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Disciples of John the Baptist [ edit ]
Johanan bar Zekharyah haKohen († 30 CE at Machaerus )
Yeshua bar Yosef haDavid (* c. 4 BCE; † Apr 09, 30 CE at Jerusalem )
Andreas bar Yonah haGalil
Johanan bar Zebadiah haGalil
Levi "Matthew" bar Halfai haGalil
Nathanael bar Tolmai haKana
Philippos
Shim'on bar Yonah haKefa
Shim'on haQanai
Ya'akov bar Halfai haGalil
Ya'akov bar Zebadiah haGalil
Yehuda bar Shim'on haIsh Qeriyyot
Yehuda "Thomas" haT'oma
History of the Indo-European languages [ edit ]
Around 3700 to 3300 BCE, some tribes of the Repin culture migrated east toward South Siberia, thus establishing the Afanasievo culture. The people of this culture spoke the earliest stages of Proto-Tocharian and existed from 3300 BCE to 2500 BCE. The Afanasievans also had intense contact with speakers of Early Proto-Samoyedic, shaping the phonology and morphology of the language.
Those of the Repin culture that remained in the Pontic-Caspian steppe during that time became the Yamnayans, creating thus the Yamnaya culture and with it the Late Proto-Indo-European language, the last common ancestor of all other Indo-European languages.
Index of Proto-North Indo-European words [ edit ]
médyos , 'middle'
Proto-North Indo-European *médyos
Early Proto-Balto-Slavic *médjos
Late Proto-Balto-Slavic *médjas
Proto-Northwest European *médyos
Pre-Proto-Germanic *mídjos
Early Proto-Germanic *míðjaz
Late Proto-Germanic *míðjaz
Proto-Italo-Celtic *médyos
Proto-Celtic *médyos
Proto-Italic *méðjos
óynos [ˈoj.nos̠], 'one, 1'
Proto-North Indo-European *óynos [ˈoj.nos̠]
Early Proto-Balto-Slavic *médjos
Late Proto-Balto-Slavic *médjas
Proto-Northwest European *médyos
Pre-Proto-Germanic *mídjos
Early Proto-Germanic *míðjaz
Late Proto-Germanic *míðjaz
Proto-Italo-Celtic *médyos
Proto-Celtic *médyos
Proto-Italic *méðjos
Linguistic Reconstruction of Late Babylonian [ edit ]
b = [b], [β]
d = [d], [ð]
g = [g], [ɣ]
ḫ = [x]
y = [j]
k = [kʰ], [x]
l = [l]
m = [m]
n = [n]
p₁ = [pʰ], [ɸ]
p₂ = [pʼ]
q = [kʼ]
r = [r]
s = [s]
t = [tʰ], [θ]
w = [w]
z = [d͡z]
a = [ɑ]
ā = [ɑː]
e = [ɛ]
ē = [ɛː]
i = [ɪ]
ī = [ɪː]
u₁ = [u]
u₂ = [ɔ]
ū₁ = [uː]
ū₂ = [ɔː]
How did I reach these conclusions?[ edit ]
Language
Word
Pronunciation
Akkadian transcription
Pronunciation
Koine Greek
Ανδρονικος
[an.ˈdro.ni.kos]
ᵐan-dar-ni-qu-su
[ɑn.dɑr.nɪ.kʼus]
Koine Greek
Αντιπατρος
[an.ˈti.pa.tros]
ᵐan-ti-pa-aṭ-ru-su
[ɑn.tʰɪ.ˈpʼɑ.tʼrus]
Koine Greek
Αντων
[an.tɔːn]
ᵐat-tu-nu
[ɑ.tʰːɔːn]
Noun in Old Babylonian
Noun in Neo-Babylonian
Noun in Late Babylonian
Possible transcription in Imperial Aramaic script
Transcription thereof
Meaning in English
abnum
abnu
aban
𐡀𐡁𐡍
ʔbn
stone
abum
abu
ab
𐡀𐡁
ʔb
father; ancestor, forefather
addum
addu
adad
𐡀𐡃𐡃
ʔdd
storm, thunderstorm
amtum
amtu
awat
𐡀𐡅𐡕
ʔwt
female slave, female servant
apkallum
apkallu
apkal
𐡀𐡐𐡊𐡋
ʔpkl
sage, wise man, expert; mythological sage
aplum
aplu
apal
ܐܦܠ
ʔpl
heir, oldest son
aḫātum
aḫātu
aḫāt
ܐܚܬ
ʔḫt
sister
aḫum
aḫu
aḫ
ܐܚ
ʔḫ
brother; collegue, associate; (correlative) one another, one... the other...
