White Defence League
White Defence League | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Leader | Colin Jordan |
| Founder | Colin Jordan |
| Founded | 1957 |
| Dissolved | 1960 |
| Preceded by | League of Empire Loyalists |
| Succeeded by | British National Party |
| Headquarters | Arnold Leese House, Notting Hill, London |
| Newspaper | Black and White News, The Nationalist |
| Ideology | Neo-Nazism, White nationalism |
The White Defence League was a British far-right political group. Using the provocative marching techniques popularised by Oswald Mosley, its members included a young John Tyndall.
Formation
The WDL had its roots in Colin Jordan's decision to split from the League of Empire Loyalists in 1957. Jordan had wanted a ban on Jews and non-white members enshrined in the League but this had been rejected by League chief A. K. Chesterton, due to the group's links to the Conservative Party. Jordan further called for the building of a mass party but this too was rejected due to the Tory links.[1] At the time Jordan was also close to the Britons Publishing Society and both groups ran out of Arnold Leese House, the name given to 74 Princedale Road, the Notting Hill home of the late Imperial Fascist League leader which Leese's widow Mary allowed Jordan to use as his base of operations.[2] Mary Leese also provided most of the group's funding.[3] Because of this shared space with the Britons the WDL was able to publish its own magazine, Black and White News, as soon the group was founded and it reached a circulation of around 800 with a diet of anti-immigration rhetoric.[4] A further WDL paper, The Nationalist, appeared in 1959, focusing more on anti-Semitism and the desire for racial purity.[5]
Ideology
Unlike the LEL, which stressed British identity and patriotism, the WDL was fairly open in its admiration for Adolf Hitler and Nazism.[6] Seeking to distance itself from LEL conservatism and to build links with like-minded groups in continental Europe, the party's journals became notorious for their rabid racial hatred.[7] By personal conviction Jordan's main belief was in anti-Semitism but, whilst the WDL did stress the Jews as an enemy "out-group", the League also emphasised anti-immigration rhetoric.[8] However the WDL has been contrasted with the Union Movement, a contemporary group led by Oswald Mosley as, whilst the Union Movement had a coherent ideology that sought to remodel pre-Second World War fascism, the WDL was more crudely racist and had a much less developed political programme.[9] Hans-Georg Betz has characterised the WDL as part of a tendency within British right-wing extremism to place a "recidivist or radical neo-fascism" as the ideological core rather than the populism of Scandinavian protest parties or the "hybrid appeal" that fuses elements of fascism to populism typified by the likes the Front National (italics are after Betz).[10]
Activities
The WDL gained notoriety after members of the group were widely reported in the press as having taken part in the 1958 Notting Hill race riots.[11] Indeed, during that summer the WDL held rallies through immigrant neighbourhoods on a nightly basis.[8] Towards the end of the riots Antiguan immigrant Kelso Cochrane was murdered and local black opinion often suggested that the WDL was responsible although ultimately no one was arrested for the killing.[12] Like the Union Movement, which was also active in the local area, the WDL co-operated with gangs of racist Teddy boys who harassed and launched attacks on blacks in the area.[13] Indeed, in the run-up to the riots followers of the Union Movement and the WDL had came into immigrant neighbourhoods in the area to indulge in what they called "nigger hunts".[14][15]
In 1959 the WDL began to co-operate with the National Labour Party, a group led by another former LEL dissident John Bean which was also active in Notting Hill. The WDL helped Bean's group with their election campaigns and the two groups held a joint rally called Stop the Coloured Invasion in Trafalgar Square in May 1959 with banners that read Keep Britain White.[2] The monitors at the rally wore white armbands emblazoned with a black sun wheel, the symbol of the Aryan race. The sun wheel symbol was used as the symbol of White Defence League.[16][17][18] Jordan, who had developed a network of international contacts through The Nationalist, impressed both Bean and Andrew Fountaine and in February 1960 the two groups fused to form the British National Party, which was also to be based at Arnold Leese House.[5]
See also
References
- ^ Martin Walker, The National Front, Glasgow: Fontana, 1977, p. 31
- ^ a b Walker, The National Front, p. 33
- ^ Stephen E. Atkins, Encyclopedia of modern worldwide extremists and extremist groups, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, p. 162
- ^ Walker, The National Front, pp. 33-34
- ^ a b Walker, The National Front, p. 34
- ^ Peter Barberis, John McHugh, Mike Tyldesley, Encyclopedia of British and Irish political organizations: parties, groups and movements of the 20th century, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000, p. 194
- ^ Richard Thurlow, Fascism in Britain A History, 1918-1985, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987, p. 263
- ^ a b Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity, New York University Press, 2003
- ^ David Stephen Lewis, Illusions of grandeur: Mosley, fascism, and British society, 1931-81, Manchester University Press ND, 1987, pp. 241-242
- ^ Hans-Georg Betz, Stefan Immerfall, The new politics of the Right: neo-Populist parties and movements in established democracies, Palgrave Macmillan, 1998, p. 143
- ^ Ray Hill & Andrew Bell, The Other Face of Terror, London: Grafton Books, 1988, p. 79
- ^ Grant Farred, What's my name?: Black vernacular intellectuals, U of Minnesota Press, 2003, p. 188
- ^ Richard Jones, Gnanapala Welhengama, Ethnic Minorities in English Law, Trentham Books, 2000, p. 9
- ^ Winston James, Clive Harris, Inside Babylon: the Caribbean diaspora in Britain, Verso, 1993, p. 155
- ^ Vijay Prashad, The Karma of Brown Folk, U of Minnesota Press, 2000, p. 77
- ^ 20th Century London Photo Bank--Photo of "Stop the Coloured Invasion" rally with banner displayed saying "Keep Britain White":
- ^ Fascism in Great Britain 1958-1968:
- ^ Southend Democratic Nationalist—Photo of May 1959 "Stop the Coloured Invasion" rally with banner displayed saying "Keep Britain White" and photo of the Arnold Leese House and of the headquarters of the White Defence League with the sun wheel symbol: