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Tom Horne

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For other people named Thomas Horne, see Thomas Horne (disambiguation).
Tom Horne
Horne at an event in Phoenix in 2023
19th and 23rd Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction
Incumbent
Assumed office
January 2, 2023
GovernorKatie Hobbs
Preceded byKathy Hoffman
In office
January 1, 2003 – January 1, 2011
GovernorJanet Napolitano
Jan Brewer
Preceded byJaime Molera
Succeeded byJohn Huppenthal
25th Attorney General of Arizona
In office
January 3, 2011 – January 5, 2015
GovernorJan Brewer
Preceded byTerry Goddard
Succeeded byMark Brnovich
Member of the Arizona House of Representatives
from the 24th district
In office
January 1997 – January 2001
Serving with Barbara Leff
Preceded byErnest Baird
Sue Grace
Succeeded byStephen Tully
Personal details
Born
Thomas Charles Horne

(1945-03-28) March 28, 1945 (age 79)
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Political partyRepublican
SpouseMartha (died 2019)
Children5 (1 deceased)
EducationHarvard University (BA, JD)

Thomas Charles Horne (born March 28, 1945)[1] is a Canadian-American politician, attorney, businessman, and activist who has served as the Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction since 2023 and previously from 2003 to 2011. A member of the Republican Party, he was Attorney General of Arizona from 2011 to 2015. Horne ran for reelection as Attorney General but lost to Mark Brnovich in the 2014 Republican primary.

He returned to the office of Superintendent of Public Instruction in 2023, having been elected to that office in the 2022 election.

Early life and education

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Horne was born in Quebec[2] to Polish Jewish parents.[3] He was raised in New York,[2] and became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1954.[4] He graduated from Mamaroneck High School in the early 1960s.[2] He was a Democrat before becoming a Republican.[3] He attended the March on Washington in 1963.[2] Horne graduated from Harvard College in 1967 and Harvard Law School in 1970.[4] Soon after graduating from law school, he moved to Arizona.[2]

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Horne was a trial lawyer.[5] Horne served as a teacher of Legal Writing at Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law and wrote a text on construction law published by the State Bar of Arizona.[6]

Horne was the president of T.C. Horne & Co., an investment firm he founded in the late 1960s, while he was a student at Harvard Law School.[7][8] The firm went bankrupt in 1970, and in 1973, the Securities and Exchange Commission banned Horne from the securities industry for life.[8] The 1973 SEC report said that that as president of T.C. Horne & Co, Horne "among other things, violated the record-keeping, anti-fraud, and broker-dealer net capital provisions of the federal securities laws and filed false financial reports with the commission.[8] Horne stipulated (i.e., chose not to dispute) an SEC finding that he and his firm "willfully aided and abetted" in violations of securities law; he neither admitted nor denied guilt.[7] From 1997 to 2002, Horne failed to disclose the bankruptcy in corporate filings to the Arizona Corporation Commission on at least four occasions.[9][10] When asked in 2010 about the omissions, he said he had forgotten about the bankruptcy.[10] Asked about the 1973 SEC ban in 2010, Horne blamed errors by a company that he had contracted to do accounting,[7] and on his attempt to use "early-on computerization" while working and being a law student.[8][10]

Career as school board member and state representative (1979-2001)

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Horne was first elected to public office in 1979, when he was elected to the Paradise Valley Unified School District board.[2] He served on the board for the next 24 years,[2] and was board chair for ten of those years.[5]

Horne was elected to the Arizona House of Representatives in 1996,[2] and served from 1997 to 2001.[9]

In 2000, Horne ran for the Arizona Senate for District 24, but lost the Republican primary to Dean Martin.[11]

State Superintendent of Public Instruction (2003-2011)

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In 2003, Horne was elected Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction; he served two terms, ending in 2011.[2]

Horne oversaw the adoption to new Arizona's social studies standards, implemented beginning in the 2007-08 school year, under which all students "learn lessons in five areas including American history, world history, geography, civics and government, and economics" in each year from kindergarten through high school.[12]