barbarum
barbaru
barbar
ܒܪܒܪ
brbr
wolf
birkum
birku
birik
ܒܪܟ
brk
knee; lap; euphemism for male or female genitals
bābum
bābu
bāb
ܒܒ
bb
door, gate, opening; city quarter
bēlum
bēlu
bēl
ܒܠ
bl
lord; proprietor, owner; epithet of deities, particularly Marduk
bītum
bītu
bīt
ܒܬ
bt
house; palace; temple; family, tribe, household
dayyānum
dayyānu
dayyān
ܕܝܢ
dyn
judge
gišimmarum
gišimmaru
gišimmar
ܓܫܡܡܪ
gšmmr
date palm
ibrum
ibru
ibir
ܐܒܪ
ʔbr
comrade, fellow, friend, colleague, peer, equal (a person of the same status or profession)
ikkarum
ikkaru
ikkar
ܐܟܪ
ʔkr
farmer, ploughman
ilum
ilu
il
ܐܠ
ʔl
god, deity
immerum
immeru
immer
ܐܡܪ
ʔmr
sheep, ram
išātum
išātu
išāt
ܐܫܬ
ʔšt
fire
kaspum
kaspu
kasap
ܟܣܦ
ksp
silver; money
kibtum
kibtu
kibit
ܟܒܬ
kbt
wheat
lišānum
lišānu
lišān
ܠܫܢ
lšn
našrum
našru
našar
ܢܫܪ
nšr
eagle
salīmum
salīmu
salīm
ܣܠܡ
slm
peace, concord, amity; reconciliation with the gods, favor
šamšum
šamšu
šawaš
ܫܘܫ
šwš
sun; sunlight; day; sun disk
tiʔamtum → tâmtum
tâmtu
tâmat
ܬܡܬ
tmt
sea, ocean; lake; (mythology) a mythological or deified locality; Tiamat
ṭabtum
ṭabtu
ṭabat
ܛܒܬ
ṭbt
salt
ṭupšarrum
ṭupšarru
ṭupšar
ܛܦܫܪ
ṭpšr
scribe, tablet writer
List of Dynasties and their Rulers [ edit ]
Everything is counted in the Seleucid Era (SE), beginning in April of 311 BCE as Year 1 SE and April of 312 BCE as Year 1 BSE (Before SE).
Year in the Seleucid Era
Year in the Gregorian/Julian Calendar
700 BSE
1011 BCE
600 BSE
911 BCE
500 BSE
811 BCE
400 BSE
711 BCE
300 BSE
611 BCE
200 BSE
511 BCE
100 BSE
411 BCE
1 BSE
312 BCE
1 SE
311 BCE
100 SE
212 BCE
200 SE
112 BCE
300 SE
12 BCE
400 SE
88 CE
500 SE
188 CE
600 SE
288 CE
700 SE
388 CE
800 SE
488 CE
900 SE
588 CE
1000 SE
688 CE
1100 SE
788 CE
1200 SE
888 CE
1300 SE
988 CE
1400 SE
1088 CE
1500 SE
1188 CE
1600 SE
1288 CE
1700 SE
1388 CE
1800 SE
1488 CE
1900 SE
1588 CE
2000 SE
1688 CE
2100 SE
1788 CE
2200 SE
1888 CE
2300 SE
1988 CE
2334 SE
2023/24 CE
Egypt
Ruler (Throne name)
Akkadian name
Length of Reign
Dynasty
Tutankhamun
Nīpḫūrereya
1333 BCE - 1323 BCE
18th Dynasty
Djeserkheperure I Setpenre I
[unknown] I Šatēpna-Riˀa II
1320 BCE - 1292 BCE
Usermaatre I Setpenre II
Wāš-Muˀa-Riˀa I Šatēpna-Riˀa II
1279 BCE - 1213 BCE
19th Dynasty
Menmire I Setpenre III
[unknown] I Šatēpna-Riˀa III
1203 BCE - 1200 BCE
19th Dynasty
Usermaatre VII
Wāš-Muˀa-Riˀa VII
21st Dynasty
Usermaatre XI
Wāš-Muˀa-Riˀa XI
740 BCE - 720 BCE
22nd Dynasty
Usermaatre XVII
Wāš-Muˀa-Riˀa XVII
744 BCE - 714 BCE
25th Dynasty
Necho I
Nikuˀu I
672 BCE - 664 BCE
26th Dynasty
Greece
Ruler
Length of Reign
Dynasty
Relationship in Dynasty
Aliksisu III mār (...)
1195 CE - 1203 CE
Angelos
Brother of (...); Son of (...)
Kings of Babylon
Ruler
Length of Reign
Dynasty
Relationship in Dynasty
Kuraš I mār Kambuzīa Bīt-Aḫamanīšˀ
228 BSE - 219 BSE
Bīt-Aḫamanīšˀ (Dynasty XI)
None; Conquered Babylon on 3 Cheshvan, 228 BSE.
