William Bligh

Vice Admiral William Bligh FRS RN
1814 portrait
4th Governor of New South Wales
In office 13 August 1806 – 26 January 1808
Preceded by	Philip Gidley King
Succeeded by	Lachlan Macquarie
Personal details
Born	(1754-09-09)9 September 1754 St Tudy, Cornwall, Great Britain
Died	7 December 1817(1817-12-07) (aged 63) 25 Bond Street, London, England, Great Britan
Resting place	St Mary-at-Lambeth, Lambeth, London, England
Spouse	Elizabeth (Betsy) Betham
Occupation	Vice Admiral

Vice Admiral William Bligh FRS RN (9 September 1754 – 7 December 1817) was an officer of the British Royal Navy and a colonial administrator. A notorious mutiny occurred during his command of HMAV Bounty in 1789; Bligh and his loyal men made a remarkable voyage to Timor, after being set adrift in the Bounty's launch by the mutineers. Fifteen years after the Bounty mutiny, he was appointed Governor of New South Wales in Australia, with orders to clean up the corrupt rum trade of the New South Wales Corps, resulting in the so-called Rum Rebellion.

Early life

The name Bligh comes from the Cornish language word Blyth meaning Boner.

Bligh was born in St Tudy near Bodmin in Cornwall to Francis and Jane (Balsam) Bligh. He was signed for the Royal Navy at age seven, it being common to sign on a "young gentleman" simply to gain experience at sea required for promotion. In 1770, at age 16, he joined HMS Hunter as an able seaman, the term used because there was no vacancy for a midshipman. He became a midshipman early in the following year. In September 1771, Bligh was transferred to the Crescent and remained on the ship for three years.

In 1776, Bligh was selected by Captain James Cook for the position of sailing master on the Resolution and accompanied Cook in July 1776 on Cook's third and fatal voyage to the Pacific. He reached England at the end of 1780 and was able to give details of Cook's last voyage.

Bligh married Elizabeth Betham, daughter of a Customs Collector (stationed in Douglas, Isle of Man), on 4 February 1781. The wedding took place at nearby Onchan. A few days later, he was appointed to serve on HMS Belle Poule as its master. Soon after this, in August 1781, he fought in the Battle of Dogger Bank under Admiral Parker. For the next 18 months, he was a lieutenant on various ships. He also fought with Lord Howe at Gibraltar in 1782.

Between 1783 and 1787, Bligh was a Lieutenant and Commanding Lieutenant in the merchant service. In 1787, Bligh was selected as commander of the Bounty. He would eventually rise to the rank of Vice Admiral in the Royal Navy.

Naval career

William Bligh's naval career consisted of a variety of appointments and assignments. He first rose to prominence as Master of HMS Resolution, under the command of Captain Cook. Bligh received praise from Cook during what would be the latter's final voyage. A summary follows:

Date	Rank	Ship (number of guns)
1 July 1761 – 21 February 1763	Ship's Boy and Captain's Servant	HMS Monmouth (64)
27 July 1770	Able Seaman	HMS Hunter (10)
5 February 1771	Midshipman	HMS Hunter
22 September 1771	Midshipman	HMS Crescent (28)
2 September 1774	Able Seaman	HMS Ranger
30 September 1775	Master's mate	HMS Ranger
20 March 1776 – October 1780	Master	HM Sloop Resolution (12)
14 February 1781	Master	HMS Belle Poule
5 October 1781	Lieutenant	HMS Berwick (74)
1 January 1782	Lieutenant	HMS Princess Amelia (80)
20 March 1782	Lieutenant	HMS Cambridge (80)
14 January 1783	Joins Merchant Service
1785	Commanding Lieutenant	Merchant Vessel Lynx
1786	Lieutenant	Merchant Vessel Britannia
1787	Returns to Royal Navy
16 August 1787	Commanding Lieutenant	HM Armed Vessel Bounty
14 November 1790	Commander	HM Brig-sloop Falcon (14)
15 December 1790	Captain	HMS Medea (28) (for rank only)
16 April 1791 – 1793	Captain	HMS Providence (28)
16 April 1795	Captain	HMS Calcutta (24)
7 January 1796	Captain	HMS Director (64)
18 March 1801	Captain	HMS Glatton (56)
12 April 1801	Captain	HMS Monarch (74)
8 May 1801 – 28 May 1802	Captain	HMS Irresistible (74)
March 1802 – May 1804	Peace of Amiens
2 May 1804	Captain	HMS Warrior (74)
14 May 1805	Appointed Governor of New South Wales
27 September 1805	Captain	HMS Porpoise (12), voyage to New South Wales
13 August 1806 – 26 January 1808	Governor of New South Wales
31 July 1808	Commodore	HMS Porpoise (12), Tasmania
3 April 1810 – 25 October 1810	Commodore	HMS Hindostan (50), returning to England.
31 July 1811	Appointed Rear Admiral of the Blue (backdated to 31 July 1810)
4 June 1814	Appointed Vice Admiral of the Blue

