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Touro Synagogue

Coordinates: 41°29′22″N 71°18′43″W / 41.48944°N 71.31194°W / 41.48944; -71.31194
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This article is about the synagogue in Rhode Island. For the synagogue in New Orleans, see Touro Synagogue (New Orleans).
Touro Synagogue National Historic Site
Map showing the location of Touro Synagogue National Historic Site
Map showing the location of Touro Synagogue National Historic Site
LocationNewport, Rhode Island, USA
Coordinates41°29′22″N 71°18′43″W / 41.48944°N 71.31194°W / 41.48944; -71.31194
Area0.23 acres (0.093 ha)
EstablishedMarch 5, 1946
Governing bodyTouro Synagogue Foundation
Websitewww.tourosynagogue.org
Touro Synagogue National Historic Site
Touro Synagogue is located in Rhode Island
Touro Synagogue
Touro Synagogue is located in the United States
Touro Synagogue
Arealess than one acre
Built1763
Part ofNewport Historic District (ID68000001)
NRHP reference No.66000927[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHPOctober 15, 1966
Designated NHLDCPNovember 24, 1968

The Touro Synagogue or Congregation Jeshuat Israel (Template:Lang-he-n) is a synagogue built in 1763 in Newport, Rhode Island, that is the oldest synagogue building still standing in the United States,[2] the oldest surviving Jewish synagogue building in North America,[3] and the only surviving synagogue building in the U.S. dating to the colonial era. In 1946, it was declared a National Historic Site.[4]

History

Touro Synagogue Interior

Touro Synagogue was designed by noted British architect and Rhode Island resident Peter Harrison and is considered his most notable work. The interior is flanked by a series of twelve Ionic columns supporting balconies which signify the twelve tribes of ancient Israel, and each column is carved from a single tree. The building is oriented to face east toward Jerusalem. The ark containing the Torah is on the east wall; above it is a mural representing the Ten Commandments in Hebrew which was painted by Newport artist Benjamin Howland.

The Touro Synagogue was built from 1759 to 1763 for the Jeshuat Israel congregation in Newport under the leadership of Cantor (Chazzan) Isaac Touro. The cornerstone was laid by Aaron Lopez, a philanthropist and merchant in Newport involved in the spermaceti candlemaking business, slave trade, and other commercial ventures. The Jeshuat Israel congregation itself dates back to 1658 when 15 Spanish and Portuguese Jewish families arrived, probably from the West Indies, and many settled near Easton's Point.[citation needed] The synagogue was formally dedicated 2 December 1763. Other notable leaders include Abraham Pereira Mendes and Henry Samuel Morais (1900–01).

Judah Touro, the son of Isaac Touro and his wife Reyna, made a fortune as a merchant in New Orleans. He left $10,000 ($340,000 in current dollar terms) in his will for the upkeep of the Jewish cemetery and synagogue in Newport.

In 1946, Touro Synagogue was designated a National Historic Site[4] and is an affiliated area of the National Park Service. The synagogue was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. In 2001, the congregation joined into a partnership with the National Trust for Historic Preservation.

The Touro Synagogue is located at 85 Touro Street and remains an active Orthodox synagogue. The building underwent a restoration in 2005–2006,[4] and a recreation of the original dedication ceremony was conducted in 2013 in honor of the 250th anniversary.[4]

Annual recitation of the Washington–Seixas letter on religious pluralism

In 1790, the synagogue's warden, Moses Seixas, wrote to George Washington, expressing his support for Washington's administration and good wishes for him. Washington sent a letter in response, which read in part:

... the Government of the United States ... gives to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance. ... May the children of the Stock of Abraham, who dwell in this land, continue to merit and enjoy the good will of the other Inhabitants; while every one shall sit in safety under his own vine and figtree, and there shall be none to make him afraid. May the father of all mercies scatter light and not darkness in our paths, and make us all in our several vocations useful here, and in his own due time and way everlastingly happy.

— Letter of George Washington to the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, Rhode Island[5]

Speakers at the annual event[clarification needed] have included Supreme Court Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Elena Kagan;[6] and Brown University Presidents Ruth Simmons[7] and Christina Paxson.[8]

Congregation

The congregation at Newport, never large, was composed of Jews with roots in the Sephardic Spanish and Portuguese diaspora, with some Ashkenazim by the eighteenth century.

The first Jewish residents of Newport, fifteen Spanish Jewish families, arrived in 1658. It is presumed that they arrived via the communities in Curaçao, home to the oldest active Jewish congregation in the Americas, dating to 1651 and Suriname. The small community worshiped in rooms in private homes for more than a century before they could afford to build a synagogue.[9]

The community purchased and dedicated the Jewish Cemetery at Newport in 1677.

