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Subsequently the European Commission agreed that the referendum was illegal.[1] Its consequences and the related political situation in Catalonia has been labeled as the Catalonia crisis,[2][3] and the larger situation as the 2017 Spanish constitutional crisis.

On the morning of 21 September, Jordi Sànchez, president of the pro-independence organization Catalan National Assembly, called for "peaceful resistance" against the police operation. On 23 September, people started organising and camping outside Spanish Government buildings.[4]

The Catalan President Carles Puigdemont accused Spain of violating fundamental human rights and stated that the referendum will be held anyway.[5] Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy stated that the referendum was suspended and deployed additional personnel in Catalonia, which were expected to reach 16,000 police and military police officers distributed in different Catalan cities on 1 October 2017.[6]


23 September

[edit]

On 23 September 2017 a state prosecutor asked to coordinate all police forces, including the Catalan Mossos d'Esquadra, to stop the referendum. Joaquim Forn, Minister of the Interior of Catalonia, refused to hand over the control of the Catalan forces to Spain's Central Government and later that day the Mossos d'Esquadra official Twitter account wrote: "We will continue working like we've done until now. We will exercise our powers to guarantee security and public order and be at the service of citizens."[7][8][9]

In Lleida, the capital of the most agricultural region of Catalonia, over a thousand tractors marched in front of the Delegation of the Spanish Government, collapsing the street. The demonstration was organised by different agricultural labour unions to support the independence referendum.[10][11]

The Spanish Association of Civil Guards (Asociación Española de Guardias Civiles) announced on 23 September 2017 that each police officer reallocated on Catalonia would be rewarded with 80 euros per day to compensate for the lack of time to rest.[12]

24 September

[edit]

On 24 September 2017 new demonstrations were organised in Barcelona and other Catalan cities gathering thousands of people. During the rally people shouted "We will vote!" and handed out ballot papers. The protest organisers gave some speeches while a police helicopter overflew the crowd. Carme Forcadell, the speaker of Catalonia's Parliament, told a Barcelona crowd: "I ask you to go out and vote. Vote for the future of Catalonia" and later she also said that people must resist "provocations" by the central government emphasising that Catalans are peaceful people.[13][14]

That same day, the Spanish left-wing political party Podemos organised a political gathering in the city of Zaragoza, where members of several regions met with Pablo Iglesias. The mayor of Barcelona, Ada Colau, asked for a solution to the tension through dialogue. During the gathering, 500 far-right Spanish nationalists protested outside the building and blocked the exits. The police could not intervene because most of the police in Zaragoza was deployed in Catalonia and the politicians were isolated during a few hours. During this protests the president of the Aragonese Corts, Violeta Barba, was injured by the impact of a filled plastic bottle.[15][16]

25 September

[edit]
The Italian cruise ship Rhapsody used to allocate the Spanish police reinforcements. Dozens of antiriot police vans are parked around the ship.

On 25 September 2017 numerous police officers from all Spain left their barracks to head to Catalonia to stop the referendum. Many videos appeared on social media showing civilians of different Spanish cities cheering them and shouting slogans like: "Go for them", "Viva España" or "Viva la Guardia Civil".[17][18] According to El País, 75% of all Spanish National Police officers will be deployed in Catalonia on 1 October 2017.[19] Juan Ignacio Zoido also redeployed a riot control vehicle, equipped with a water cannon, which was used to prevent African migrants from crossing the Spanish border, from Ceuta to Catalonia.[20]

26 September

[edit]

On 26 September 2017 the Spanish Civil Guard rendered more than 140 pro-independence web pages inaccessible without previous warning, including the web page of the Catalan National Assembly (even though a few hours later a new European Union domain, .eu, was published). Other sites were replaced by a simple message which read: "This domain has been seized and will be brought before a judge".[21]

That same day, the spokesman of Junts pel Sí, Marta Rovira, announced that the government had already sent the notifications to the supervisors of the polling places. Even though a week before 45,000 notifications were intercepted by the Spanish Police at the private company Unipost in Terrassa, she announced that the Catalan government managed to send all necessary notifications.[22]

29 September

[edit]
Tractors carrying Estelada flags driving through Barcelona.