The voyage of the Bounty

Main article: Mutiny on the Bounty

The first breadfruit voyage

In 1787, Bligh took command of the Bounty. In order to win a premium offered by the Royal Society of Arts, he first sailed to Tahiti to obtain breadfruit trees, then set course for the Caribbean, where breadfruit was wanted for experiments to see whether it would be a successful food crop for slaves there. The Bounty never reached the Caribbean, as mutiny broke out on board shortly after the ship left Tahiti.

The voyage to Tahiti was difficult. After trying unsuccessfully for a month to round Cape Horn, the Bounty was finally defeated by the notoriously stormy weather and forced to take the longer way around the Cape of Good Hope. That delay caused in a further delay in Tahiti, as he had to wait five months for the breadfruit plants to mature sufficiently to be transported. The Bounty departed Tahiti in April 1789.

The mutiny

Since it was rated only as a cutter, the Bounty had no officers other than Bligh himself (who was then only a lieutenant), a very small crew, and no Marines to provide protection from hostile natives during stops or enforce security on board ship. To allow longer uninterrupted sleep, Bligh divided his crew into three watches instead of two, placing his protégé Fletcher Christian-rated as a Master's Mate—in charge of one of the watches. The mutiny, which took place on 28 April 1789 during the return voyage, was led by Christian and supported by eighteen of the crew. They had seized firearms during Christian's night watch and surprised and bound Bligh in his cabin.

The mutineers turning Lt Bligh and some of the officers and crew adrift from His Majesty's Ship Bounty. By Robert Dodd

Despite being in the majority, none of the loyalists put up a significant struggle once they saw Bligh bound, and the ship was taken over without bloodshed. The mutineers provided Bligh and eighteen loyal crewmen with a 23 foot (7m) launch (so heavily loaded that the gunwales were only a few inches above the water). They were given four cutlasses, enough food and water to reach the most accessible ports, a quadrant and a compass, but no charts, sextant or Marine chronometer. The launch could not hold all the loyal crew members, so four were detained on the Bounty for their useful skills; they were later released at Tahiti.

Tahiti was upwind from Bligh's initial position, and was the obvious destination of the mutineers. Many of the loyalists claimed to have heard the mutineers cry "Huzzah for Otaheite!" as the Bounty pulled away. Timor was the nearest European outpost, so Bligh and his crew first made for Tofua, to obtain supplies. However, they were attacked by hostile natives and a crewman was killed. Fleeing from Tofua, Bligh did not dare to stop at the next islands (the Fiji islands), as he had no weapons for defence and expected hostile receptions.

Bligh had confidence in his navigational skills, which he had perfected under the instruction of Captain Cook. His first responsibility was to survive and get word of the mutiny as soon as possible to British vessels that could pursue the mutineers. Thus, he undertook the seemingly impossible 3,618 nautical mile (6,701 km) voyage to Timor. In this remarkable act of seamanship, Bligh succeeded in reaching Timor after a 47-day voyage, the only casualty being the crewman killed on Tofua. Several of the men who survived this ordeal with him soon died of sickness, possibly malaria, in the pestilential Dutch East Indies port of Batavia, as they waited for transport to Britain.

Original illustration from the novel "Mutineers of the Bounty" (Les Révoltés de la Bounty) by Jules Verne (1879), drawn by S. Drée.

Why the mutiny

To this day, the reasons behind the mutiny are a subject of debate. Some believe that Bligh was a tyrant whose abuse of the crew led them to feel that they had no choice but to take over the ship. Others argue that the crew, inexperienced and unused to the rigours of the sea and, after having been exposed to freedom and sexual license on Tahiti, refused to return to the life of an ordinary "Jack Tar" (seaman). They were led by the equally disaffected Fletcher Christian in order to escape from Bligh's acid tongue. This view holds that the crew took the ship so they could return to an idyllic life in Tahiti.

