows high resistance to Fusarium wilt tropical race 4 (TR4), good eating quality, and occupies a significant market share in China's specialty banana sector.[5]

Physiological and molecular studies have also been conducted on the ripening of Pisang Awak bananas. Research on four major Fenjiao cultivars (‘Aifen No.1’, ‘Jinfen No.1’, ‘Guangfen No.1’, and ‘Fenza No.1’) showed that during postharvest ripening, peel hardness and pulp hardness decrease while pulp adhesiveness and compactness increase, with colour parameters (red-green) increasing and (hue angle) decreasing. ‘Fenza No.1’ exhibited the best overall texture among the four.[19]

At the molecular level, a regulatory module involving MaSINAT5 (an E3 ubiquitin ligase), MaERF113 (an ethylene response factor), and MaABI5-like (an abscisic acid signaling transcription factor) controls starch and chlorophyll degradation during ‘Fenjiao’ banana ripening. MaSINAT5 ubiquitinates MaERF113 at the K78 residue, leading to its proteasomal degradation and thereby negatively regulating ripening, while ethylene and ABA synergistically induce MaERF113 and MaABI5-like expression.[20]

Uses

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'Thai banana' is mainly eaten fresh when ripe, or used in desserts and local dishes. Its flesh resists browning, making it suitable for cooking and processing. The leaves and pseudostems are sometimes used as fodder or for wrapping food.[5][17]

In Uganda, 'Thai banana' (known locally as kayinja) is grown for making banana beer.[7][21]

In Cambodia, 'Thai banana' (chek nam va) is favored for its multiple uses. The banana blossoms and pseudostem, although astringent, are eaten as a vegetable. The folded leaves are used as containers for steamed curries such as fish amok and ansom chek.[22][23]

In Vietnam, Thai bananas are eaten ripe or green. "Grilled sticky bananas" is prepared from Thai banana and was listed by CNN as one of "The World's Best Desserts".[24]

In China, Pisang Awak (known as Fenjiao) has a long cultivation history in southern provinces. It is prized for its sweet taste, firm texture when cooked, and relatively stable market price.[17] Unlike the dominant Cavendish banana (AAA genome) which accounts for about 80% of China's banana production, Fenjiao exhibits stronger abiotic stress resistance, making it suitable for subtropical regions with occasional cold spells.[5][17]