Horne was an advocate for full-day kindergarten, citing research that showed that such programs reduce the achievement gap between students from poor households and those from more affluent homes.[13][14]

He also pushed for nutritional standards that removed junk food vending machines from elementary schools and created incentives for secondary schools to do so on a voluntary basis.[15]

Horne, a classically trained pianist and founder of the Phoenix Baroque Ensemble, advocated for increasing arts education in schools.[16]

Horne also continued to implement the Arizona Instrument to Measure Success standardized test; performance on the AIMS test (either alone or in combination with Advanced Placement examss and International Baccalaureate exams) determines graduating high school students' qualification for a "high honors" diploma, which guarantees free tuition at Arizona's three public universities.[17][18]

Horne implemented policies that discouraged bilingual education and sought to shut down the Tucson Unified School District's controversial Mexican American Studies Department Programs.[19] He argued that the Tucson ethnic studies programs "separated students by race, taught them that they are oppressed, and was influenced by Marxist and communist philosophies."[19] He drafted a 2010 state law (which was adopted and went into effect in 2011, as HB 2281.) that effectively banned ethnic studies, and led to the Tucson Unified School District board closing its program in January 2012.[20][21] A group of students and parents sued over the state law, leading to seven years of legal proceedings.[22][23] In July 2017, Horne testified in the litigation; in his testimony, he defended the law and asserted that the Tucson program was led by radical teachers.[20] The federal district court, later in 2017, ultimately issued a permanent injunction blocking Arizona from enforcing the law, determining that the decision to ban the Tucson program was "motivated by a desire to advance a political agenda by capitalizing on race-based fears" and was unconstitutional.[22][23]

Attorney General

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On November 2, 2010, Horne defeated Felecia Rotellini in the race for Arizona Attorney General in the 2010 elections.

Arizona v. United States

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Within a few weeks of becoming A.G., his office had filed an appearance in Arizona v. United States, defending the governor and the state against the Obama administration's federal court challenge to S.B. 1070.[24] The previous A.G., Terry Goddard, had withdrawn from the case, acceding to the demands of Governor Jan Brewer.[25]

Consumer and antitrust litigation

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Shortly after winning the 2010 election, Horne announced an intent to pursuing violations of the Arizona Consumer Fraud Act and other consumer protections violation.[26] This led to a string of sting operations against auto repair businesses in the Valley.[27][28][29]

Along with state attorney generals in many other states, Horne's office represented Arizona in multi-state settlements with the nation's five largest mortgage servicers (Arizona's share was $1.6 billion of a $25 billion nationwide deal involving 49 AGs);[30][31][32] with Sirius XM (Arizona's share was $230,000 of the $3.8 million settlement),[33][34] and with Pfizer Inc. (over allegations of unlawful promotion of Rapamune; Arizona's share was $721,169 out of the nationwide $35 million settlement).[35]

Arizona v. Inter Tribal Council case

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In a 2012 United States Supreme Court case, Arizona v. Inter Tribal Council of Arizona, Inc., Horne argued that Arizona's voter registration requirements were not preempted by the National Voter Registration Act of 1993. The Court ruled in favor of the Native American tribes, and against Horne and Arizona, by a 7–2 vote. The decision stated: "Arizona is correct that the Elections Clause empowers Congress to regulate how federal elections are held, but not who may vote in them. The latter is the province of the states." However, because Horne's predecessor as Attorney General had not appealed an adverse decision by the commission, the case was sent back for a new petition to the commission to be appealed. It was consolidated with a 10th circuit case, which ruled adversely, and the Supreme Court chose not to review a second time.[36] The Court also held that Arizona may petition to have more requirements added to the federal standard.[37]

Firearms regulations

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In 2013 Horne wrote an opinion that defended the state preemption of regulation of firearms; he found that Tucson's city gun laws were unenforceable.[38] In 2012 Horne proposed that a principal or a designee be trained and armed in each school.[39] In 2013, he proposed legislation that would allow teachers to carry guns in public schools.[40]

