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Eight-ball pool (British variation)

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This article is about the game with red and yellow balls mostly played in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries. For the related game with numbered balls, see Eight-ball.
Not to be confused with English billiards.
A player shooting a kick shot

The English-originating version of eight-ball pool, also known as English pool, English eight-ball, blackball, or simply reds and yellows, is a pool game played with sixteen balls (a cue ball and fifteen usually unnumbered object balls) on a small pool table with six pockets. It originated in the United Kingdom and is played in the Commonwealth countries such as Australia and South Africa. In the UK and Ireland it is usually called simply "pool".

The English version of eight-ball has two main sets of playing rules used in professional play; those of the World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA), known as "blackball rules", and the code of the World Eightball Pool Federation (WEPF), known as "international rules".

History

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American-style eight-ball arose around 1900, derived from basic pyramid pool.[1] In 1925, the Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company began offering ball sets specifically for the game using unnumbered yellow and red balls (in contrast to the numbered solids and stripes found in most pool ball sets), a black eight ball, and the white cue ball. These were introduced to make it easier for spectators to identify the two sets in early professional games held in casinos, and became known as "casino-style" sets.[2] In the years following World War II, playing eight-ball on small coin-operated pool tables became a common pub game in American bars, a pastime which spread to Britain by the early 1960s. In the years following, the British game diverged from the American in equipment (including the use of casino-style balls, which had died out in the US) and rules.[3]

Equipment

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The rack set-up. Note the pattern of reds and yellows (colours can be reversed).
A pool table in a pub in Wetherby, West Yorkshire

The game uses unnumbered, solid-coloured object balls, typically red and yellow, with one black ball. The black ball typically bears a number "8", though numberless variants are not unknown. They are usually 2 inches (51 mm) or 2+1⁄16 inches (52 mm) in diameter – the latter being the same size as the balls used in snooker and English billiards – often with a slightly smaller cue ball, e.g. 1+7⁄8 inches (47.6 mm) for a 2-inch set, a convention originally created for the ball return mechanisms in coin-operated tables.

British pool tables come in 6 × 3 foot (1.8 × 0.9 m) or 7 × 3.5 ft (2.12 × 1.06 m) varieties,[4] with 7 feet being the regulation size for league play. The table has pockets just larger than the balls and rounded, as in the game of snooker, whereas the international-style (or "American-style") table has pockets significantly wider, with pointed knuckles.

Tournament rules may require the presence of more than one type of rest (mechanical bridge), as in snooker.

Rules

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Pool table with balls placed in their starting positions

There are currently two competing standards bodies that have issued standardised rules.

The English Pool Association (EPA) uses the rules of the World Eightball Pool Federation (WEPF). Since 2022 the EPA and WEPF have adopted a ruleset known as "International Rules", which are used in all events organised by the Ultimate Pool Group. Prior to 2022 these organisations used a different set of rules known as "World Rules".[5]

The English Blackball Pool Federation (EBPF) uses the rules of the World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA) under the game name "Blackball" to better distinguish it from the American-style game (for which the WPA also promulgates the world-standardised rules).[6] Since 2013 these rules are used in all events organised by the International Professional Pool Association (IPPA).

Basic rules

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Despite various differences between the competing rulesets, the basic objectives and rules of the game are mostly the same.

The balls are racked with the black (the 8 ball) on the foot spot (or "black spot"), in contrast with US-style eight-ball, nine-ball and most other pool games, in which the apex ball is placed on the foot spot.

One player begins the game with a "break shot", which involves shooting the cue ball from the baulk area towards the object balls and "splitting the pack".

The aim of the game is to pot all the balls of a certain colour (either reds or yellows), followed by the black eight-ball. The winner is usually the player who legally pots the black first, although it is possible to win the game by the opponent committing a sufficiently serious foul, such as potting the black eight-ball and the cue ball in the same shot.

A foul can be committed in numerous ways, such as potting the cue ball, potting the black eight-ball before the last colour in the set, hitting the wrong colour ball first or touching any ball with anything apart from the tip of the cue. After a foul, there is a penalty awarded to the other player. This penalty varies by ruleset, but could be winning the frame, gaining an extra shot or visit, being able to hit any ball on the table, or being able to move the cue ball to another location.

