Wang Ling's Rebellion
| Wang Ling's Rebellion | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Three Rebellions in Shouchun | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
| Cao Wei | Wang Ling | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Sima Yi |
Wang Ling  | ||||||
Wang Ling's Rebellion, or the First Rebellion in Shouchun, was a punitive uprising in 251 led by Wang Ling, a general of the state of Cao Wei, against the regent Sima Yi and his clan. This was the first of a series of three rebellions that all took place in Shouchun (壽春; present-day Shou County, Lu'an, Anhui) in the 250s during the Three Kingdoms period in Chinese history.
Background
Like each of the Three Rebellions in Shouchun, the cause of the revolt was related to the Incident at Gaoping Tombs in 249, in which the Wei regent Sima Yi and his clan seized power from his co-regent Cao Shuang and dominated the Wei government. Wang Ling, an influential governor and general in Wei, was appointed "General Who Attacks the East" (征東將軍) and placed in charge of military affairs in Yang Province. In 241, Quan Cong, a general from Wei's rival state Eastern Wu, led thousands of troops to attack a Wei embankment at Quebei (芍陂). Wang Ling led an army to counter the invaders and drove them away after several days of fighting. For his efforts, Wang Ling was promoted to "General of Chariots and Cavalry" (車騎將軍), enfeoffed as the "Marquis of Nan District" (南鄉侯), and had the number of taxable households in his marquisate increased to 1,350.
Trigger
Around the time, Wang Ling's maternal nephew, Linghu Yu (令狐愚), was appointed as the Inspector of Yan Province for his contributions and was stationed at Ping'e county (平阿縣). Both of them wielded significant military power in the Huainan region. Wang Ling was subsequently promoted to the position of "Excellency of Works" (司空). After Sima Yi eliminated Cao Shuang and his clan in the Incident at Gaoping Tombs, Wang Ling was appointed as the "Grand Commandant" (太尉) and given a ceremonial axe to represent his authority. After discussing with Linghu Yu, Wang Ling felt that the Wei emperor Cao Fang was inept and plotted with his nephew to replace the emperor with Cao Biao (曹彪), the Prince of Chu (楚王), and establish the new capital in Xuchang.
In the ninth lunar month of 249, Linghu Yu sent his subordinate Zhang Shi (張式) to Boma (白馬) to contact Cao Biao. Wang Ling also sent someone to Luoyang to inform his son, Wang Guang (王廣), about the plot. Wang Guang advised his father against the idea, saying, "The act of changing the ruler is a cause for disaster."[2] Xi Zuochi mentioned in the Han Jin Chunqiu (漢晉春秋) that Wang Guang wrote a long reply to his father, stating that Cao Shuang fell from power because he lost the people's support and that Sima Yi's policies were more popular, hence it was difficult to overthrow the Sima clan. Pei Songzhi claimed that Xi Zuochi fabricated this account because the tone and writing style of Wang Guang's reply was different from that in earlier records.[3]
Rebellion
In the 11th lunar month, Linghu Yu sent Zhang Shi to contact Cao Biao again but died of illness before Zhang returned. In 250, a glitter was observed in the South Dipper constellation. Wang Ling said, "When there is a star in the Dipper, someone will make a sudden big fortune."[4] The Weilue mentioned that Wang Ling asked others about the meaning of the stars, and they, in their attempt to please him, lied that the stars were a sign that a ruler will rise. Wang Ling then affirmed his plan to rebel.[5]
In the spring of 251, when Wu forces approached Tushui (塗水), Wang Ling requested permission from the Wei imperial court to lead his forces to engage the enemy. His true intention, however, was to use the attack to mask his plans for rebellion. Sima Yi sensed that there was something fishy in Wang Ling's request and ignored it. Wang Ling then sent Yang Hong (楊弘) to inform Huang Hua (黃華), the Inspector of Yan Province, about his plan, but Yang and Huang betrayed him and reported his plot to Sima Yi. News of the rebellion reached the Wei imperial court in the fourth lunar month of 251.[1]
Sima Yi immediately mobilised troops to attack Wang Ling and they travelled on water. He first issued a pardon to Wang Ling and sent a secretary to call for Wang's surrender, while his army advanced to within 100 chi of Wang's base to put pressure on Wang. Wang Ling knew that his forces were too weak so he gave up, sent his subordinate Wang Yu (王彧) to apologise on his behalf, and hand over his official seal and ceremonial axe to Sima Yi. The Weilue contained detailed records of two apology letters written by Wang Ling to Sima Yi.[6]
When Sima Yi's army reached Qiutou (丘頭), Wang Ling tied himself up to show his repentance. Acting on imperial order, Sima Yi sent a Registrar (主簿) to unbind Wang and reassure him and return him his official seal and ceremonial axe. Wang Ling later had a conversation with Sima Yi[7] at a distance of more than ten zhang between them. Wang Ling knew that he had committed a capital offence, so he wanted to test whether Sima Yi was sincere about sparing him. He asked for a coffin and was given one by Sima Yi.[8] Sima Yi then sent 600 men to escort Wang Ling back to the capital Luoyang. However, in the fifth lunar month of 251, before he reached his destination, Wang Ling committed suicide at Xiang county (項縣) by consuming poison.[1] The Weilue mentioned that before he killed himself, Wang Ling exclaimed, "I've lived for 80 years. My reputation is destroyed just like that!"[9] The Jin Ji (晉紀) stated that before committing suicide at Xiang county, Wang Ling passed by a shrine honouring Jia Kui and said, "Jia Liangdao, only God knows Wang Ling is truly loyal to Wei."[10][11]
The Wei imperial court ordered Cao Biao to commit suicide. His subordinates who conspired with him were executed along with their families. Wang Ling and Linghu Yu's bodies were exhumed from their graves and exposed to the public for three days in a nearby city, while their official seals and court dresses were burnt and buried.
