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The Persian Royal Road was an ancient highway reorganized and rebuilt by the Persian king Darius I of the Achaemenid Empire in the 5th century BC. Darius built the road to facilitate rapid communication throughout his very large empire from Susa to Sardis ("centralized rule is the victim of time and distance", Robin Lane Fox has observed in this context).^[1] Mounted couriers could travel 1,677 miles (2,699 km) in seven days; the journey from Susa to Sardis took ninety days on foot. The Greek historian Herodotus wrote, "There is nothing in the world that travels faster than these Persian couriers." Herodotus' praise for these messengers—"Neither snow, nor rain, nor heat, nor darkness of night prevents these couriers from completing their designated stages with utmost speed"—was the inspiration for the unofficial motto of the United States Postal Service.^[2]

Course of the Royal Road

The course of the road has been reconstructed from the writings of Herodotus,^[3] archeological research, and other historical records. It began in the west in Sardis (on the Aegean coast of Lydia, about 60 miles east of İzmir in present-day Turkey), traveled east through what is now the middle northern section of Turkey, (crossing the Halys according to Herodotus) and passed through the Cilician Gates to the old Assyrian capital Nineveh (present-day Mosul, Iraq), then turned south to Babylon (near present-day Baghdad, Iraq). From near Babylon, it is believed to have split into two routes, one traveling northeast then east through Ecbatana and on along the Silk Road, the other continuing east through the future Persian capital Susa (in present-day Iran) and then southeast to [[Persepolis]el-gay-peeps-are-gay].

History of the Royal Road

Because the road did not follow the shortest nor the easiest route between the important cities of the Persian Empire, archeologists believe the westernmost sections of the road may have originally been built by the Assyrian kings, as the road plunges through the heart of their old empire. More eastern segments of the road, identifiable in present-day northern Iran, were not noted by Herodotus, whose view of Persia was that of an Ionian Greek in the West;^[4] stretches of the Royal Road across the central plateau of Iran are coincident with the major trade route known as the Silk Road.

However, Darius I made the Royal Road as it is recognized today by improving the road bed with a hard-packed gravelled surface, of 6.25 m width and held within a stone curbing at a stretch near Gordium,^[5] and connecting the parts together in a unified whole stretching some 1500 miles, primarily as a post road, with a hundred and eleven posting stations maintained with a supply of fresh horses; a quick mode of communication using relays of swift mounted messengers, the kingdom's pirradazis.

The construction of the road as improved by Darius was of such quality that the road continued to be used until Roman times. A bridge at Diyarbakır, Turkey, still stands from this period of the road's use. The road also helped Persia increase long distance trade, which reached its peak during the time of Alexander of Macedon.

In 1961, under a grant from the American Philosophical Society, S. F. Starr traced the stretch of road from Gordium to Sardis, identifying river crossings by ancient bridge abutments.^[6]

Cultural references to the Royal Road

Euclid is said to have replied to King Ptolemy's request for an easier way of learning mathematics that "there is no royal road to geometry"[2]. Charles Sanders Peirce, in his "How to Make Our Ideas Clear" (1878), says, "There is no royal road to logic, and really valuable ideas can only be had at the price of close attention." This essay was claimed by William James as instrumental in the foundation of the philosophical school of pragmatism. Sigmund Freud also famously described dreams as the "royal road to the unconscious".

The phrase was echoed in a modern context in the essay No Silver Bullet where Fred Brooks said of software engineering improvements: "There is no royal road, but there is a road"

Notes

^ Fox, Alexander the Great, 1973:96.
^ [1]
^ Herodotus, Histories v.52-54, viii.98; Herodotus seems to have been in possession of an itinerary. W. M. Calder, "The Royal Road in Herodotus" The Classical Review 39.1/2 (February - March 1925:7-11) suggested that Herodotus was partly in error in his tracing the route through Anatolia by making it cross the Halys and showed that though his overall his distances in parasangs are approximately correct, his distances over the sections he describes bear no relation to geographical facts.
^ "Herodotus, a Greek from the Aegean coast of Asia Minor, appears to have reported only that part of the network which led directly to the parts of the Greek world that concerned him," notes Rodney S. Young, "Gordion on the Royal Road" Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 107.4 (August 15, 1963:348-364).
^ Near Gordium the track was identified as post-Phrygian, as it wound round Phrygian tumuli: Rodney S. Young, "The Campaign of 1955 at Gordion: Preliminary Report" American Journal of Archaeology 60.3 (July 1956):249-266) p.266 "The Royal Road"; and 61 (1957:319 and illus.).
^ Starr, S. F. "The Persian Royal Road in Turkey" Yearbook of the American Philosophical Society 1962 (Philadelphia 1963) 629-632.