BAPTO/UKPF rules (1976–2004)

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In 1976, the British Association of Pool Table Operators (BAPTO) published a standardised set of pool rules for use in their national events. With some minor changes, these rules were adopted by the newly formed UK Pool Federation (UKPF) in 1992 and known as "Federation rules". These rules were used until the UKPF adopted Blackball rules in 2004.

In these rules, for a fair break the player must pocket a ball or cause at least 2 balls to hit a cushion. Later versions of this rule were amended to state that at least 2 balls must pass the halfway line of the table if a ball is not potted. The breaker must nominate which colour they choose following the break shot. The standard penalty for a foul is 2 visits to the table for the incoming player, and a "free shot", whereby any ball can be played or potted on the first shot of the visit, with the exception of the black if it is not "on". The player awarded the penalty also has the option of moving the cue ball anywhere in the "D". Deliberate fouls result in loss of frame, and jump shots and push shots are illegal. There is no requirement to hit a cushion with each shot, meaning "rolling up" to a ball is a legal shot. Provided a player pots at least one of their own colours, it is legal to pot any number of their opponent's colour in the same shot.

EPA rules (1978–1998)

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In 1978, the English Pool Association (EPA) published a standardised set of pool rules which they used in their county pool structure through the 1980s and 1990s. These rules were used until 1998, when the EPA adopted World rules in line with the WEPF.

In these rules, for a fair break the player must pocket a ball or cause at least 2 balls to hit a cushion. The first legally potted ball decides the colours. The standard penalty for a foul is 2 visits to the table for the incoming player, and a "free shot" on the first shot. The incoming player also has the option of moving the cue ball anywhere in the baulk area. Deliberate fouls result in loss of frame, and jump shots and push shots are illegal. There is no requirement to hit a cushion with each shot. Potting an opponent's ball is a foul except in the case of a "free shot".

Despite no longer being played at the professional level, these rules are still in use in some amateur leagues, and are referred to as "Old EPA rules" to distinguish them from later versions.

EPA/WEPF world rules (1998–2022)

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In 1998, the EPA adopted "World Rules", as published by the World Eightball Pool Federation (WEPF). These rules were used at all levels in EPA and WEPF tournaments until 2022, when both organisations adopted "International Rules".

In these rules, for a fair break the player must pocket a ball or cause at least 4 object balls to hit a cushion. If the breaker pots a ball on the break from one group, they must nominate a colour. If they nominate a colour which was potted on the break, then that group become theirs, while if the group chosen did not have any balls potted on the break, the table remains open until a ball is legally potted. The standard penalty for a foul is 2 visits to the table for the incoming player. There is no "free shot" rule. The cue ball cannot be moved, unless the incoming player has been left in a foul snooker, in which case they may nominate a free ball or move the cue ball to baulk. Unlike most other rulesets, deliberate fouls do not result in loss of frame, and are treated as a standard foul. Jump shots are illegal. Push shots are allowed provided no double contact or sustained push can be seen clearly by the referee. There is a requirement to either pot a ball or hit a cushion after first contact on each shot, meaning it is illegal to "roll up" to a ball. Potting an opponent's ball is a foul.

Despite no longer being played at the professional level, these rules remain popular as amateur league rules in the UK, Ireland, Australia, some other Commonwealth countries, and a few European nations.

WPA blackball rules (2004–present)

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In 2004, the World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA) sanctioned a variant of eight-ball pool called "blackball". The UKPF adopted these rules, and renamed themselves the European Blackball Association (EBA). These rules are now used at all levels in WPA tournaments and by the professional International Pool Association.

In these rules, for a fair break the player must pocket a ball or cause at least 2 balls to cross the halfway point of the table. The first legally potted ball decides the colours. The standard penalty for a foul is 1 "free shot" for the incoming player, followed by one visit to the table. The incoming player also has the option of moving the cue ball anywhere in the baulk area following a foul. Deliberate fouls result in loss of frame, and jump shots and push shots are illegal. There is a requirement to either pot a ball or hit a cushion after first contact on each shot. Provided a player pots at least one of their own colours, it is legal to pot any number of their opponent's colour in the same shot.[7]

EPA/WEPF international rules (2022–present)

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In 2022, the EPA and the WEPF adopted the "International Rules" which are now used at all levels in EPA and WEPF tournaments, and by the Ultimate Pool Group.

