Streptaxidae
| Streptaxidae Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| A live individual of Gonospira uvula | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| (unranked): | clade Heterobranchia
clade Euthyneura |
| Superfamily: | Gray, 1860
|
| Family: | Streptaxidae |
| Subfamilies | |
|
Enneinae Bourguignat, 1883 | |
| Diversity[1] | |
| 58 genera | |
Streptaxidae is a family of carnivorous air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora. Six Streptaxidae subfamilies are accepted in the 2005 taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi.
Streptaxidae are carnivorous except for one species Edentulina moreleti, which is herbivorous.[3] All streptaxids have well-developed radula, except Careoradula perelegans, which is the only known terrestrial gastropod without radula.[4]
Altogether 66 species from the family Streptaxidae are listed in the 2010 IUCN Red List.[5]
Distribution
The historical area of origin of the Streptaxidae is probably Gondwanaland.[6]
The family is widely distributed across the tropical and subtropical areas of South America, Africa and Asia.[7] The Recent native distribution of Streptaxidae includes South America, Africa, Arabia, Madagascar, Seychelles, Mayotte, Comores, Mauritius, Réunion, Rodrigues, India, Sri Lanka, Andamans, South-East Asia and the Philippines.[1] The genus Gibbulinella is found in the Canary Islands.[1]
The species diversity of Streptaxidae reaches its maximum in sub-Saharan Africa.[7]
With 13 genera and about 130 nominal species, the second most diverse streptaxid fauna can be found in Southeast Asia.[7] Streptaxidae are the most diverse among tropical Asian carnivorous snails.[7] In Indochina, streptaxid diversity was thought to comprise only 10 genera and about 40 species in 1967.[8] However, in 2006-2016, 21 new species (more than half the previous total) and one new genus had been described from Indochina.[8] Thirty-seven species are recorded from Thailand, 10 from Myanmar, 45 from Vietnam,[8][9] and 12 from Laos.[8]
Description
Streptaxids can generally be recognized by their eccentric or cylindrical shells, while the animals have a bright yellow to red or orange body with external hook-like structures on the everted penis.[7]
Early classifications of the family such as Wilhelm Kobelt (1905–6), used mainly shell shape and the arrangement of apertural dentition.[8] However, many shell characters are highly conserved or occur recurrently, making some species and genera difficult to separate.[8] The reproductive organs of streptaxids can also be taxonomically significant.[8]
Taxonomy
Prior to Schileyko’s revision in 2000 only two subfamilies, the Streptaxinae and the Enneinae had been recognized, which were primarily based on their shell morphology.[7]
2005 taxonomy
Only the one family, Streptaxidae, was recognized within the Streptaxoidea in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005).[10]
There are 6 subfamilies in the family Streptaxidae according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, that follows Schileyko (2000):[11]
- Streptaxinae Gray, 1860 - synonym: Artemonidae Bourguignat, 1889
- Enneinae Bourguignat, 1883[12] - synonym: Streptostelidae Bourguignat, 1889
- Marconiinae Schileyko, 2000[13]
- Odontartemoninae Schileyko, 2000[14]
- Orthogibbinae Germain, 1921[15] - synonyms: Gibbinae Steenberg, 1936; Gonidominae Steenberg, 1936
- Ptychotrematinae Pilsbry, 1919[16]
2010 taxonomy
Sutcharit et al. (2010)[1] have established a new family Diapheridae within Streptaxoidea and they have added two genera Diaphera and Sinoennea into Diapheridae.[1]
In the recent decades, most of the taxonomic and systematic research on streptaxids has been performed on sub-Saharan African taxa.[7] Only a few publications focus on South American or Asian groups.[7]
Genera
Genera in the family Streptaxidae include:
Streptaxinae