Kambuzīa I mār Kuraš Bīt-Aḫamanīšˀ
219 BSE - 211 BSE
Bīt-Aḫamanīšˀ (Dynasty XI)
Son of Kuraš I.
Barzia I mār Kuraš Bīt-Aḫamanīšˀ
211 BSE - 211 BSE
Bīt-Aḫamanīšˀ (Dynasty XI)
Either son of Kuraš I or an usurper.
Nabû-kudurri-uṣur III mār Nabû-naˀid
211 BSE - 211 BSE
-
Usurper; actual name was Nidintu-Bêl mār Mukīn-zēri Bīt-Zazakku.
Dariamuš I mār Uštāspa Bīt-Aḫamanīšˀ
211 BSE - 210 BSE
Bīt-Aḫamanīšˀ (Dynasty XI)
Distant relative
Bīt-Siluku
Ruler
Length of Reign
Relation to previous ruler
Siluku I mār Antiuksu Bīt-Siluku
311 BCE - 281 BCE
-
Antiuksu I mār Siluku Bīt-Siluku
281 BCE - 261 BCE
Son
Antiuksu II mār Antiuksu Bīt-Siluku
261 BCE - 246 BCE
Son
Siluku II mār Antiuksu Bīt-Siluku
246 BCE - 225 BCE
Son
Siluku III mār Siluku Bīt-Siluku
225 BCE - 223 BCE
Son
Antiuksu III mār Siluku Bīt-Siluku
223 BCE - 187 BCE
Brother; Son of Siluku II
Siluku IV mār Antiuksu Bīt-Siluku
187 BCE - 175 BCE
Son
Antiuksu IV mār Antiuksu Bīt-Siluku
175 BCE - 163 BCE
Brother; Son of Antiuksu III
Antiuksu V mār Antiuksu Bīt-Siluku
163 BCE - 161 BCE
Son
Dimitrisu I mār Siluku Bīt-Siluku
161 BCE - 150 BCE
Son of Siluku IV
Alaksāndar
150 BCE - 146 BCE
Purported son of Antiuksu IV
Dimitrisu II mār Dimitrisu Bīt-Siluku
146 BCE - 139 BCE
Unknown; Son of Dimitrisu I
Antiuksu VI mār Alaksāndar Bīt-Siluku
145 BCE - 142 BCE
Unknown; Son of a "Alexander III"
Antiuksu VII mār Dimitrisu Bīt-Siluku
139 BCE - 129 BCE
Son of Dimitrisu I
Egyptian into Akkadian [ edit ]
Greek into Akkadian [ edit ]
List of Greek suffixes in Akkadian [ edit ]
Greek suffixes in Akkadian
Greek suffix
Akkadianized suffix
Cuneiform transliteration
Historically attested
Partially reconstructed
Reconstruction
-κρᾰ́της "-crates"
-giratē
gi-ra-te-e
Yes
No
No
-θεος "-theos"
-ṭusu
ṭu-su
Yes
No
No
Θεό- "Theo-"
Ti-
ti
Yes
No
No
Τιμό- "Timo-"
Ṭīˀmū-
ṭi-iˀ-mu-u2
Yes
No
No
Persian into Akkadian [ edit ]
Akkadian words
English word
Akkadian word
Cuneiform transliteration
Derived from ...
