Rhyolite
| Igneous rock | |
 | |
| Composition | |
|---|---|
| Felsic: igneous quartz and alkali feldspar (sanidine and sodic plagioclase), biotite and hornblende. |
Rhyolite is an igneous, volcanic rock, of felsic (silica-rich) composition (typically > 69% SiO2—see the TAS classification). It may have any texture from glassy to aphanitic to porphyritic. The mineral assemblage is usually quartz, sanidine and plagioclase (in a ratio > 2:1—see the QAPF diagram). Biotite and hornblende are common accessory minerals. It is the extrusive equivalent to granite.
Geology
Rhyolite can be considered as the extrusive equivalent to the plutonic granite rock, and consequently, outcrops of rhyolite may bear a resemblance to granite. Due to their high content of silica and low iron and magnesium contents, rhyolite melts are highly polymerized and form highly viscous lavas. They also occur as breccias or in volcanic plugs and dikes. Rhyolites that cool too quickly to grow crystals form a natural glass or vitrophyre, also called obsidian. Slower cooling forms microscopic crystals in the lava and results in textures such as flow foliations, spherulitic, nodular, and lithophysal structures. Some rhyolite is highly vesicular pumice. Many eruptions of rhyolite are highly explosive and the deposits may consist of fallout tephra/tuff or of ignimbrites.
Eruptions of rhyolite are relatively rare compared to eruptions of less felsic lavas. Only three eruptions of rhyolite have been recorded since the start of the 20th century: at the St. Andrew Strait volcano in Papua New Guinea, Novarupta volcano in Alaska, and Chaiten in southern Chile.
Occurrence
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Europe
- Etsch Valley Vulcanite Group near Bolzano and the surrounding area
- Gréixer rhyolitic complex at Moixeró range (Catalonia, Spain)[1]
- Vosges
- Iceland: all active and extinct central volcanoes[citation needed], e.g. Torfajökull, Leirhnjúkur / Krafla, Breiddalur central volcano
- Papa Stour in Shetland
- Copper Coast Geopark in southeast Ireland
- various locations around Snowdonia, Wales
- Massif de l'Esterel, France
Germany
- the Thuringian Forest consists mainly of rhyolites, latites and pyroclastic rocks of the Rotliegendes
- Saxony, especially the north west
- Saxony-Anhalt north of Halle
- Saar-Nahe Basin e.g. the Königstuhl (Pfalz) on the Donnersberg mountain
- Black Forest e.g. on the Karlsruher Grat
- Odenwald
America
- Andes
- Cascade Range[2]
- Cobalt, Ontario Canada[3]
- Rocky Mountains
- Jemez Mountains
- Rhyolite, Nevada was named after a rhyolite deposit that characterised the area.[4]
- St. Francois Mountains
- Jasper Beach - Machiasport, Maine [5]
Oceania
- the Taupo Volcanic Zone in New Zealand has a large concentration of young rhyolite volcanoes
- the Gondwana Rainforests of Australia World Heritage Area contains rhyolite-restricted flora along the Great Dividing Range
Asia
- The Malani Igneous Suite, Rajasthan, India.
- The Yandang Shan mountain chain,[6] near the town of Wenzhou, Zhejiang province, China
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A sample of Rhyolite from the Conical Hill dome at the head Lyttelton Harbour, Banks Peninsula, New Zealand
Name
The name rhyolite was introduced into geology in 1860 by the German traveler and geologist Ferdinand von Richthofen.[7][8]
Quarrying
In North American pre-historic times, rhyolite was quarried extensively in eastern Pennsylvania in the United States. Among the leading quarries was the Carbaugh Run Rhyolite Quarry Site in Adams County, where as many as fifty small quarry pits are known.[9]
See also
References
- ^ J. Martí, G.J. Aguirre-Díaz, A. Geyer. "The Gréixer rhyolitic complex (Catalan Pyrenees): an example of Permian caldera". Workshop on Collapse Calderas - La Réunion 2010. IAVCEI - Commission on Collapse Calderas.
- ^ Cascades Volcano Observatory. "Cascades Volcano Observatory". usgs.gov. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
- ^ ROBERT CINITS. "The Proteus Property" (PDF).
- ^ "Rhyolite Ghost Town". Retrieved 2009-12-22.
- ^ [1]
- ^ "Yandang Shan". Retrieved 2011-12-22.
- ^ Simpson, John A.; Weiner, Edmund S. C., eds. (1989). Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. 13 (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 873.
- ^ Young, Davis A. (2003). Mind Over Magma: The Story of Igneous Petrology. Princeton University Press. p. 117. ISBN 0-691-10279-1.
- ^ Beckerman, Ira. National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Carbaugh Run Rhyolite Quarry Site (36AD30). National Park Service, 1981, 2.
External links
