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Pōhā

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A pōhā covered with tōtara bark and inserted into a flax basket.

Pōhā are traditional bags used by the Māori people of New Zealand made from southern bull kelp, which are used to carry and store food and fresh water, to propagate live shellfish, and to make clothing and equipment for sports.[1][2] Pōhā are especially associated with Ngāi Tahu, who have legally recognised rights for harvesting source species of kelp.[1]

Construction

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Blades from southern bull kelp (rimurapa in Māori)[1][2][3] species such as Durvillaea antarctica and D. poha (named after the pōhā)[4][5] were used to construct the bags.[1] The kelp blades have a 'honeycomb' structure,[6][7] which allows them to be split open, hollowed out (pōhā hau) and inflated into containers.[1][2] Inflated blades are hung out to dry and then deflated and rolled up for transport.[1][2] Tōtara bark can be used to cover and protect the bags.[8]

Uses

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Transport

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Pōhā are used to transport food, fresh water, to enclose food within an oven, and to transport and propagate live seafood such as shellfish (including toheroa),[4] sea stars and pāua in a process referred to as whakawhiti kaimoana.[2][4] Pōhā were often used to carry and store muttonbird (tītī) chicks.[1][2] Pōhā form an airtight seal and food can be safely stored inside them for up to two or three years.[2]

Clothing and sport

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Main article: Surfing in New Zealand

Members of Ngāi Tahu used inflated pōhā to protect their bodies (like a wetsuit) while foraging for seafood, and stories by iwi indicate that pōhā were used for surfing in a sport called kauai or kaukau.[2]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Page 4. Traditional use of seaweeds". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 12 June 2006. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h "Traditional Māori food gathering". Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  3. ^ "rimurapa". māoridictionary.co.nz. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  4. ^ a b c "Maori shellfish project wins scholarship". SunLive. 13 May 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  5. ^ Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Spencer, Hamish G.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2012). "Durvillaea poha sp. nov. (Fucales, Phaeophyceae): a buoyant southern bull-kelp species endemic to New Zealand". Phycologia. 51 (2): 151–156. doi:10.2216/11-47.1.
  6. ^ W. A., Nelson (2013). New Zealand seaweeds : an illustrated guide. Wellington, New Zealand: Te Papa Press. p. 66. ISBN 9780987668813. OCLC 841897290.
  7. ^ Maggy Wassilieff. Seaweed - Bull kelp’s honeycombed structure, Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, Ministry of Culture and Heritage. Updated 2 March 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  8. ^ "Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua: Māori Plant Use". Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
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