Even though the Spanish Government attempted to ensure that there would be no referendum, on 29 September 2017 Catalan officials displayed the ballot box design: a white opaque plastic box bearing the crest of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Puigdemont also revealed that all preparations were ready including more than 6,000 boxes in a secret place, ballot papers, and 2,000 polling stations.[23] A poll also indicated that more than 60% of voters were expected to take part in Catalonia's independence referendum.[24]

Later that day, the magistrate of the High Court of Justice of Catalonia, Mercedes Armas, ordered Google delete all links and applications related to the referendum.[25][26] The Spanish Civil Guard entered the offices of a company that works for Google to comply with the Catalonia high court order to delete the app "On Votar 1-Oct" and that some people were held for a few hours. However, Google told CNN that, while they comply with court orders, there is no Google office in Barcelona and no Google employees were detained.[27]

The Delegation of the Spanish Government in Catalonia also ordered an airspace ban on light aircraft and helicopters over Barcelona until October 2, even though El Prat airport will be exempt. According to the Spanish government this measure has been taken in order to ensure the safety of the population, because they expect agglomerations of people in the streets.[28][29]

Again, multiple demonstrations occurred in the biggest cities of Catalonia, including important "tractorades", hundreds of tractors collapsing a street, in front of the Spanish Delegations.[30] In the Magic Fountain of Montjuïc of Barcelona thousands gathered in a peaceful end-of-campaign rally during the night.[31] Multiple politicians from different political parties participated in this demonstration, including Marta Pascal (PDECat), Marta Rovira (ERC), Mireia Boya (CUP), Albano Dante Fachin (Podem), Joan Josep Nuet (EUiA), and Jaume Asens (Barcelona en Comú). Various musicians and music groups also performed during the event: Obrint Pas, Lluís Llach, and finally the President of Catalonia Carles Puigdemont gave a speech about the difficulties that Catalans managed to overcome to celebrate the referendum.[32]

30 September

[edit]
Sleepover in front of the polling station of Arbúcies.

On 30 September 2017, the Spanish Civil Guard raided the headquarters of two organisations that allegedly had the databases of the census for the referendum: Catalonia's Telecommunications and Information Technology Center (in Catalan Centre de Telecomunicacions i Tecnologies de la Informació or CTTI) and Catalonia's Information Security Center (in Catalan Centre de Seguretat de la Informació de Catalunya or CESICAT). The police officers confiscated several computers and deactivated 29 databases that could be used for the referendum census, preventing the extraction or insertion of data.[33][34]

Later that day, Josep Lluís Trapero Álvarez published a public communiqué that said that police officers would evacuate and close all polling stations by 6 am on Sunday if nobody was there. To prevent this, different pro-independence organisations prepared a massive sleepover in front of the polling stations. By night, 60,000 people had registered online to participate in the sleepover.[35]

1 October

[edit]
Spanish National Police officers are being pursued by a crowd who screams and whistles them, and a protester is injured in an eye by a rubber bullet.


The Mossos d'Esquadra received orders from the Mossos d'Esquadra Major Josep Lluís Trapero Álvarez to avoid using force and only warn people to vacate the facilities on the day of referendum and managed to close about 130 polling stations without using violence.[36][37][38] They failed to execute the direct order issued by the High Court of Justice of Catalonia to close the voting centers before they opened and to confiscate voting materials.[39][40] Due to this unexpected development the Spanish police and the Guardia Civil decided to mount operations and try to execute those orders.[39] They intervened and raided 92 polling stations, mostly in Barcelona, after they opened.[41][42][38] The National Police and the Guardia Civil accused the Mossos d'Esquadra of disobeying the orders to prevent the referendum and instead, complying with the directives of the politicians. This lack of coordination between the security corps provoked tensions between the agents.[43]

The Spanish police hit voters with batons.[44][45][46] According to the Ministry of the Interior, rubber bullets were only used against demonstrators in Barcelona's Eixample district.[47] Wide media coverage showed both images and video of the police violence towards demonstrators and police property damage of buildings used as polling stations.[48][49][50] The Spanish Ministry of the Interior instructed the Spanish Attorney General to investigate whether the accusations of police sexual abuse against protesters made by Ada Colau could be considered a legal offense of slander against Spanish Law enforcement organizations.[51]