In these rules, for a fair break the player must score 3 points, where a point is scored for each ball pocketed and for each ball which passes the halfway point of the table. The first legally potted ball decides the colours. The standard penalty for a foul is 1 visit to the table for the incoming player. There is no "free shot" rule, but the cue ball can be moved anywhere on the table following a foul. Deliberate fouls result in loss of frame, and jump shots and push shots are illegal. There is a requirement to either pot a ball or hit a cushion after first contact on each shot. Provided a player pots at least one of their own colours, it is legal to pot any number of their opponent's colour in the same shot, but this will result in loss of turn.

World championships

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The World Eightball Pool Federation has held a World Championships since 1993, and the World Pool-Billiard Association since 2006.

WEPF World Eightball Championship

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Main article: WEPF World Eightball Championship

The following is a list of WEPF world eightball champions, sanctioned by the WEPF (World Eightball Pool Federation).

Date Location Winner[8] Nationality Runner-up Nationality
2022 Killarney, Ireland Ronan McCarthy  Northern Ireland Chris Day  England
Barbara Taylor (2)  England Sarah Coxon  Wales
2019 Blackpool, England Mick Hill (6)  England Dom Cooney  England
Amy Beauchamp (3)[9]  England Sharon James  England
2018[10] Mick Hill (5)  England Phil Harrison  England
Barbara Taylor[11]  England Sharon James  England
2017[12] Mick Hill (4)  England Phil Harrison  England
Amy Beauchamp (2)  England Kerry Griffiths  England
2016[13] Shaun Chipperfield  England Karl Sutton  England
Sabrilla Brunet  France Amy Beauchamp  England
2015 Mick Hill (3)  England Nigel Clarke  England
Amy Beauchamp  England Emma Wilkinson  England
2014 Tom Cousins (2)  Wales Giuseppe d'Imperio  England
Kirsty Lee Davis  Wales Amy Beauchamp  England
2013[14] Tom Cousins  Wales Craig Waddingham  England
Emma Cunningham (3)  Northern Ireland Barbara Taylor  England
2012[15][16] John Roe  England Lee Kendall  England
Sue Thompson (11)  Scotland Sharon Wright  England
2011[17][18] Adam Davis  England Phil Harrison  England
Emma Cunningham (2)  Northern Ireland Renata Delahunty  Australia
2010[19] Mick Hill (2)  England Gareth Potts  England
Sue Thompson (10)  Scotland Emma Cunningham  Northern Ireland
2009[20] Phil Harrison  England Mick Hill  England
Sue Thompson (9)  Scotland Emma Cunningham  Northern Ireland
2008[21] Gareth Potts (3)  England Jason Twist  England
Lynette Horsburgh  Scotland Barbara Taylor  England
2007[22] Gareth Potts (2)  England Mick Hill  England
Sue Thompson (8)  Scotland Emma Cunningham  Northern Ireland
2006[23] Mark Selby  England Darren Appleton  England
Sue Thompson (7)  Scotland Emma Cunningham  Northern Ireland
2005[24] Gareth Potts  England Chris Melling  England
Emma Cunningham  Northern Ireland Sue Thompson  Scotland
2004[25] Mick Hill  England Darren Appleton  England
Sue Thompson (6)  Scotland Emma Cunningham  Northern Ireland
2003[25] Chris Melling (2)  England Jason Twist  England
Sue Thompson (5)  Scotland Lisa Quick  England
2002[26] Jason Twist (2)  England Yannick Beaufils  France
Sue Thompson (4)  Scotland Lisa Quick  England
2001[27] Chris Melling  England Rob McKenna  Wales
Lisa Quick (2)  England Linda Leadbetter  England
2000 Jason Twist  England Carl Morris  England
Sue Thompson (3)  Scotland Linda Leadbitter  England
1999 Quinten Hann  Australia Terry Hunt  England
Lisa Quick  England Linda Leadbitter  England
1998 Carl Morris  England Keith Brewer  England
Linda Leadbitter (3)  England Sue Thompson  Scotland
1997 Manchester, England Rob McKenna (2)  Wales Lee Kendall  England
Sue Thompson (2)  Scotland Linda Leadbitter  England
1996 Greg Farren  Ireland Tony Holgate  Ireland
Sue Thompson  Scotland Rosalia Diliberto  France
1995 Chorley, England Daz Ward  England Jason Twist  England
Linda Leadbitter (2)  England Sue Thompson  Scotland
1994 Manchester, England Rob McKenna  Wales Greg Farren  Ireland
Linda Leadbitter  England Sue Thompson  Scotland
1993 Kevin Wright  England Nigel Davis  Wales
Linda Moffat  England Natalie Froling  Australia

WPA World Blackball Championship

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The following is a list of WPA world blackball champions, sanctioned by the WPA (World Pool-Billiard Association).