The Bounty's log shows that Bligh resorted to punishments relatively sparingly. He scolded when other captains would have whipped and whipped when other captains would have hanged. He was an educated man, deeply interested in science, convinced that good diet and sanitation were necessary for the welfare of his crew. He took a great interest in his crew's exercise, was very careful about the quality of their food, and insisted upon the Bounty being kept very clean. He tried (unsuccessfully) to check the spread of venereal disease among them . Prior to the mutiny only two members of the ship's crew had died, one seaman from infection and the ship's doctor from alcohol-induced indolence. J. C. Beaglehole has described the major flaw in this otherwise enlightened naval officer: "[Bligh made] dogmatic judgements which he felt himself entitled to make; he saw fools about him too easily... thin-skinned vanity was his curse through life... [Bligh] never learnt that you do not make friends of men by insulting them."

Beaglehole's judgment is supported by the small settlers in NSW (see Bligh's tenure as NSW Governor), who named sons after him. Bligh had the moral courage to take on what he saw was wrong, and he strongly supported those he thought were right.

Popular fiction often confuses Bligh with Edward Edwards of HMS Pandora, who was sent on the Royal Navy's expedition to the South Pacific to find the mutineers and bring them to trial. Edwards has been described as the cruel man that Bligh has been accused of being; the 14 men that he captured were confined in a cramped 18' x 11' x 5' 8" wooden cell on the Pandora's quarterdeck. When the Pandora ran aground on the Great Barrier Reef, 4 of the prisoners and 31 of the crew died. The 11 prisoners still in the cell would have all perished, had not William Moulter, a bosun's mate, unlocked the cell's scuttle before jumping off the sinking vessel. The 'scuttle' had inexplicably been locked again after an armourer (Hodges) had entered the cell on Edwards's orders to knock off the prisoners' shackles and leg irons. The sinking simply happened very suddenly, before Hodges had finished his job.

Aftermath

In October 1790, Bligh was honourably acquitted at the court-martial inquiring into the loss of the Bounty. Shortly thereafter, A Narrative of the Mutiny on board His Majesty's Ship "Bounty" was published. Of the 10 surviving prisoners, eventually brought home in spite of the Pandora's loss, four were acquitted, due to Bligh's testimony that they were non-mutineers that Bligh was obliged to leave on the Bounty due to lack of space in the launch. Two others were convicted because, while not participating in the mutiny, they were passive and did not resist. They subsequently received royal pardons. One was convicted but excused on a technicality. The remaining three were convicted and hanged.

Comparative travels of the Bounty and the small boat after mutiny:

Travel up to the mutiny

1. Tasmania, Adventure Bay (21 August 1788)

2. first arrival at Tahiti (26 October 1788)

2. departure for the Caribbean (4 April 1789)

3. Palmerston

4. Tofua

5. 28 April 1789: mutiny

Travel of the mutineers

6. Tubai (6 July 1789)

6. second arrival at Tahiti

7. Tubai (16 July 1789)

8. third arrival at Tahiti (22 September 1789)

8. departure from Tahiti (23 September 1789)

9. Tongatabu (15 November 1789)

10. 15 January 1790: Pitcairn, burning of the Bounty

Travel of Bligh's boat

5. Bligh's party set adrift (29 April 1789)

16. Tonga

17. Timor (14 June 1789)

Bligh's letter to his wife, Betsy

The following is a letter to Bligh's wife, written from Coupang, Dutch East Indies, (circa June 1791) in which the first reference to events on the Bounty is made.

William Bligh, pictured in his 1792 account of the Mutiny voyage, A Voyage to the South Sea.

My Dear, Dear Betsy,

I am now, for the most part, in a part of the world I never expected, it is however a place that has afforded me relief and saved my life, and I have the happiness to assure you that I am now in perfect health...

Know then my own Dear Betsy, that I have lost the Bounty...on the 28 April at day light in the morning Christian having the morning watch. He with several others came into my Cabin while I was a Sleep, and seizing me, holding naked Bayonets at my Breast, tied my Hands behind my back, and threatened instant destruction if I uttered a word. I however call'd loudly for assistance, but the conspiracy was so well laid that the Officers Cabbin Doors were guarded by Centinels, so Nelson, Peckover, Samuels or the Master could not come to me. I was now dragged on Deck in my Shirt & closely guarded – I demanded of Christian the case of such a violent act, & severely degraded for his Villainy but he could only answer – "not a word sir or you are Dead." I dared him to the act & endeavoured to rally some one to a sense of their duty but to no effect...