In the small town of Aiguaviva, with less than 800 inhabitants, the National Police used tear gas and batons against the voters.[47][52] In the town of Sant Carles de la Ràpita, after several voters were injured during a charge of the Civil Guard,[53] a crowd threw them stones forcing them to leave the area in their police vehicles.[54] In Sant Joan de Vilatorrada after the police charged in front of a polling station and broke the glass entrance door with a sledgehammer, a protester threw a chair and knocked an officer.[55][56] The Corps of Firefighters of Catalonia tried to protect the voters forming human chains in several polling stations but the agents also used batons against them.[57][58][59]

Overall, 893 civilians were injured according to the Catalan health ministry, and 431 members of the National Police Corps and the Guardia Civil were injured according to the Spanish interior ministry.[42][60][61] Civilians who requested the services of the Catalan emergency health service include people with irritation by gas and and anxiety attacks. Of those injured, most were minor, but four people were hospitalized by the emergency health service and of those two were in serious condition: A 70 year old person suffered a heart attack and that was not part of the protests and another that did participate and was struck by a rubber ball on the eye.[62] 39 agents required immediate medical treatment and the remaining 392 had injuries by bruises, scrapes, kicks and bites.[63] The Catalan Ministry of Education calculated that the damage inflicted by the police raids to schools and hospitals, which were used as polling stations, will cost 314,000 euros to fix.[64]

Various media reported on fake images of police violence against civilians that were posted in social networks. They included images of people injured in other events. Among them was an image of a young man from Madrid in 2012, who had a bleeding wound on his head, as well as images of protests against austerity on 29 May 2013 in Tarragona, Turkish police charges, and protesting miners.[65][66][67] The news sites Okdiario and Periodista Digital were also accused of falsely trying to discredit some of those involved in police violence episodes, such as an old woman who was mistakenly identified as having been photographed together with Arnaldo Otegi and dubbed her as a "fan of the terrorists" in Twitter.[68][69]

Catalan President Carles Puigdemont condemned the crackdown, saying that "police brutality will shame forever the Spanish state".[70] Puigdemont, who was being followed by a police helicopter, was expected to vote at Sant Julià de Ramis (Girona), where numerous Spanish police officers forced their way in early in the morning to prevent him from doing so. To be able to vote, his bodyguards suggested Puigdemont to switch cars in a tunnel, and by doing so he managed to vote in Cornella del Terri.[71][72] Several other polling stations where public figures had to vote were also raided, for example the buildings where Carme Forcadell or the Mayor of Sabadell was registered.[73]

The Mossos d'Esquadra are being investigated for disobedience of the orders of the High Court of Justice of Catalonia to prevent the referendum.[74] Josep Lluís Trapero Álvarez, the Mossos d'Esquadra Major, is being investigated for sedition by the Spanish National Court.[75]