Same-sex marriage

[edit]
Further information: Same-sex marriage in Arizona

Horne threatened to sue the city of Bisbee, Arizona, over its 2013 ordinance recognizing same-sex couples. He withdrew the threat several days later when Bisbee agreed to rewrite the ordinance, removing rights reserved for married couples under Arizona law.[41][42] In October 2014, a federal judge ruled that Arizona's law banning gay marriage was unconstitutional, and Horne did not appeal, stating he felt there was "zero" chance of the ruling being overturned, adding, "I think it is over."[43]

Immigration

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In 2013, Horne sued Maricopa County Community College District and Pima Community College, seeking to compel the community colleges to end their policy of providing in-state tuition for "dreamers" (undocumented immigrants who came to the U.S. as children).[44][45] Horne argued that these students were disqualified from in-state tuition by state law, even if the federal government had approved them to remain and work in the U.S. under the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program.[45][44] Several students held protests at Horne's office, leading to some being arrested.[46] Horne denied being anti-immigrant, saying he was one himself, being born in Canada.[45] In 2015, a Maricopa Superior Court judge ruled that the "dreamers" could pay in-state tuition rates.[47] However, the State appealed the decision, and in 2017, the Arizona Court of Appeals sided with the AG's office (then led by Horne's successor, Mark Brnovich), ruling that the dreamers were not eligible for in-state tuition.[48]

In 2014, Horne criticized Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) for sending undocumented immigrants from Texas to Arizona.[49][50]

Polygamy

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In 2014 a federal jury awarded a couple living in Colorado City, Arizona, $5.2 million, for religious discrimination. Both Horne (on behalf of Arizona) and the Utah attorney general) intervened in the case of Cooke v. Colorado City. Colorado City and Hildale, Utah (both dominated by the FLDS Church, a Mormon fundamentalist group), as well as the twin cities' utility companies, were found liable for violating federal and state housing discrimination laws by refusing to provide water and sewer services to a non-FLDS couple because of their religion.[51]

Horne criticized the Colorado City police force (known as "the marshal's office"), saying it acted as an arm of the FLDS Church instead of the law. In 2012 Horne allocated $420,000 to the Mohave County Sheriff's Office to patrol Colorado City.[52] In 2012, Horne renewed an effort to persuade the state legislature to abolish Colorado City's six-member police department, and assign the Mohave County Sheriff's Office to carry out law enforcement functions in the city.[53] After this effort failed, Horne asked for a federal judge to disband the Colorado City police force, after legislation he supported to do so failed to pass.[54] The court denied the motion, but also instructed the office to avoid discrimination.[55]

Campaign-finance investigations

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Winn-Horne investigation

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In 2012, after an FBI investigation, Maricopa County Attorney Bill Montgomery concluded that Horne coordinated with an independent expenditure committee run by Kathleen Winn during his 2010 general election campaign for attorney general, thus violating campaign finance laws.[56] In April 2014, an administrative law judge concluded that the prosecution in the case "failed to establish by a preponderance of the evidence" that Horne illegally coordinated with the independent expenditure committee and recommended that the case be dropped.[57][58]

In May 2014, Yavapai County Attorney Sheila Polk, to whom that matter had been referred, rejected the administrative judge's recommendation and issued a final administrative decision ordering Horne and Winn to reimburse campaign donors $400,000. Horne and Winn appealed to the Maricopa County Superior Court, which upheld Polk's decision. In May 2017, however, the Arizona Supreme Court voided the lower-court decisions, agreeing with Horne and Winn that they were denied due process because Polk was involved in the prosecution's strategy and case preparation. The case was sent back to the Attorney General's Office for a final administrative decision.[59]

The state AG's office referred the case to Cochise County Attorney Brian McIntyre for a final administrative decision, and in July 2017, McIntyre issued a report clearing Horne of wrongdoing. McIntyre wrote that "Both sides to this dispute present equally plausible explanations as to what did or did not occur" during communications between Horne and Winn, and wrote "The record, unfortunately, supports a conclusion that the investigation being conducted was not a search for the truth, but rather, only intended to shore up conclusions already drawn."[58][60] After the decision, Horne's attorney said that "Justice has finally prevailed" for Horne, and described Polk as "an overzealous prosecutor who chose to act as 'judge, jury and executioner.'"[58]

