User:Phaisit16207/sandbox 17
Kingdom of Poland | |||||||||||||||||
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| 1815–1915 | |||||||||||||||||
| Motto: Z nami Bóg! (Polish for 'God is with us!') | |||||||||||||||||
| Anthem: Pieśń narodowa za pomyślność króla "National Song to the King's Well-being" | |||||||||||||||||
 Map of Congress Poland, c. 1815, following the Congress of Vienna. The Russian Empire is shown in light green. | |||||||||||||||||
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| Status |
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| Capital | Warsaw | ||||||||||||||||
| Official languages | Polish, Russian (from 1867)[1] | ||||||||||||||||
| Common languages | Polish, Yiddish, German, Russian[2] | ||||||||||||||||
| Religion | Roman Catholicism | ||||||||||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Polish, Pole | ||||||||||||||||
| Government | Constitutional monarchy (1815–1832) Absolute monarchy (1832–1915) | ||||||||||||||||
| King | |||||||||||||||||
• 1815–1825 (first) | Alexander I | ||||||||||||||||
• 1894–1915 (last) | Nicholas II | ||||||||||||||||
| Namiestnik (Viceroy) | |||||||||||||||||
• 1815–1826 (first) | Józef Zajączek | ||||||||||||||||
• 1914–1915 (last) | Pavel Yengalychev | ||||||||||||||||
| Legislature | Sejm | ||||||||||||||||
| Senate | |||||||||||||||||
| Chamber of Deputies | |||||||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||||||
| 9 June 1815 | |||||||||||||||||
| 27 November 1815 | |||||||||||||||||
| 29 November 1830 | |||||||||||||||||
| 23 January 1863 | |||||||||||||||||
• Vistula Land established | 1867 | ||||||||||||||||
| 19 September 1915 | |||||||||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||||||||
• 1897 census | 9,402,253 | ||||||||||||||||
| Currency |
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| Today part of | |||||||||||||||||
¹ Sopoćkinie area | |||||||||||||||||
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Congress Poland,[a] formally known as the Kingdom of Poland[b] and also referred to as the Congress Kingdom of Poland, was a polity created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna as a semi-autonomous Polish state, a successor to Napoleon's Duchy of Warsaw. It was established when the French ceded a part of Polish territory to the Russian Empire following France's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars. In 1915, during World War I, it was replaced by the German-controlled nominal Regency Kingdom[c] until Poland regained independence in 1918.
Following the Partitions of Poland, Poland ceased to exist as an independent nation for 123 years. The territory, along with its population, was split among the Habsburg monarchy, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Russian Empire. After 1804, an equivalent to Congress Poland within the Austrian Empire was the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. Prussia also held the Polish anatomy as the Grand Duchy of Posen outside of German Confederation, before incorporated it as a Prussian province in 1848. Initially, the Poles appreciated with the autonomous rule under the liberal constitution. The emperor's disregard of the autonomy led two unsuccessful uprisings against the empire—1831 and 1863. Subsequently, Russia imposed strict measures and its Russification was intensified: dissolving its sejm and introducing the Organic Statute in place of the 1815 constitution, suppressing the Polish language and culture, and later fully incorporating Congress Poland into the Vistula Land in 1867.
References
[edit]Footnotes
[edit]- ^
- ^
- ^ Sources agree that after the fall of the January Uprising in 1864, the autonomy of Congress Poland was drastically reduced. They disagree however on whether the Kingdom of Poland, colloquially known as Congress Poland, as a state, was officially replaced by Vistula Land (Privislinsky Krai), a province of the Russian Empire, as many sources still use the term Congress Poland for the post-1864 period. The sources are also unclear as to when Congress Poland (or Vistula land) officially ended; some argue that it ended when the German and Austro-Hungarian occupying authorities assumed control of the area during World War I; others, that it ended with the creation of the Kingdom of Poland in 1917; finally, some argue that it ended only with the creation of the independent Republic of Poland in 1918. Examples:[3][4][5][6]
Citations
[edit]- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Kamusellawas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "The Social and Political History of the Polish Language in the Long 19th Century". Kamusella. 24 January 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
- ^ * Ludność Polski w XX Wieku = The Population of Poland in the 20th Century / Andrzej Gawryszewski. Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodorowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego, 2005 (Monografie; 5), p 539, [1]** (in Polish) Mimo wprowadzenia oficjalnej nazwy Kraj Przywiślański terminy Królestwo Polskie, Królestwo Kongresowe lub w skrócie Kongresówka były nadal używane, zarówno w języku potocznym jak i w niektórych publikacjach.
- Despite the official name Kraj Przywiślański terms such as, Kingdom of Poland, Congress Poland, or in short Kongresówka were still in use, both in everyday language and in some publications.
- ^ * POWSTANIE STYCZNIOWE, Encyklopedia Interia:
- (in Polish) po upadku powstania zlikwidowano ostatnie elementy autonomii Królestwa Pol. (łącznie z nazwą), przekształcając je w "Kraj Przywiślański";
- after the fall of the uprising last elements of autonomy of the Kingdom of Poland (including the name) were abolished, transforming it into the "Vistula land;"
- ^ * Królestwo Polskie Archived 2017-04-24 at the Wayback Machine. WIEM Encyklopedia:
- (in Polish) Królestwo Polskie po powstaniu styczniowym: Nazwę Królestwa Polskiego zastąpiła, w urzędowej terminologii, nazwa Kraj Przywiślański. Jednakże w artykule jest także: Po rewolucji 1905-1907 w Królestwie Polskim... i W latach 1914-1916 Królestwo Polskie stało się....
- Kingdom of Poland after the January Uprising: the name Kingdom of Poland was replaced, in official documents, by the name of Vistula land. However the same article also states: After the revolution 1905-1907 in the Kingdom of Poland and In the years 1914-1916 the Kingdom of Poland became....
- ^ * Królestwo Polskie, Królestwo Kongresowe, Encyklopedia PWN:
- (in Polish) 1915–18 pod okupacją niem. i austro-węgierską; K.P. przestało istnieć po powstaniu II RP (XI 1918).
- [Congress Poland was] under German and Austro-Hungarian occupation from 1915 to 1918; it was finally abolished after the creation of the Second Polish Republic in November 1918