  1. ^ "The EU Commission just said the Catalan referendum was illegal". The Independent. 2 October 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  2. ^ "The crisis in Catalonia can be ended, but not by trampling on people's legitimate concerns". The Telegraph. 21 September 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  3. ^ "Escalating Catalonia crisis sours appetite for Spanish stocks". Reuters. Milan/Madrid. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  4. ^ González, Sara; Bes, Jordi (22 September 2017). "Acampada al tribunal" [Camping outside the court]. Nació Digital [ca] (in Catalan). Barcelona. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  5. ^ Jones, Sam (21 September 2017). "Catalan leader accuses Spain of violating rights in referendum row". The Guardian (newspaper). Barcelona. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  6. ^ Penty, Charles (21 September 2017). "Spain Hires Cruise Liner to House Police in Rebel Catalonia". Bloomberg News. Barcelona. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  7. ^ Parra, Aritz; Wilson, Joe (23 September 2017). "Spain, Catalonia tussle over who controls the Mossos police". Washington post. Barcelona. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  8. ^ Gómez Ruiz, Lara (23 September 2017). "El Govern no acepta el control de los Mossos por parte del Estado" [Catalan government refuses to hand over Mossos d'Esquadra control to Spanish State]. La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  9. ^ Rogers, Jon (23 September 2017). "SPAIN CRISIS: Catalan police rejects Madrid takeover and blasts move as 'UNACCEPTABLE'". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  10. ^ EPA, ed. (24 September 2017). "Over a thousand tractors march in protest through Lleida". The Telegraph. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  11. ^ "Catalonia referendum: Madrid moves to take over local policing". BBC News. Europe. 23 September 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  12. ^ "Interior compensará con 80 euros por día a los guardias civiles comisionados forzosamente en Cataluña" [The Spanish Ministry of Interior will compensate the Civil Guards forcefully reallocated to Catalonia with 80 euros per day]. EuropaPress (in Spanish). Madrid. 23 September 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  13. ^ Edwards, Sam (24 September 2017). "Catalan separatists take to the streets ahead of referendum". Reuters. Barcelona. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  14. ^ Press Association, ed. (24 September 2017). "As thousands rally, Spain and Catalonia argue over who controls regional police". Gibraltar Chronicle. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  15. ^ EFE, ed. (24 September 2017). "Barcelona mayor: If PM Rajoy does not enter referendum talks, others will". Zaragoza. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  16. ^ Leask, David (25 September 2017). "Spain's Rajoy risks control over Catalan crackdown". The Herald. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  17. ^ ""¡A por ellos, oé!", el grito con el que despiden en Huelva a la Guardia Civil que va a Cataluña" [""Go for them!" The slogans people shout as Guardia Civil in Huelva heads to Catalonia]. Huffington Post (in Spanish). 25 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  18. ^ "Miembros de la Guardia Civil, vitoreados en su salida hacia Catalunya" [Guardia Civil members cheered as they head to Catalonia]. La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. 25 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
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  20. ^ "Zoido envía a Barcelona el gran camión antidisturbios que llevó a la frontera de Ceuta" [Zoido sends to Barcelona the biggest riot control vehicle of the border of Ceuta]. Elnacional.cat (in Spanish). Barcelona. 25 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
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  22. ^ "El govern envia les primeres notificacions als membres de les meses electorals" [The Catalan government sends the first notifications to the members of the electoral tables]. Vilaweb (in Catalan). 26 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  23. ^ MacDonald, Catherine; Trujillo, Marco (29 September 2017). "'Everything prepared' for Catalan vote - but Madrid says won't happen". Reuters. Barcelona. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  24. ^ "Catalan officials claim more than 60% of voters ready to turn out for referendum". Sky News. 29 September 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  25. ^ Hetz, Robert; Berwick, Angus (29 September 2017). "Spanish Court Orders Google to Delete App Used for Catalan Independence Vote". The New York Times. Madrid. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
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  27. ^ Soares, Isa; Cotovio, Vasco; Smith-Spark, Laura. "Catalonia on collision course as referendum nears". CNN. Retrieved 2017-10-05.
  28. ^ ACN, ed. (29 September 2017). "Barcelona airspace ban to last until October 2". Catalan News. Barcelona. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  29. ^ Mascaró, Anna (29 September 2017). "El govern espanyol tanca l'espai aeri per a helicòpters i avionetes a Barcelona fins al 2 d'octubre" [The Spanish Government bans helicopters and light aircraft from the airspace of Barcelona until 2 October]. Diari Ara (in Catalan). Barcelona. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  30. ^ Soares, Isa; Cotovio, Vasco; Smith-Spark, Laura (29 September 2017). "Catalonia on collision course as banned referendum nears". CNN. Barcelona. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  31. ^ Reuters, ed. (30 September 2017). "Tense countdown to Catalonia independence vote". Euronews. Retrieved 30 September 2017. {{cite news}}: |editor= has generic name (help)