Use of office staff for campaign

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A separate investigation was prompted by allegations that Horne used office staff to campaign for his 2014 re-election campaign.[61] In 2014, a former AG staff member and ex-Horne campaign volunteer alleged that much of Horne's executive office staff was involved in "substantial campaigning" for his 2014 re-election, "while on state time and utilizing State resources," in violation of law. Horne denied the allegations.[62][63][64][65]

In July 2014, the Arizona Secretary of State's Office found probable cause that Horne violated several campaign-finance laws by having employees do campaign work for his campaign on state time, at the AG's office.[66][67] Horne was denounced by several fellow Arizona Republicans, including congressmen Jeff Flake and Matt Salmon and Maricopa County Attorney Bill Montgomery.[68] The allegations contributed to Horne's defeat in the 2014 Republican primary to Mark Brnovich (a campaign in which Governor Jan Brewer endorsed Brnovich).[68]

The Maricopa County Attorney's Office declined to bring any criminal charges, determining that the statute of limitations on misdemeanor charges had lapsed and that there was not a reasonable likelihood of convicting Horne of a felony.[61] Separately, the complaint to the Secretary of State's office led to the appointment of two independent investigators (one of whom was a former Arizona Court of Appeals judge) as special attorneys general.[61] They concluded, in an October 2017 report, that Horne illegally used his office staff to work on his re-election campaign, but that criminal charges are unwarranted and that the $10,000 civil penalty that Horne paid to the Arizona Citizens Clean Elections Commission in 2014 was "deemed sufficient" to resolve the issue.[61] The decision also ordered Horne to refile his 2014 campaign finance reports to account for the value of campaign work performed by office staff, as well as for the "market value of rent on a campaign office."[61]

Unsuccessful campaign for renomination in 2014

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On August 26, 2014, Horne was defeated in his reelection campaign in the Republican primary by Mark Brnovich. Brnovich defeated Horne by a margin of 54% to 46%.[69][70]

Activities from 2015 to 2020

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In 2017, Tom Horne joined with Terry Goddard, the Democratic former mayor of Phoenix and Arizona Attorney General, to promote the Outlaw Dirty Money Act, a ballot measure to combat "dark money" (secret campaign spending) by requiring the public disclosure of all major donors to efforts to oppose or support candidates or ballot measures.[71][72] Goddard and Horne criticized spending by various dark-money operators, including the Koch network.[71][72] Conservative groups sued to prevent the citizen initiative from appearing on the Arizona ballot, contending there were an insufficient number of valid voter signatures to make it to the ballot.[71] In August 2018, the Arizona Supreme Court agreed, knocking the initiative from the ballot.[73] Many of the signatures disqualified in the ruling were thrown out because they were collected by 15 paid gatherers who failed to respond to subpoenas requiring them to appear in court for the lawsuit.[74]

2022 election as superintendent of public instruction

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In 2021, Horne announced his campaign for a third term as Arizona superintendent of public instruction, challenging Democratic incumbent Kathy Hoffman.[2] In the November 2022 election, Horne narrowly defeated Hoffman.[2]

In 2023, Horne sued the governor, attorney general, and an Arizona school district over a dispute on how English-language learner students in Arizona should be taught. In the lawsuit, Horne contends that the 50-50 Dual-Language Immersion model, one of four methods used to teach such students in Arizona, violates Proposition 203, a 2000 ballot initiative.[75][76]

In January 2024, Horne announced that the state would cooperate with PragerU, urging schools to adopt as part of their curriculum.[77] The announcement was met with criticism since the organization has been accused of promoting climate change denial, anti-LGBTQ+ politics, and whitewashing history.[78] House of Representative Democrat Raúl Grijalva criticized the announcement stating "It’s masquerading as a serious educational resource when in reality it’s unaccredited right-wing propaganda."[79]

