Rice riots of 1918

The rice riots of 1918 (米騒動, kome sōdō) were a series of popular disturbances that erupted throughout Japan from July to September 1918, which brought about the collapse of the Terauchi Masatake administration.

Causes

A precipitous rise in the price of rice caused extreme economic hardship, particularly in rural areas where rice was the main staple of life.^[1] Farmers, who compared the low prices they were receiving from government regulation with the high market prices, had tremendous hostility to rice merchants and government officials, who had allowed the consumer price to spiral out of control. The inflation came in the early-20th-century inflationary spiral, which also affected most consumer goods and rents, and so urban dwellers also had considerable scope for grievances. The Siberian Intervention further inflamed the situation, with the government buying up existing rice stocks to support the troops overseas, which further drove rice prices even higher. The government intervention in economic affairs (low regulated rice prices) caused rural protests to spread to towns and cities.

Riots

The rice riots were unparalleled in modern Japanese history in terms of scope, size, and violence. The initial protest occurred in the small fishing town of Uozu, Toyama Prefecture, on 23 July 1918. It started with peaceful petitioning but quickly escalated to riots, strikes, looting, incendiary bombings of police stations and government offices, and armed clashes. In 1918, there were 417 separate disputes involving more than 66,000 workers.^[1] Some 25,000 people were arrested, of whom 8,200 were convicted of various crimes, with punishments ranging from minor fines to execution.^[2]

A link to Japanese imperialism is debated. Scholars argue that to alleviate the demand for rice, which exceeded the production capabilities of Japan at the time, colonial rice production in Taiwan and Korea was intensified.^[3]

Government response

Taking responsibility for the collapse of public order, Japanese Prime Minister Terauchi and his cabinet resigned on 21 September 1918.

1921 Rice Act

In response to the riots a measure of control was sought through the enactment of the 1921 Rice Act, or the Rice Law. This law established import duties and the ability to limit imports of rice from outside the Japanese Empire, and allowed the government power to control the "purchase, sale, storage, and processing of rice within the financial limit of two thousand million yen".^[4]^[5]

References

^ ^a ^b Crump, John (1996). "The Anarchist Movement in Japan, 1906–1996". Anarchist Communist Editions ACE Pamphlet. 8. Pirate Press.
^ MacPherson, WJ (1995). The Economic Development of Japan 1868–1941. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55792-5.
^ Smitka, Michael (1998). Japanese Prewar Growth (Japanese Economic History 1600–1960). Routledge. p. 192. ISBN 0-8153-2705-6.
^ Yujiro Hayami. "Rice Policy in Japan's Economic Development" (PDF). American Journal of Agricultural Economics: 24–25.
^ Chan Qiu Qing (2020-12-21). "Commentary on Discriminatory Rice Policy". Japan Empire Sources. Retrieved 2023-11-21.