In the late 1700s, the Jewish community removed the Torah scrolls and sent them for safekeeping along with the deed to the building to Congregation Shearith Israel in New York. The keys left the Jewish community and were passed to the Goulds, a Quaker family in Newport.

From the 1850s on, the building was occasionally opened for worship for the convenience of summer visitors. It was reopened on a regular basis in 1883 as Jewish life in Newport revived with the late nineteenth century immigration of eastern European Jews. The synagogue acquired a nearby building and ran a Hebrew School and other activities. It continues to serve as a thriving congregation with many year round programs.

Although the congregation has been predominantly Ashkenazi for a century, it is constitutionally obliged[clarification needed] to use the "Sephardic ritual". It therefore uses the ArtScroll Nusach Sefard prayer book; once a year representatives of the New York community visit and hold a service in the Spanish and Portuguese style.

Rabbi Dr. Marc Mandel became the rabbi in July 2012. As of 2012, the congregation consists of about 175 families.[10][11]

Restoration

Restoration of metal artifacts at Touro Synagogue

During 2005 and 2006, Touro Synagogue invested in a restoration project for its valued antique metal artifacts. In total, one hundred-fifty metal objects, from eighteenth century hardware to European chandeliers and silver rimonim needed to be rebuilt, have their surfaces stabilized, and have missing parts replaced. The project was carried out by the Newport-based restoration company Newmans' Ltd.[12]

Ownership controversy

Conflict over the ownership of the Touro building and its contents surfaced in 2012. Newport's Congregation Jeshuat Israel put up for sale ceremonial bells, called rimonim, to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, for $7.4 million. New York's Congregation Shearith Israel then sued the Newport congregation, saying Shearith Israel owns the Touro synagogue building and the rimonim. They also want to evict the Newport congregation from the Touro building and site. In April 2015 both sides of the dispute said several attempts at mediation had failed and they were therefore preparing for trial.[13]

In May 2016 a federal judge ruled on the matter, rejecting Congregation Shearith Israel's claim to oversight. U.S. District Judge John J. McConnell, Jr. noted that "for at least the past 20 years, Shearith Israel has not taken any meaningful action in its capacity as trustee for the Touro Synagogue and lands." [14] In June 2016 Congregation Shearith Israel announced it would appeal the decision.[15] Congregation Shearith Israel was awarded ownership on August 2, 2017 by the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston.[16]

Images

  • Loeb Visitors Center, built in 2009
    Loeb Visitors Center, built in 2009

See also

References

  1. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. Retrieved 2013-07-17.
  2. ^ Rediscovering Jewish Infrastructure: Update on United States Nineteenth Century Synagogues, Mark W. Gordon, American Jewish History 84.1 (1996) 11-27 [1]
  3. ^ Buescher, John. "Jewish Immigration During the Revolutionary War." Teachinghistory.org, accessed September 25, 2011.
  4. ^ a b c d Sean Flynn (December 1, 2013). "Touro celebrates milestone". The Newport Daily News. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  5. ^ Letter of George Washington to the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, Rhode Island.
  6. ^ Smith, Andy (18 August 2013). "Newport's Touro Synagogue celebrates its 250th anniversary". The Providence Journal. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014. Justice Elena Kagan, United State Supreme Court, was the keynote speaker at the 66th Annual George Washington Letter weekend at Touro Synagogue {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Coyle, Ann (2007). "Address at Touro Synagogue on President Washington's Letter". News from Brown. Brown University. Retrieved 18 August 2014. Brown University President Ruth J. Simmons delivered the keynote address at the 60th Annual Reading of the George Washington Letter at the nation's oldest synagogue, Touro Synagogue in Newport, R.I., on Sunday, Aug. 19, 2007
  8. ^ "Paxson delivers keynote address at Touro Synagogue in Newport". News from Brown. Brown University. 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014. Brown President Christina Paxson delivered the keynote address at the annual reading of President George Washington's Letter to the Hebrew Congregations of Newport on Sunday, Aug. 17, 2014, at 1 p.m. in Touro Synagogue.
  9. ^ "Touro Synagogue", Rabbi Theodore Lewis, New Port History, Vol 43, number 159, summer 175
  10. ^ "New Touro Rabbi to Celebrate History at Chanukah". Metro Publisher™.
  11. ^ Take a Peek Inside America's Oldest Synagogue, Israel National News
  12. ^ Newmans Ltd. Art Restoration
  13. ^ State to play Solomon in tussle over US’s oldest synagogue The Times of Israel, 24 April 2015
  14. ^ Court Rules in Favor of U.S.' Oldest Synagogue in $7.4 Million Legal Battle Haaretz, May 17, 2016
  15. ^ NY congregation to appeal ruling on historic Touro Synagogue JTA, June 14, 2016
  16. ^ Sharon Otterman (August 3, 2017). "New York Congregation Owns Oldest Synagogue in the U.S., 180 Miles Away, Court Rules". New York Times.
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