- Acanthennea Martens, 1898[1] - with the only species Acanthennea erinacea (Martens, 1898)[6]
- Augustula Thiele, 1931[1] - with the only species Augustula braueri (Martens, 1898)[6]
- Careoradula Gerlach & van Bruggen, 1999[1] - with the only species Careoradula perelegans (Martens, 1898)[6]
- Discartemon Pfeiffer, 1856[1]
- Glabrennea[1]
- Glyptoconus Möllendorff, 1894[1]
- Hypselartemon Wenz, 1947[1][17]
- Indoartemon Forcart, 1946[1]
- Martinella Jousseaume, 1887[1]
- Micrartemon Möllendorff, 1890[1]
- Perrottetia Kobelt, 1905[1]
- Platycochlium Laidlaw, 1950[1]
- Rectartemon Baker, 1925[1]
- Sairostoma Haas, 1938[1]
- Seychellaxis[1]
- Silhouettia Gerlach & van Bruggen, 1999[1][6] - with the only species Silhouettia silhouettae (Martens, 1898)[6]
- Stemmatopsis[1]
- Stereostele Pilsbry, 1919[1] - with the only species Stereostele nevilli (Adams, 1868)[6]
- Streptartemon Kobelt, 1905[1]
- Streptaxis Gray, 1837[1] - type genus of the family Streptaxidae
- Tonkinia Mabille, 1887[1]
Enneinae
- Bruggennea Dance, 1972[1][18]
- Ennea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855[1] - type genus of the subfamily
- Elma Adams, 1866[1]
- Indoennea Kobelt, 1904[1]
- Maurennea[1]
- Pupigulella Pilsbry, 1919
- Streptostele Dohrn, 1866[1]
- Varicostele Pilsbry, 1919[1]
Marconiinae
- Macrogonaxis Bequaert & Clench, 1936[19][1]
- Marconia Bourguignat, 1889[1] - type genus of the subfamily
- Stenomarconia Germain, 1934[1]
Odontartemoninae
- Afristreptaxis Thiele, 1932[1]
- Artemonopsis Germain, 1908[1]
- Gigantaxis Tomlin, 1930[1]
- Odontartemon L. Pfeiffer, 1856[1] - type genus of the subfamily
- Pseudogonaxis Thiele, 1932[1]
- Somalitayloria Verdcourt, 1962[1]
- Tayloria Bourguignat, 1889[1]
Orthogibbinae
- Edentulina Pfeiffer, 1856[1]
- Gibbulinella Wenz, 1920[1]
- † Gibbus Montfort, 1810 - this genus was endemic to Mauritius and it is now extinct[1]
- Gonaxis Taylor, 1877[1]
- † Gonidomus Swainson, 1840 - this genus was endemic to Mauritius and it is now extinct[1]
- Gonospira Swainson, 1840[1]
- Haploptychius Kobelt, 1905[1]
- Imperturbatia Martens, 1898[1]
- Microstrophia Möllendorff, 1887[1]
- Oophana Ancey, 1884[1]
- Orthogibbus Germain, 1919 - type genus of the subfamily
- Plicadomus Swainson, 1840[1]
- Priodiscus Martens, 1898[1]
- Pseudelma Kobelt, 1904[1]
Ptychotrematinae
- Dadagulella Rowson & Tattersfield, 2013[20][note 1]
- Gulella Pfeiffer, 1856[1]
- Huttonella Pfeiffer, 1855[1]
- Mirellia Thiele, 1933[1]
- Parennea Pilsbry, 1919[1]
- Ptychotrema L. Pfeiffer, 1853[1] - type genus of the subfamily
- Sinistrexcisa De Winter, Gomez & Prieto, 1999[1]
Unsorted to subfamily:
- Conturbatia Gerlach, 2001 - with the only species Conturbatia crenata Gerlach, 2001[21]
- Costigulella Pilsbry, 1919 - formerly included in Gulella
- Parvedentulina Emberton & Pearce, 2000 - endemic to Madagascar[22]
Notes:
- Scolodonta Doering, 1875 used to be classified within Streptaxinae,[1] but Scolodonta is the type genus of the family Scolodontidae.[10]
See also
References
This article includes CC-BY-3.0 text from the reference[7] and CC-BY-4.0 from the reference[8]
- ^ Dadagulella is placed here within Ptychotrematinae, because Dadagulella and Gulella are supposed to be sister groups.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl Sutcharit C., Naggs F., Wade C. M., Fontanilla I. & Panha S. (2010). "The new family Diapheridae, a new species of Diaphera Albers from Thailand, and the position of the Diapheridae within a molecular phylogeny of the Streptaxoidea (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160: 1-16. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00598.x.
- ^ Gray J. E. (October 1860) "On the arrangement of the land pulmoniferous Mollusca into families". Annals and Magazine of Natural History, serie 3, 6: 267-269. Streptaxidae is on the page 268.
- ^ Gerlach J. (2001). "Edentulina moreleti", the first herbivorous streptaxid (Gastropoda)". Phelsuma 9: 75. PDF.