Personal life

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Horne was married to his wife, Martha, for 47 years. She died in 2019. The couple had five children, one of whom died at age three.[80]

In October 2007, while State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Horne was cited for criminal speeding in Scottsdale, Arizona. During a subsequent year-and-a-half period, Horne was cited for speeding six additional times, including once in a school zone.[81] The criminal speeding charge was settled by a "civil plea agreement" (i.e., as a traffic offense).[82]

In March 2012, while tailing Horne as part of an investigation into campaign finance law violations, FBI agents observed Horne leaving the scene of an accident. Horne caused more than $1,000 worth of damage to a car he backed into before leaving the scene—ostensibly, according to FBI agents, to hide an extramarital affair with a subordinate. An FBI agent took a picture of a black mark on the parked car, which was shown on the front page of the newspaper. The FBI report stated Montano [owner of car] advised that he was unaware vehicle had been hit by another vehicle until SA Grehoski called him to arrange for the interview. Montano advised that the black mark on the front passenger side of the bumper came from when his son was parking the vehicle in the garage. Realizing that it was questionable whether Horne did any damage, the City Attorney agreed to a settlement in which Horne paid a $300 fine.[83]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Candidate Q & A: Tom Horne (REP) – Attorney General Candidate". The Arizona Republic. 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kunichoff, Yana (November 17, 2022). "Who is Tom Horne? What to know about Arizona's new superintendent of public instruction". Arizona Republic.
  3. ^ a b Alia Beard Rau, Horne hopes his record will overshadow personal controversy, Arizona Republic (August 11, 2014).
  4. ^ a b Arizona Legislators: Then & Now: Tom Horne, Digital Arizona Library.
  5. ^ a b Vandell, Perry (April 14, 2019). "Martha Horne, wife of former Arizona Attorney General Tom Horne, dies at 77". Arizona Republic.
  6. ^ Horne, Thomas C. (1978). Arizona Construction Law: Thomas C. Horne. State Bar of Arizona. ISBN 978-0887260032.
  7. ^ a b c Newton, Casey (June 20, 2010). "Attorney-general candidate Tom Horne denied 1970 bankruptcy". Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on 2010-06-23.
  8. ^ a b c d Jeremy Duda (June 21, 2010). "SEC gave Horne lifetime trading ban". Arizona Capitol Times.
  9. ^ a b Newton, Casey (July 11, 2010). "Tom Horne touts his legal background, success as superintendent". Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on 2011-06-28.
  10. ^ a b c Richardson, Bill (September 14, 2010). "Here's What the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Said about Republican AG Candidate Tom Horne". Phoenix New Times.
  11. ^ State of Arizona Official Canvass: 2000 Primary Election - September 12, 2000, Compiled and Issued by the Arizona Secretary of State.
  12. ^ "New social studies standards to help history teachers in state". Arizona Daily Sun. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
  13. ^ Services, Howard Fischer Capitol Media. "Horne for full-day kindergarten". Arizona Daily Star. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
  14. ^ Reese, Michelle. "Outcry over plan to cut full-day kindergarten". East Valley Tribune. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
  15. ^ Pinner, Jennifer. "Schools get new nutrition standards". East Valley Tribune. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
  16. ^ Smith, Fran (2009-01-28). "Why Arts Education Is Crucial, and Who's Doing It Best". Edutopia. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