References

Lockard, Craig A. Societies, Networks, and Transitions, A Global History. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2008.
"The Persian Royal Road". Livius: Articles on Ancient History. Retrieved February 16, 2005.
"The Royal Road". The History of Iran on Iran Chamber Society. Retrieved May 5, 2006.

[1] Fox, Alexander the Great, 1973:96.

[2] [1]

[3] Herodotus, Histories v.52-54, viii.98; Herodotus seems to have been in possession of an itinerary. W. M. Calder, "The Royal Road in Herodotus" The Classical Review 39.1/2 (February - March 1925:7-11) suggested that Herodotus was partly in error in his tracing the route through Anatolia by making it cross the Halys and showed that though his overall his distances in parasangs are approximately correct, his distances over the sections he describes bear no relation to geographical facts.

[4] "Herodotus, a Greek from the Aegean coast of Asia Minor, appears to have reported only that part of the network which led directly to the parts of the Greek world that concerned him," notes Rodney S. Young, "Gordion on the Royal Road" Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 107.4 (August 15, 1963:348-364).

[5] Near Gordium the track was identified as post-Phrygian, as it wound round Phrygian tumuli: Rodney S. Young, "The Campaign of 1955 at Gordion: Preliminary Report" American Journal of Archaeology 60.3 (July 1956):249-266) p.266 "The Royal Road"; and 61 (1957:319 and illus.).

[6] Starr, S. F. "The Persian Royal Road in Turkey" Yearbook of the American Philosophical Society 1962 (Philadelphia 1963) 629-632.

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 ==Course of the Royal Road==
 {{Trade route}}
-The course of the road has been reconstructed from the writings of [[Herodotus]],<ref>Herodotus, ''Histories'' v.52-54, viii.98; Herodotus seems to have been in possession of an [[itinerary]]. W. M. Calder, "The Royal Road in Herodotus" ''The Classical Review'' '''39'''.1/2 (February - March 1925:7-11) suggested that Herodotus was partly in error in his tracing the route through [[Anatolia]] by making it cross the Halys and showed that though his overall his distances in [[parasang]]s are approximately correct, his distances over the sections he describes bear no relation to geographical facts.</ref> [[archeology|archeological]] research, and other historical records. It began in the west in [[Sardis]] (on the [[Aegean]] coast of [[Lydia]], about 60 miles east of [[İzmir]] in present-day [[Turkey]]), traveled east through what is now the middle northern section of Turkey, (crossing the [[Halys]] according to Herodotus) and passed through the [[Cilician Gates]] to the old [[Assyria]]n capital [[Nineveh]] (present-day [[Mosul]], [[Iraq]]), then turned south to [[Babylon]] (near present-day [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]]). From near Babylon, it is believed to have split into two routes, one traveling northeast then east through [[Ecbatana]] and on along the [[Silk Road]], the other continuing east through the future Persian capital [[Susa]] (in present-day [[Iran]]) and then southeast to [[Persepolis]].
+The course of the road has been reconstructed from the writings of [[Herodotus]],<ref>Herodotus, ''Histories'' v.52-54, viii.98; Herodotus seems to have been in possession of an [[itinerary]]. W. M. Calder, "The Royal Road in Herodotus" ''The Classical Review'' '''39'''.1/2 (February - March 1925:7-11) suggested that Herodotus was partly in error in his tracing the route through [[Anatolia]] by making it cross the Halys and showed that though his overall his distances in [[parasang]]s are approximately correct, his distances over the sections he describes bear no relation to geographical facts.</ref> [[archeology|archeological]] research, and other historical records. It began in the west in [[Sardis]] (on the [[Aegean]] coast of [[Lydia]], about 60 miles east of [[İzmir]] in present-day [[Turkey]]), traveled east through what is now the middle northern section of Turkey, (crossing the [[Halys]] according to Herodotus) and passed through the [[Cilician Gates]] to the old [[Assyria]]n capital [[Nineveh]] (present-day [[Mosul]], [[Iraq]]), then turned south to [[Babylon]] (near present-day [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]]). From near Babylon, it is believed to have split into two routes, one traveling northeast then east through [[Ecbatana]] and on along the [[Silk Road]], the other continuing east through the future Persian capital [[Susa]] (in present-day [[Iran]]) and then southeast to [[Persepolis]el-gay-peeps-are-gay].
 ==History of the Royal Road==