- ^ Gerlach J. & van Bruggen A. C. (1998). "A first record of a terrestrial mollusc without a radula". Journal of Molluscan Studies 64(2): 249-250. doi:10.1093/mollus/64.2.249.
- ^ IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.3. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 27 September 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g Gerlach J. & Bruggen A. C. van (1999). "Streptaxidae Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) of the Seychelles Islands, western Indian Ocean". Zoologische Verhandelingen 328: 1-60. abstract, PDF.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Siriboon, T.; Sutcharit, C.; Naggs, F.; Panha, S. (2013). "Three new species of the carnivorous snail genus Perrottetia Kobelt, 1905 from Thailand (Pulmonata, Streptaxidae)". ZooKeys. 287: 41–57. doi:10.3897/zookeys.287.4572. PMC 3677355. PMID 23794847.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h Inkhavilay, Khamla; Siriboon, Thanit; Sutcharit, Chirasak; Rowson, Ben; Panha, Somsak (2016-05-16). "The first revision of the carnivorous land snail family Streptaxidae in Laos, with description of three new species (Pulmonata, Stylommatophora, Streptaxidae)". ZooKeys. 589: 23–53. doi:10.3897/zookeys.589.7933. ISSN 1313-2970. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Sang, Do Duc; Do Duc, Sang (2017). "Checklist of the genus Perrottetia Kobelt, 1905 (Pulmonata: Streptaxidae) of Vietnam, with description of a new species". Folia Malacologica. 25 (2): 95–100. doi:10.12657/folmal.025.009. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
- ^ a b Bouchet, Philippe; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Frýda, Jiri; Hausdorf, Bernard; Ponder, Winston; Valdés, Ángel & Warén, Anders (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia. 47 (1–2). Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks: 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997.
- ^ Schileyko A. A. (2000). "Treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs: Rhytididae; Chlamydephoridae; Systrophiidae; Haplotrematidae; Streptaxidae; Spiraxidae; Oleacinidae; Testacellidae". Ruthenica Supplement 2 Part 6: 731–880.
- ^ Bourguignat J. R. (1883) Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, serie 6, 15, Art. 2: page 74.
- ^ Schileyko A. A. (2000). "Treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs: Rhytididae, Chlamydephoridae, Systrophiidae, Haplotrematidae, Streptaxidae, Spiraxidae, Oleacinidae, Testacellidae". Ruthenica, Suppl. 2, Part 6: 731-880. page 828.
- ^ Schileyko A. A. (2000). "Treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs: Rhytididae, Chlamydephoridae, Systrophiidae, Haplotrematidae, Streptaxidae, Spiraxidae, Oleacinidae, Testacellidae". Ruthenica, Suppl. 2, Part 6: 731-880. page 830.
- ^ Germain (1921) Faune malacologique terrestre et fluviatile des iles Mascareignes: 415, 461.
- ^ Pilsbry H. A. (1919) Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 40: 180.
- ^ Wenz W. v. (1947) "Zur Taxonomie der Euthyneura". Archiv für Molluskenkunde 76(1): 336.
- ^ Dance S. P. (1972). "Bruggennea n.gen., proposed for Recent streptaxids from Borneo (Gastropoda, Streptaxidae)". Archiv für Molluskenkunde 102: 131-132.
- ^ Bequaert J. & Clench W. J. (1936). "Studies of African land and fresh-water mollusks. Notes on Gonaxis Taylor, with description of a new species". Journal of Conchology London, 20: 263-273.
- ^ Rowson B. & Tattersfield P. (2013). "Revision of Dadagulella gen. nov., the “Gulella radius group” (Gastropoda: Streptaxidae) of the eastern Afrotropics, including six new species and three new subspecies". European Journal of Taxonomy 37: 1-46. doi:10.5852/ejt.2013.37.
- ^ Gerlach J. (2001). "Conturbatia, a new genus of Streptaxidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Pulmonata)". Zoosystematics and Evolution 77(2): 297-302. doi:10.1002/mmnz.20010770213.
- ^ Emberton K. C. (2002). "Parvedentulina and edentate Gulella of Madagascar (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Streptaxidae)". Archiv für Molluskenkunde 131(1/2): 67-165. abstract.
Further reading
- Zilch A. (1961). "Die Typen und Typoide des Natur-Museums Senckenberg 24: Mollusca, Streptaxidae". Archiv für Molluskenkunde 90: 79-120.
External links