Historically attested
Partially reconstructed
Reconstruction
Topic
Africa
Aprikû
KUR ap-ri-ku-u2
Parthian
No
No
Yes
Geography (Country)
Ahab
Aḫābbu
m a-ḫa-ab-bu
Hebrew
Yes
No
No
Name (Masculine) - Hebrew
Alexander
Aliksāndar
m a-lik-sa-an-dar
Greek
Yes
No
No
Name (Masculine) - Greek
Aristocrates
Arīstūgiratē
m a-ri-is-tu-ug-gi-ra-te-e
Greek
Yes
No
No
Name (Masculine) - Greek
Bechamoun, Lebanon
Bīt-Yasumunu
URU bi-it-d ia-su-mu-nu
Calque of Arabic name
No
Yes
No
Geography (City)
Camphor
kāpūlu
ka-ap-pu-ul-lu
Pahlavi
No
No
Yes
Plant
Diana
Amat-Nanaya
GEME2 .d na-na-a
Calque of Latin Diana
No
Yes
No
Name (Feminine) - Latin
Felix
Muḫaddû
m mu-ḫa-du
Calque of Latin Felix
No
Yes
No
Name (Masculine) - Latin
Frying pan
tābagu
ta-ab-ba-gu
Middle Persian
No
No
Yes
Tool (Kitchen)
Gabriel
Gabri-Ilu
m gab-ri-DINGIR
Hebrew
Yes
No
No
Name (Masculine) - Hebrew
Georgios
Ikkaru
m.lú ENGAR
Calque of Greek Γεώργιος
No
Yes
No
Name (Masculine) - Greek
Germania
Galimanû
KUR ga-li-ma-nu-u2
Parthian
No
No
Yes
Geography (Country)
Gordianus
Gūlzanûsu
m gu-ul-za-nu-su
Parthian
No
No
Yes
Name (Masculine) - Latin
Hannibal
Enna-Bēl
m en-na.d EN
Calque of Punic 𐤇𐤍𐤁𐤏𐤋
No
No
Yes
Name (Masculine) - Punic
Hempseed
šāzanagu
U2 ša-a-za-na-gu
Middle Persian
No
No
Yes
Plant
Hispania
Ispanû
KUR is-pa-nu-u2
Parthian
No
No
Yes
Geography (Country)
Marcellus
Arad-Nergal
m ARAD.d GIR.UNU.GAL
Calque of Latin Marcus
No
Yes
No
Name (Masculine) - Latin
Marcus
Arad-Nergal
m ARAD.d GIR.UNU.GAL
Calque of Latin Marcus
No
Yes
No
Name (Masculine) - Latin
Markus
Arad-Nergal
m ARAD.d GIR.UNU.GAL
Calque of Latin Marcus
No
Yes
No
Name (Masculine) - Germanic
Melchior
Milkiˀuri
m mil-ku-ú-ri
Hebrew
Yes
No
No
Name (Masculine) - Hebrew
Mongolia
Mūgālû
KUR mu-ug-ga-al-lu-u2
Aramaic
No
No
Yes
Geography (Country)
Nachman
Nāḫmanu
m na-aḫ-ma-nu
Hebrew
Yes
No
No
Name (Masculine) - Hebrew
Osorkon
Šīlkanni
m ši-il-kan-ni
Egyptian
Yes
No
No
Name (Masculine) - Egyptian
Pekah
Paqaḫa
m pa-qa-ḫa
Hebrew
Yes
No
No
Name (Masculine) - Hebrew
Phoenicia
Punikû
KUR pu-ni-ku-u2
Parthian
No
No
Yes
Geography (Country)
Polo
šūbaganu
šu-ub-ba-ga-nu
Middle Persian
No
No
Yes
Sports
Polo stick
šūbaganu
šu-ub-ba-ga-nu
Middle Persian
No
No
Yes
Sports
Rhaetia
Lēšû
KUR le-e-šu-u2
Parthian
No
No
Yes
Geography (Country)
Rome
Palūmu
URU pa-lu-um-mu
Parthian
No
No
Yes
Geography (City)
Sable
samūllu
sa-mu-ul-lu
Middle Persian
No
No
Yes
Animal (Mammals)
Sandalwood
šānzalu
U2 ša-an-za-lu
Middle Persian
No
No
Yes
Plant
Sardinia
šardanu
KUR šar-da-nu
Punic-Phoenician
No
No
Yes
Geography (Country)
Shabtai
Šabbatāya
missing
Hebrew
Yes
No
No
Name (Masculine) - Hebrew
Solomon
Šalāmānu
m ša-lam-ma-nu
Hebrew
Yes
No
No
Name (Masculine) - Hebrew
St Petersburg, Russia
Dūr-Kāpu
URU BÀD.ka-a-pu
Calque of Russian Петербург
No
Yes
No
Geography (City)
Thorleif
Adad-apla-iddina
m.d IM.DUMU.UŠ.SUM.na
Calque of Icelandic Þorleifur
No
Yes
No
Name (Masculine) - Germanic
Conventional Name of River
Country
Germanized Name of River
Suffixes (if needed)
Severn
Great Britain
Säbrene
Conventional Anglicization of Personal Name
Language of Origin
Germanized Personal Name
Amadeo
Italian
Gottlieb
Amadeus
Latin
Gottlieb
Boudica
Celtic
Baudehe (/ˈbaʊ.dɛːə/) - Reconstructed
Dagorix
Celtic
Dacherich (/ˈdaː.xe.ˌriç/) - Reconstructed
Donald
Celtic
Dobnewal (/ˈdop.ne.ˌvɑl// - Reconstructed
Dubnogenos
Celtic
Dobnechen (/ˈdop.ne.ˌxen/) - Reconstructed
Karatākos
Celtic
Karetach (/ˈkɑː.rɛ.ˌtɑːx/) - Reconstructed
Theophilos
Greek
Gottlieb
Timothy
Greek
Ehregott
Ze'ev
Hebrew
Wolf
Conventional Anglicization of Surname
Language of Origin
Germanized Personal Name
Graham
English
Kiesheim