Aftermath
As a result of this uprising, it occurred to many Wei officials that Sima Yi and his clan were serious about affairs, most likely because the Wei court was seen as being divided into those supported the Simas and those who were still loyal to the Cao imperial family. The revolt also had a strong influence on the subsequent second and third rebellions in Shouchun, as they were all inspired by the same cause, which was to unseat the Simas and restore the monarchy.
During the revolt, Sima Yi, who was feigning illness before the Incident at Gaoping Tombs, became drastically ill and died in September 251. His power was passed on to his eldest son, Sima Shi, who immediately faced an assassination attempt and the second rebellion in Shouchun.
The revolt is often also considered a turning point in the decline of Wei and the mark of the beginning of the rise of the Sima clan. Sima Yi's grandson, Sima Yan, eventually ended the Wei regime and unified the Three Kingdoms under the Jin dynasty in 280.
Order of battle
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Wang Ling's forces
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Wei forces
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Modern references
The rebellion, along with the other two uprisings, are all featured as playable stages in the Jin Story Mode in the seventh instalment of Koei's Dynasty Warriors video game series. During the stage, the player plays as Sima Yi, and has to plot with Wang Ling's son Wang Guang, who chose to remain in Wei to convince his father Wang Ling to "clear his mind from the chaos". During the stage, Eastern Wu's Zhuge Ke also makes it to the battle to support Wang Ling, even though in history he never did.
See also
Notes
- ^α Starting from Chinese New Year of CE 251, The fourth lunar month in CE 251 based on the Julian calendar is between 8 May and 7 June. Considering that it is scientifically impossible for the Chinese lunar calendar's lunar month to differ from than any other lunar month more than a slight amount, the 4th lunar month of the Chinese lunar calendar is also sometime between May–June. It is late Spring.
References
- ^ a b c Sanguozhi vol. 4.
- ^ (廢立大事，勿為禍先。) Sanguozhi vol. 28.
- ^ (臣松之以為如此言之類，皆前史所不載，而猶出習氏。且制言法體不似於昔，疑悉鑿齒所自造者也。) Pei Songzhi's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 28.
- ^ (斗中有星，當有暴貴者。) Sanguozhi vol. 28.
- ^ (魏略曰：凌聞東平民浩詳知星，呼問詳。詳疑凌有所挾，欲悅其意，不言吳當有死喪，而言淮南楚分也，今吳、楚同占，當有王者興。故凌計遂定。) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 28.
- ^ (魏略載凌與太傅書曰：「卒聞神軍密發，巳在百尺，雖知命窮盡，遲於相見，身首分離，不以為恨，前後遣使，有書未得還報，企踵西望，無物以譬。昨遣書之後，便乘船來相迎宿丘頭，旦發於浦口，奉被露布赦書，又得二十三日況，累紙誨示，聞命驚愕，五內失守，不知何地可以自處？仆久忝朝恩，歷試無效，統御戎馬，董齊東夏，事有闕廢，中心犯義，罪在三百，妻子同縣，無所禱矣。不圖聖恩天覆地載，橫蒙視息，復睹日月。亡甥令狐愚攜惑群小之言，仆即時呵抑，使不得竟其語。既人已知，神明所鑒，夫非事無陰，卒至發露，知此梟夷之罪也。生我者父母，活我者子也。」又重曰：「身陷刑罪，謬蒙赦宥。今遣掾送印綬，頃至，當如詔書自縛歸命。雖足下私之，官法有分。」) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 28.
- ^ (淩計無所出，乃迎於武丘，面縛水次，曰：「淩若有罪，公當折簡召淩，何苦自來邪！」帝曰：「以君非折簡之客故耳。」) Jin Shu vol. 1.
- ^ (太傅使人解其縛。凌既蒙赦，加怙舊好，不復自疑，徑乘小船自趣太傅。太傅使人逆止之，住船淮中，相去十餘丈。凌知見外，乃遙謂太傅曰：「卿直以折簡召我，我當敢不至邪？而乃引軍來乎！」太傅曰：「以卿非肯逐折簡者故也。」凌曰：「卿負我！」太傅曰：「我寧負卿，不負國家。」遂使人送來西。凌自知罪重，試索棺釘，以觀太傅意，太傅給之。) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 28.
- ^ (行年八十，身名並滅邪！) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 28.
- ^ Jin Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 28.
- ^ (賈梁道！王淩是大魏之忠臣，惟爾有神知之。) Jin Shu vol. 1.
- Chen, Shou. Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- Fang, Xuanling et al. Book of Jin (Jin Shu).
- Pei, Songzhi. Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).