  32. ^ Fernández, P.; Guerrero, J.A.; Salvans, A. (29 September 2017). "Acte unitari de fi de campanya pel sí" [Unitary event of end of campaign for yes]. El Món (in Catalan). Barcelona. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  33. ^ P.E. (30 September 2017). "La Guàrdia Civil entra al Cesicat i manipula ordinadors" [The Civil Guard enters Cesicat and manipulates computers]. Ara (newspaper) (in Catalan). Barcelona. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
  34. ^ Redacció, ed. (30 September 2017). "La Guàrdia Civil entra al CTTI per tancar les aplicacions del recompte de l'1-O" [The Civil Guard enters the CTTI to close the applications of the 1-O census]. El Punt Avui (in Catalan). Barcelona. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
  35. ^ Edwards, Sam (30 September 2017). "Catalans occupy voting stations to defy Madrid's order to stop referendum". Reuters. Barcelona. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
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  43. ^ Navarro, Mayka (2 October 2017). "Por qué la Policía sí y los Mossos no" [Why the Spanish Police yes and the Mossos not]. La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  44. ^ Catalan referendum: 'Hundreds hurt' as police try to stop voters. BBC NEWS. Published 1 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  45. ^ Catalan referendum: Riot police 'fire rubber bullets' at crowd as they block voters at besieged polling stations. The Telegraph. Published 1 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  46. ^ Catalan referendum: More than 760 people injured by police. The Scotsman. Published 1 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  47. ^ a b "Denuncian la brutalidad policial en Aiguaviva, un pueblo de Girona: "Utilizaron gases. Se llevaron la urna y gritaron: ¡Viva España!"" [They denounce police brutality in Aiguaviva, a town from Girona: "They used gas. They took the ballot box and shout: ¡Viva España!"]. La Sexta (in Spanish). 1 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
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  53. ^ EFE, ed. (1 October 2017). "Varios heridos en Sant Carles de la Ràpita tras intervenir la Guardia Civil" [Several injured after the intervention of the Civil Guard in Sant Carles de la Ràpita]. La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Tarragona. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
  54. ^ "The Latest: Spanish FM: Police actions were "proportionate"". The Washington Post. 1 October 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
  55. ^ "Tumban a un policía con una silla cuando accedía a un colegio del referéndum" (in Spanish). La Verdad (Murcia). 1 October 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
  56. ^ "Un policía destroza los cristales de un instituto y acaba tumbado por un sillazo" (in Spanish). La Vanguardia. 1 October 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
  57. ^ Sommers, Jack (1 October 2017). "Catalonia Firefighters Form Human Chain To Protect Voters From Police Amid Referendum Violence". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  58. ^ Williams, Richard A. L. (1 October 2017). "Catalonia referendum: Firefighters attacked by Spanish police as they form human shield to protect voters". Independent. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
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  60. ^ Giles, Aritz Parra and Ciaran (2 October 2017). AP (ed.). "Catalonia urges mediation with Spain in secession dispute". Retrieved 5 October 2017 – via www.WashingtonPost.com.
  61. ^ "Interior asegura que 431 policías y guardias civiles resultaron heridos en el dispositivo del 1-O" (in Spanish). La Vanguardia. Europa Press. 2 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  62. ^ Congostrina, Alfonso L.; Rodríguez, Marta (2 October 2017). "La Generalitat cifra en 844 los atendidos por heridas y ataques de ansiedad". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  63. ^ "Interior asegura que 431 policías y guardias civiles resultaron heridos en el dispositivo del 1-O". La Vanguardia. Europa Press. 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  64. ^ Colomé, Laia (2 October 2017). "26 escoles de Barcelona tenen desperfectes per les càrregues policials" [26 schools of Barcelona have been damaged after the police charges]. RAC1 (in Catalan). Barcelona. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
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  67. ^ "Una ficción mucho más efectiva" (in Spanish). El Mundo. 4 October 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
  68. ^ "No, la mujer a la que se llevó la Guardia Civil en volandas no se hizo una foto con Otegi" (in Spanish). El Confidencial. 3 October 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
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  71. ^ Couzens, Gerard (2 October 2017). "Catalan president 'escaped Spanish police helicopters trying to stop him from voting in the illegal referendum by changing cars in a TUNNEL'". Mail Online. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  72. ^ Mowat, Laura (2 October 2017). "Catalonia referendum: How Catalan president OUTFOXED Spanish police trying to block vote". Express. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  73. ^ ACN, ed. (2 October 2017). "Càrrega també al col·legi on vota Carme Forcadell" [Police charge also at the school where Carme Forcadell votes]. Diari de Girona (in Catalan). Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  74. ^ "Siete jueces investigan a los Mossos por desobediencia al no frenar el 1-O" (in Spanish). El Periódico de Catalunya. 2 Oct 2017. Retrieved 3 Oct 2017.
  75. ^ "Spanish judge calls on Catalan police chief to testify in sedition probe". EFE. 4 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
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