  17. ^ PAUL DAVENPORT; GIOVANNA DELL'ORTO. "Keegan quits amid praise, criticism". Arizona Daily Sun. Associated Press. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
  18. ^ Potkonjak, Marija. "05/01 – AIMS to play a role in free tuition". East Valley Tribune. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
  19. ^ a b Libby Stanford, Divisions on Race, Gender Intensify a Fight for State Superintendent, EdWeek (September 30, 2022).
  20. ^ a b Astrid Galvan, Shuttered Mexican-American studies program back in court, Associated Press (July 17, 2017).
  21. ^ "New AZ Law Targets 'Ethnic Studies' Programs". Tell Me More. NPR. May 13, 2010.
  22. ^ a b Judge blocks Arizona ethnic studies ban he found was racist, Associated Press (December 28, 2017).
  23. ^ a b Taylor Harris, Arizona ban on ethnic studies unconstitutional: U.S. judge, Reuters (August 23, 2017).
  24. ^ New Arizona AG says he'll defend immigration law, Associated Press (January 3, 2011).
  25. ^ Goddard withdraws form S.B. 1070 lawsuit
  26. ^ Horne announces consumer protection initiative azcentral.com, November 18, 2010, Retrieved June 27, 2015
  27. ^ Attorney general: Phoenix auto repair shop closed after sting, Associated Press (June 6, 2013).
  28. ^ Mike Sunnucks, Regional auto repair chain to pay $28K after charging for unneeded car AC repairs, Phoenix Business Journal (November 27, 2013).
  29. ^ Charlotte Shaff, NARPRO's response to AG Horne’s Auto Repair "Stings", NARPO (December 11, 2013).
  30. ^ Big Banks, 49 States Reach $25 Billion Deal Over Foreclosure Abuses
  31. ^ Settlement of mortgage lawsuit.
  32. ^ Homeowners could get damage awards
  33. ^ $38 million to settle Sirius suit
  34. ^ Sirius XM fined
  35. ^ Arizona gets tiny slice of $35M Pfizer settlement, Phoenix Daily News
  36. ^ "ARIZONA ET AL. v. INTER TRIBAL COUNCIL OF ARIZONA, INC., ET AL" (PDF).
  37. ^ Horne argues Arizona v. Inter Tribal
  38. ^ City gun laws unenforceable
  39. ^ "Arizona plan would arm principals". CNN. 2012-12-26. Archived from the original on 2021-03-25.
  40. ^ Arizona teacher guns
  41. ^ John Rosman, Arizona Town Agrees To Change Historic Civil Union Ordinance In Face Of Threat, KPBS (April 30, 2013).
  42. ^ Arizona AG to sue to block civil unions in Bisbee, Associated Press (April 3, 2013).
  43. ^ Alia Beard Rau and Mary Jo Pitzl, Arizona gay marriage legal; couples marry immediately, Arizona Republic (October 17, 2014).
  44. ^ a b Howard Fischer, Horne to continue suit against colleges offerings in-state tuition to dreamers, Capitol Media Services (October 21, 2013).
  45. ^ a b c Daniel González, AG Horne to 'dreamers': No in-state tuition, Arizona Republic (August 8, 2013).
  46. ^ Matthew Hendley, Tom Horne's Fight Against In-State Tuition for DREAMers Leads to More Arrests at His Office, Phoenix New Times (November 13, 2013).
  47. ^ Griselda Nevarez, Arizona Judge: Dreamers Can Pay In-State Tuition, NBC News (May 6, 2015).
  48. ^ Anne Ryman & Daniel Gonzalez, Arizona Appeals Court overturns in-state tuition for 'dreamers', Arizona Republic (June 20, 2017).
  49. ^ "Arizona Republicans threaten action over immigration". The Washington Post. 2014-06-13. Archived from the original on 2021-09-23.
  50. ^ Yvonne Wingett Sanchez, Horne threatens to sue feds over transporting migrants to Ariz., Arizona Republic (June 12, 2014).
  51. ^ Patrick McNamara, Jury awards couple $5.2M in case against Arizona town, Arizona Daily Star (March 24, 2014).
  52. ^ Matthew Hendley, Colorado City now has cops, Phoenix New Times (July 6, 2012).
  53. ^ Gary Grado, Horne to renew effort to abolish Colorado City police, Arizona Capitol Times (December 26, 2012)
  54. ^ Matthew Hendley, Tom Horne Attempting to Disband Police Force in Polygamist Towns, Phoenix New Times (June 17, 2014).