The Secrisy of this Mutiny is beyond all conception so that I can not discover that any who are with me had the least knowledge of it. It is unbeknown to me why I must beguile such force. Even Mr. Tom Ellison took such a liking to Otaheite [Tahiti] that he also turned Pirate, so that I have been run down by my own Dogs...

My misfortune I trust will be properly considered by all the World – It was a circumstance I could not foresee – I had not sufficient Officers & had they granted me Marines most likely the affair would never have happened – I had not a Spirited & brave fellow about me & the Mutineers treated them as such. My conduct has been free of blame, & I showed everyone that, tied as I was, I defied every Villain to hurt me...

I know how shocked you will be at this affair but I request of you My Dear Betsy to think nothing of it all is now past & we will again looked forward to future happyness. Nothing but true consciousness as an Officer that I have done well could support me....Give my blessings to my Dear Harriet, my Dear Mary, my Dear Betsy & to my Dear little stranger & tell them I shall soon be home...To You my Love I give all that an affectionate Husband can give –

Love, Respect & all that is or ever will be in the power of your
ever affectionate Friend and Husband Wm Bligh.

The second breadfruit voyage

After his exoneration by the Court Martial inquiry into the loss of the Bounty, Bligh remained in the Royal Navy. From 1791 to 1793, as master and commander of HMS Providence and in company with HMS Assistance, he undertook again to transport breadfruit from Tahiti to the West Indies. The operation was successful, and breadfruit is a popular food in the West Indies to this day. During this voyage Bligh also collected samples of the ackee fruit of Jamaica, introducing it to the Royal Society in Britain upon his return. The ackee's scientific name Blighia sapida in binomial nomenclature was given in honour of Bligh.

Subsequent career and the Rum Rebellion

In 1797 Bligh was one of the captains whose crews mutinied over "issues of pay and involuntary service for common seamen" during the Spithead mutiny. Despite receiving some of their demands at Spithead, disputes over navy life continued among the common sailors. Bligh was again one of the captains affected during the mutiny at the Royal Navy anchorage of Nore. "Bligh became more directly involved in the Nore Mutiny", which "failed to achieve its goals of a fairer division of prize money and an end to brutality." It should be noted that these events were not triggered by any specific actions by Bligh as they "were widespread, [and] involved a fair number of English ships". It was at this time that he learned "that his common nickname among men in the fleet was 'that Bounty bastard'."

As captain of HMS Director, at the Battle of Camperdown on 11 October 1797, Bligh engaged three Dutch vessels: the Haarlem, the Alkmaar and the Vrijheid. While the Dutch suffered serious casualties, only 7 seamen were wounded in Director.

Bligh went on to serve under Admiral Nelson at the Battle of Copenhagen on 2 April 1801, in command of HMS Glatton, a 56-gun ship of the line, which was experimentally fitted exclusively with carronades. After the battle, Bligh was personally praised by Nelson for his contribution to the victory. He sailed Glatton safely between the banks while three other vessels ran aground. When Nelson pretended not to notice Admiral Parker's signal "43" (stop the battle) and kept the signal "16" hoisted to continue the engagement, Bligh was the only captain in the squadron who could see that the two signals were in conflict. By choosing to fly Nelson's signal, he ensured that all the vessels behind him kept fighting.

A propaganda cartoon of Bligh's arrest in Sydney in 1808, portraying Bligh as a coward

Bligh had gained the reputation of being a firm disciplinarian. Accordingly, he was offered the position of Governor of New South Wales by Sir Joseph Banks and appointed in March 1805, at £2,000 per annum, twice the pay of the retiring Governor Philip Gidley King. He arrived in Sydney in August 1806, to become the fourth governor. During his time in Sydney, his confrontational administrative style provoked the wrath of a number of influential settlers and officials. They included the wealthy landowner and businessman John Macarthur and prominent Crown representatives such as the colony's Principal Surgeon, Thomas Jamison, and senior officers of the New South Wales Corps. Jamison and his military associates were defying government regulations by engaging in private trading ventures for profit: Bligh was determined to put a stop to this practice.