Date Location Winner Nationality Runner-up Nationality
2022 Tangier, Morocco Senzo Gumede[28]  South Africa Wade Morley  England
Beatrice Monyake[29]  South Africa Yoursa Baomar  Morocco
2018[30] Bridlington, England Scott Gillespie  Scotland Dean Shields  England
Ashley Marie Bird  England Emma Reeves  England
2016 Killarney, Ireland Liam Dunster  Scotland Jon McAllister  England
Sabrilla Brunet (3)  France Sandra Bryan  Ireland
2014 Perth, Scotland Claudio Cassar  Malta Paul Vincent Bennett  South Africa
Sabrilla Brunet (2)  France Aspra Panchoo  South Africa
2012[31] Blackpool, England Gavin Phillips  Scotland Jimmy Carney  England
Sabrilla Brunet  France Claire Dempster  Scotland
2010[32] Limoges, France Jayson Shaw  Scotland Sébastien Ramier  France
Claire Dempster  Scotland Emillie Gilberto  France
2008[33] Mbabane, Eswatini Wetsi Morake  South Africa Yulan Govender  South Africa
Apsra Panchoo  South Africa Amanda Watson  England
2006 Cork, Ireland Andy Lucas  England Simon Ward  Wales
Amanda Watson  England Shona Lucas  Scotland

IPA World Blackball Championship

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The following is a list of IPA world blackball champions, sanctioned by the IPA (International Professional Pool Association)[34]

Date Location Winner Nationality Runner-up Nationality
2022 Bradford, England Liam Dunster  Scotland Gareth Hibbott  England
Harriet Haynes  England Deb Burchell  England
2020 Jon McAllister  England Aaron Davies  England
Amy Beauchamp[35]  England Emma Cunningham  Northern Ireland
2019 Marc Farnsworth  England Tom Cousins  Wales
Emma Cunningham[36]  Northern Ireland Kerry Griffiths  England
2018 Ben Davies  Wales Simon Ward  Wales
Michelle Roonay[37]  Northern Ireland Collette Henriksen  Northern Ireland
2017 Craig Marsh  Wales Simon Fitzsimmons  England
Collette Henriksen[38]  Northern Ireland Leanne Evans  Wales
2016[39][40] Gareth Hibbott  England Craig Marsh  Wales
Deb Burchell (2)  England Shona Lucas  Scotland
2015[41] Jack Whelan  England Jason Twist  England
Deb Burchell  England Shona Lucas  Scotland
2014[42] Gareth Potts  England Clint I'Anson  England

PPPO World Eightball Championship

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The following is a list of PPPO world eightball champions, sanctioned by the PPPO (Professional Pool Players Organisation).

Date Location Winner Nationality Runner-up Nationality
2005[43] Bridlington, England Ben Davies  Wales Derek Murphy  Scotland
2004[44] Andy Lucas (2)  England Rob Hill  England
2003[45] Rob Hill  England Antz Morrison  Scotland
2002[46] Lerwick, Scotland Steve Sanders  England Andy Lucas  England
2001 Morecambe, England Ross McInnes (4)  Scotland Rob Chambers  England
2000 Bridlington, England Ross McInnes (3)  Scotland Steve Sanders  England
1999 Morecambe, England Andy Lucas  Scotland Ronan McCarthy  Northern Ireland
1998 Ross McInnes (2)  Scotland Steve Sanders  England
1997 Kevin Treanor  Scotland Ronan McCarthy  Northern Ireland
1996 Ross McInnes  Scotland Mark White  England

For more information see: List of world eight-ball champions § British-style.

References

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  39. ^ "2016 IPA Professional World Championships". Archived from the original on June 23, 2016.
  40. ^ "Hibbott is crowned king but Blackball Pool is the winner at IPA Worlds | IPA Pool Tour". Archived from the original on May 19, 2016. Retrieved May 29, 2016.
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  46. ^ "Sanders wins world singles crown - at last!". Professional Pool Players Organisation. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2012.

Further reading

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