  55. ^ Kevin Jenkins, Colorado City fires chief marshal; office not disbanded, The Spectrum (September 6, 2014).
  56. ^ Fara Illich, County Attorney seeking civil penalties from AG Horne over campaign finance, Cronkite News (October 1, 2012).
  57. ^ Howard Fischer (April 15, 2014). "Judge rules Horne did not violate campaign finance laws". Capitol Media Services.
  58. ^ a b c Luige del Puerto (July 6, 2017). "Tom Horne won't have to pay $400,000 fine". Arizona Capitol Times.
  59. ^ Yvonne Wingett Sanchez (May 25, 2017). "Court: Former Attorney General Tom Horne's rights violated in campaign case". Arizona Republic.
  60. ^ Yvonne Wingett Sanchez (July 5, 2017). "After 7 years, Tom Horne cleared in case alleging illegal campaign activities". Arizona Republic.
  61. ^ a b c d e Bob Christie, Investigation finds ex-AG Tom Horne violated campaign law, Associated Press (October 16, 2017).
  62. ^ Yvonne Wingett Sanchez (April 28, 2014). "Horne staffer: AG Office 'not following campaign laws'". Arizona Republic.
  63. ^ "Is Tom Horne using AG's Office as campaign headquarters?".
  64. ^ Stephen Lemons (May 15, 2014). "Mired in Corruption and Allegations of Crimes, Even Tom Horne's Denials Sound Like Admissions". Phoenix New Times.
  65. ^ Yvonne Wingett Sanchez, New ethical complaint against Arizona AG Tom Horne, Arizona Republic (May 12, 2014).
  66. ^ Matthew Hendley (July 9, 2014). "Tom Horne Campaign-Finance Case: Investigators Find Probable Cause". Phoenix New Times. Archived from the original on 2014-07-13.
  67. ^ Santos, Fernanda (12 July 2014). "Legal Woes Pose Hurdles for Attorney General Tom Horne of Arizona in Campaign". The New York Times.
  68. ^ a b Yvonne Wingett Sanchez (December 8, 2016). "What ever happened to the investigations into Tom Horne?". Arizona Republic.
  69. ^ Wingett Sanchez, Yvonne (2014-08-27). "Horne concedes attorney general race to Brnovich". Arizona Republic.
  70. ^ "Tom Horne loses in GOP primary". Arizona Daily Star. August 26, 2014.
  71. ^ a b c "Conservative groups sue to knock 'dirty money' measure off Arizona ballot".
  72. ^ a b Ray Stern, Can Arizona Ballot Measure Campaign Unmask 'Dark Money' Political Donors?, Phoenix New Times (December 4, 2017).
  73. ^ "Anti-'dirty money' initiative knocked off ballot in Arizona, Supreme Court rules".
  74. ^ "Thousands of signatures on anti-'dirty money' ballot measure tossed by judge".
  75. ^ Gloria Rebecca Gomez, Horne sues AG, governor over dual language instruction in Arizona schools, AZ Mirror (September 7, 2023).
  76. ^ Howard Fischer, Horne sues, claims Proposition 203 violated, Capitol Media Services (September 7, 2023).
  77. ^ "Arizona superintendent announces partnership with PragerU". February 2024.
  78. ^ "Arizona schools chief promotes conservative, 'woke'-free classroom resources".
  79. ^ "Arizona schools chief promotes conservative, 'woke'-free classroom resources".
  80. ^ Vandell, Perry (April 14, 2019). "Martha Horne, wife of former Arizona Attorney General Tom Horne, dies at 77". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  81. ^ Mary Jo Pitzl, Horne has gotten 6 speeding tickets in past 1 1/2 years, Arizona Republic (August 21, 2009).
  82. ^ "State of Arizona v. Thomas Charles Horne". Scottsdale City Court, Maricopa County. 2008. Archived from the original on 2014-08-08 – via Arizona Republic.
  83. ^ "Feds, Phoenix police said Horne left accident scene to hide affair". 30 October 2012.
Political offices
Preceded by Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction
2003–2011 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction
2023–present 		Incumbent
Legal offices
Preceded by Attorney General of Arizona
2011–2015 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Horne&oldid=1254904789"