The conflict between Bligh and the entrenched colonists culminated in another mutiny, the Rum Rebellion, when, on 26 January 1808, the New South Wales Corps under Major George Johnston marched on Government House in Sydney and arrested him. A rebel government was subsequently installed and Bligh, now deposed, made for Hobart in Tasmania aboard HMS Porpoise. Bligh failed to gain support from the authorities in Hobart to retake control of New South Wales, and remained effectively imprisoned on the Porpoise from 1808 until January 1810.

Of interest, however, was Bligh's concern for the more recently arrived settlers in the colony, who did not have the wealth and influence of Macarthur and Jamison. Looking at the tombstones in Ebenezer and Richmond cemeteries (areas being settled west of Sydney during Bligh's tenure as Governor), it is instructive to note the number of boys born around 1807 to 1811 who were named "William Bligh XXXXX" (family name).

Bligh was eventually permitted to sail from Hobart. He arrived in Sydney on 17 January 1810 to collect evidence for the coming court martial in England of Major Johnston. He departed to attend the trial on 12 May 1810, arriving on 25 October 1810. The following year, the trial's presiding officers sentenced Johnston to be cashiered, a form of disgraceful dismissal that entailed surrendering his commission in the Royal Marines without compensation. (This was a comparatively mild punishment which enabled Johnston to return, a free man, to New South Wales, where he could continue to enjoy the benefits of his accumulated private wealth.) Bligh was court martialled twice again during his career.

Soon after Johnston's trial had concluded, Bligh received a backdated promotion to Rear Admiral. In 1814 he was promoted again, to Vice Admiral of the Blue. Significantly perhaps, he never again received an important command. He did, however, design the North Bull Wall at the mouth of the River Liffey in Dublin. Its purpose was to clear a sandbar by Venturi action. As a result of its building. North Bull Island was formed by the sand cleared by the river's now more narrowly focused force. Bligh also charted and mapped Dublin Bay.

Death

Tomb surmounted by a breadfruit in a bowl

The William Bligh House in London

Bligh died in Bond Street, London on 6 December 1817 and was buried in a family plot at St. Mary's, Lambeth (This church is now the Garden Museum). His tomb, notable for its use of Coade stone, is topped by a breadfruit.

A plaque marks Bligh's house, one block east of the Garden Museum at 100 Lambeth Road, near Imperial War Museum.

His descendants include current Premier of Queensland, Anna Bligh.

He was also related to Admiral Sir Richard Bligh and Captain George Miller Bligh

See also

• European and American voyages of scientific exploration

Bibliography

• Mundle, Rob, Bligh: Master Mariner, Hachette Australia, 2010. ISBN 9780733625060
• Salmond, Anne. Bligh: William Bligh in the South Seas (University of California Press; 2011); 496 pages

External links

• A. G. L. Shaw, 'Bligh, William (1754 –1817)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 1, MUP, 1966, pp. 118–122.
• Works by William Bligh at Project Gutenberg, including:
  • A Narrative Of The Mutiny, On Board His Majesty's Ship Bounty, 1790
  • A Voyage to the South Sea, 1792
• Portraits of Bligh in the National Portrait Gallery, London.
• Royal Naval Museum, The Mutiny on HMS Bounty .
• The Extraordinary Life, Times and Travels of Vice-Admiral William Bligh. Multimedia biography with music, sound effects, video, large images and graphics.
• William Bligh's official HMS Bounty logbook – State Library of NSW
• William Bligh's official Bounty logbook, transcribed from the original held at National Archives, UK
• William Bligh's letters to Joseph Banks concerning the first breadfruit expedition
• Bligh Notebook in which he kept notes during the voyage in the Bounty's launch
• Bligh's Resource Logbook. Bligh's personal logbook of the voyage of the schooner Resource, which carried the launch survivors from Coupang, Timor, to Batavia, Java.
• Bligh's Vlydt Journal. A log kept of his return to England from Batavia on the Dutch packet Vlydt.
• Bligh's Providence Logbook
• Rutter, Owen, Turbulent Journey: A Life of William Bligh, Vice-admiral of the Blue, I. Nicholson and Watson, 1936
• Mackaness, George, The Life of Vice-Admiral William Bligh, R.N., F.R.S. By Farrar & Rinehart, 1936
• George Tobin – Journal on HMS Providence, 1791–1793
• William Bligh at Find a Grave