Rhamnaceae
| Buckthorn family | |
|---|---|
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| Rhamnus pumila Turra | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| (unranked): | |
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| (unranked): | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | Rhamnaceae |
| Type genus | |
| Rhamnus | |
| Genera | |
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See text. | |
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| The range of Rhamnaceae. | |
| Synonyms | |
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Frangulaceae DC. | |
Rhamnaceae is a large family of flowering plants, mostly trees, shrubs, and some vines, commonly called the buckthorn family.[3]
The family contains 50–60 genera and approximately 870–900 species. Rhamnaceae have a worldwide distribution, but are more common in the subtropical and tropical regions. The earliest fossil evidence of Rhamnaceae is from the Eocene.
Leaves of Rhamnaceae family members are simple, i.e., the leaf blades are not divided into smaller leaflets.[3] Leaves can be either alternate and spiraling, or opposite. Stipules are present. These leaves are modified into spines in many genera, in some (e.g. Paliurus spina-christi and Colletia cruciata) spectacularly so. Colletia stands out by having two axillary buds instead of one, one developing into a thorn, the other one into a shoot.
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The flowers are radially symmetrical. There are 5 (sometimes 4) separate sepals and 5 (sometimes 4 or none) separate petals. The petals may be white, yellowish, greenish, pink or blue, and are small and inconspicuous in most genera, though in some (e.g. Ceanothus) the dense clusters of flowers are conspicuous. The 5 or 4 stamens are opposite the petals.[3] The ovary is superior, with 2 or 3 ovules (or one by abortion).
The fruits are mostly berries, fleshy drupes or nuts. Some are adapted to wind carriage, but most are dispersed by mammals and birds. Chinese jujube is the fruit of the jujube tree (Ziziphus zizyphus) and is a major fruit in China.
The American genus Ceanothus, which has several showy ornamental species, has nitrogen-fixing root nodules.
Economic uses of Rhamnaceae are chiefly as ornamental plants and as the source of many brilliant green and yellow dyes. The wood of Rhamnus was also the most favoured species to make charcoal for use in gunpowder before the development of modern propellants.
Genera
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Systematics
Modern molecular phylogenetics recommend the following clade-based classification of Rhamnaceae:
| Rhamnaceae | |
References
- ^ Walter S. Judd and Richard G. Olmstead (2004). "A survey of tricolpate (eudicot) phylogenetic relationships". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1627–1644. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1627. PMID 21652313. (full text )
- ^ "Family: Rhamnaceae Juss., nom. cons". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2003-01-17. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
- ^ a b c Flowering Plants of the Santa Monica Mountains, Nancy Dale, 2nd Ed. 2000, p. 166
- ^ "Granitites". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
- ^ "GRIN Genera of Rhamnaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
External links