See also

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References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ortiz, Amil (2016). MUSA TAXONOMIC REFERENCE COLLECTION (PDF). US: Agricultural Research Service - United States Department of Agriculture. pp. 105–108.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Wang, Koon-Hui; Kepler, Angela K. & Hooks, Cerruti R.R. (2009). "Brief Description of Banana Cultivars Available from the University of Hawaii Seed Program". College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa: 7. Retrieved January 31, 2024 – via Docplayer.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Porcher, Michel (27 March 2011). "Sorting Musa cultivars". plantnames.unimelb.edu.au. The University of Melbourne. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  4. 1 2 3 Molina, A. B.; Roa, V. N.; Staff, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (2000). Advancing Banana and Plantain R and D in Asia and the Pacific. Italy: Bioversity International. p. 59. ISBN 978-971-91751-3-1.
  5. 1 2 3 4 曾鸿运; 吴元立; 黄秉智 (2023). "中国香蕉育种研究进展". 果树学报 (in Chinese and English). 40 (11): 2491–2509. doi:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230151.
  6. ↑ Williams, Robert. "Australian banana industry: Status and R&D update". Advancing Banana and Plantain R&D in Asia and the Pacific. 13: 19–36. Retrieved January 29, 2024.
  7. 1 2 Rietveld, A. M.; Mpiira, S.; Jogo, W.; Staver, C.; Karamura, E. B. (2013-07-29). "The beer banana value chain in central Uganda.". In Blomme, G.; Asten, P. van; Vanlauwe, B. (eds.). Banana systems in the humid highlands of sub-Saharan Africa: enhancing resilience and productivity (1 ed.). UK: CABI. pp. 191–201. doi:10.1079/9781780642314.0191. ISBN 978-1-78064-231-4. Retrieved 2024-01-29.
  8. ↑ "Musa Malay Names". Germplasm Resources Information Network. 1999. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2011.
  9. ↑ Sanoppa, Kanokchan; Meesangket, Supatsorn; Aemchalee, Widchayut; Wongwan, Panupong (2021). "Effects of Supplementation with Pigment Powders from Monascus purpureus Fermented with Pisang Awak Banana (Musa sapientum Linn.) Replace Nitrite in Fermented Pork Sausage" ผลของการใช้ผงสีจาก Monascus purpureus หมักกับกล้วยน้ำว้าทดแทนไนไตรท์ในผลิตภัณฑ์แหนม. The Journal of King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (in Thai). 31 (1): 99–108. doi:10.14416/j.kmutnb.2020.08.001. ISSN 2985-2145 – via kmutnb.
  10. ↑ ទិត ស្រ៊ (2020-08-25). "ចេកណាំវ៉ា ជាដំណាំពេញនិយមរបស់ប្រជាពលរដ្ឋរស់នៅខេត្តព្រះវិហារ និងជួយបង្កើនប្រាក់ចំណូលបានយ៉ាងច្រើនផងដែរ". information.gov.kh (in Khmer). ក្រសួងព័ត៌មាន (Cambodian Ministry of Information). Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  11. ↑ Teel, Stephen, Northern Khmer-Thai-English Dictionary, typescript, Surin, July 1988, Vol. I (ก-บ), p. 172.
  12. ↑ Dizon, Teodora; Pinili, Marita; Cruz, Filipe dela; Damasco, Olivia; Bergh, Inge Van den; Waele, Dirk De (2010-04-01). "Response of Philippine banana (Musa spp,) cultivars to radopholus similis (Thorne) and meloidogyne incognita chitwood under greenhouse conditions" (PDF). Philippine Journal of Crop Science. Vol. 35, no. 1. p. 39.
  13. ↑ "Musa 'Dwarf Namwa'". agristarts.com. Agri-Starts, Inc. Archived from the original on September 25, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
  14. ↑ "แปลงรวบรวมพันธุ์กล้วยพื้นเมืองภาคใต้เพื่อการเรียนรู้" (PDF). r12.ldd.go.th (in Thai). ศูนย์ศึกษา การพัฒนาพิกุลทองฯ (Phikunthong Development Study Center). Retrieved January 31, 2024.
  15. ↑ Nelson, Scot; Ploetz, Randy; Kepler, Angela Kay (2006). "Musa species (banana and plantain)" (PDF). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. p. 7 – via ResearchGate.
  16. ↑ Chong, L.; Aziah, A. N. (2008). "Influence of Partial Substitution of Wheat Flour with Banana (Musa paradisiaca var. Awak) Flour on the Physico - Chemical and Sensory Characteristics of Doughnuts" (PDF). International Food Research journal. Vol. 15, no. 2. pp. 119–124 – via Semantic Scholar.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Wang, Xiaoyi; Wang, Anbang; Li, Yujia; Xu, Yi; Wei, Qing; Wang, Jiashui; Lin, Fei; Gong, Deyong; Liu, Fei (2021). "A Novel Banana Mutant "RF 1" (Musa spp. ABB, Pisang Awak Subgroup) for Improved Agronomic Traits and Enhanced Cold Tolerance and Disease Resistance". Frontiers in Plant Science. 12 730718. doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.730718.
  18. ↑ 杨护; 邝瑞彬; 杨敏; 周陈平; 黄炳雄; 徐少峰; 魏岳荣 (2020). "优质丰产粉蕉新品种'青粉1号'的选育". 果树学报 (in Chinese and English). 37 (2): 293–296. doi:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20190485.
  19. ↑ 黄俊豪; 段承煜; 邓英毅; 李峰; 冯斗; 范斗文; 谷俊杰 (2022). "4个粉蕉品种后熟过程中果实色泽及质构特性变化规律比较". 热带作物学报 (in Chinese and English). 43 (2): 277–284. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2022.02.007.
  20. ↑ Song, Zunyang; Li, Wenhui; Chen, Hangcong; Shi, Jingying; Zhu, Hong; Chen, Weixin; Lu, Wangjin; Li, Xueping; Zhu, Xiaoyang (2025). "E3 ligase SINAT5 mediates ERF113 stability and negatively governs the module of ABI5-like-ERF113 in regulating banana fruit ripening". New Phytologist. 248 (4): 1284–1303. doi:10.1111/nph.70493.
  21. ↑ Rietveld; Ajambo; Nowakuna; Khakasa; Batte; Jakana; Bwengye; Kikulwe; Stoian (2014). "ENHANCING BANANA JUICE AND BEER PRODUCTION & MARKETING IN UGANDA: A PROPOSED BUSINESS CASE" (PDF). International Fund for Agricultural Development – via CGIAR.
  22. ↑ Chiv Lina (2009-09-14). "Khmer Banana". Chanbokeo. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  23. ↑ Deborah S. Hartz-Seeley (July 30, 2009). "Learn to make Cambodian-Style Fish Amok Step-by-Step". Sun Sentinel. South Florida. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
  24. ↑ Anh Minh (March 12, 2023). "Vietnamese grilled bananas among world's most delicious desserts - VnExpress International". VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
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