Yongzheng Emperor

Yongzheng Emperor
5th Qing Emperor of China
Reign	27 December 1722 – 8 October 1735 (12 years, 285 days)
Predecessor	Kangxi Emperor
Successor	Qianlong Emperor
Born	(1678-12-13)13 December 1678
Died	8 October 1735(1735-10-08) (aged 56) Beijing, Qing Empire
Burial	Tailing, Western Qing Tombs
Spouse	Empress Xiaojingxian Empress Xiaoshengxian
Issue	Honghui, Prince Duan Hongyun Hongshi Hongli, Qianlong Emperor Hongzhou, Prince He Hongpan Fuhe Fuhui Fupei Hongzhan, Prince Guo
Names Chinese: Aixin-Jueluo Yinzhen 愛新覺羅胤禛 Manchu: Aisin Gioro hala-i In Jen Posthumous name Emperor Jingtian Changyun Jianzhong Biaozheng Wenwu Yingming Kuanren Xinyi Ruisheng Daxiao Zhicheng Xian 敬天昌運建中表正文武英明寬仁信毅睿聖大孝至誠憲皇帝 Temple name Qing Shizong 清世宗
House	House of Aisin-Gioro
Father	Kangxi Emperor
Mother	Empress Xiaogongren

The Yongzheng Emperor (Chinese: 雍正帝; pinyin: yōngzhèngdì; Wade–Giles: Yung Cheng Ti, Manchu: ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠰᡠᠨ ᡨᠣᠪ, Hūwaliyasun Tob hūwangdi, Mongolian:Nairalt Töv Khaan; 13 December 1678 – 8 October 1735), born Yinzhen (Chinese: 胤禛; pinyin: yìnzhēn ; Manchu language: ᡳᠨ ᠵᡝᠨ ; Möllendorff transliteration: in jen), was the fifth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty and the third Qing emperor from 1722 to 1735. A hard-working ruler, Yongzheng's main goal was to create an effective government at minimal expense. Like his father, the Kangxi Emperor, Yongzheng used military force to preserve the dynasty's position. Suspected by historians to have usurped the throne, his reign was known as despotic, efficient, and vigorous.

Although Yongzheng's reign was much shorter than the reigns of both his father (the Kangxi Emperor) and his son (the Qianlong Emperor), his sudden death was probably brought about by a heavy workload. Yongzheng continued an era of peace and prosperity; he cracked down on corruption and waste, and reformed the financial administration. During his reign the formulation of the Grand Council began, an institution which have an enormous impact on the future of imperial China.

Prince Yong

Yinzhen was the fourth son of Kangxi to survive into adulthood and the eldest son from Empress Xiaogongren, a lady of the Manchu Uya clan who was then known as De-fei. Kangxi knew it would be a mistake to raise his children inside the palace alone; therefore, exposed his sons (including Yinzhen) to the outside world and gave them a rigorous education. Yongzheng went with Kangxi on several inspection trips around the Beijing area, as well as one trip further south. He was honorary leader of the Plain Red Banner during Kangxi's second battle against the Mongol khan Gordhun. Yinzhen was made a beile (Chinese: 貝勒, "lord") in 1689 and rose to the position of second-class prince in 1698.

In 1704, the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers saw unprecedented flooding. The economy and livelihood of people around these areas were severely damaged. Yongzheng was sent out as an envoy of the emperor with the 13th Imperial Prince Yinxiang to deal with relief efforts in southern China. The imperial treasury, which had been drained due to unpaid loans by many officials and nobles, did not have sufficient funds to deal with the flooding; Yongzheng had the added responsibility of securing relief funds from the wealthy southern tycoons. These efforts ensured that funds were distributed properly and people would not starve. He was given the title of first-class prince, Prince Yong (Chinese: 雍親王), in 1709.

Disputed succession

Further information: [[:Kangxi Emperor]]

In 1712 the Kangxi Emperor removed his second son, Yinreng, as successor to the throne and did not designate another. This led to further division in court, which was long split among supporters of Yinzhi, Yinzhen, Yinsi, and Yinti (the third, fourth, eighth and fourteenth Imperial Princes respectively). Of the princes Yinsi had the most support from the mandarins, although often for self-serving reasons. Before this, Yinzhen had supported the crown prince. When the emperor died in December 1722 the field of contenders was reduced to three princes after Yinsi pledged his support to the 14th prince, Yinti (his brother).

At the time of the Kangxi Emperor's death Yinti, as border-pacification general-in-chief (Chinese: 撫遠大將軍), was at war in the northwest. Some historians believe that this was to train the next emperor in military affairs; others maintain that it was to ensure a peaceful succession for Yinzhen. It was Yongzheng who nominated Yinti for the post—not Yinsi, with whom Yinti was closely affiliated. This post was seen as an indication of Kangxi's choice of successor, since the position of crown prince had been vacant for seven years.

The official record (which may have been modified by Yongzheng for political purposes) states that on 20 December 1722 the ailing Kangxi Emperor called seven of his sons and the general commandant of the Peking gendarmerie, Longkodo, to his bedside; Longkodo read the will, and declared that Yinzhen succeed the emperor on the throne. Some evidence has suggested that Yinzhen contacted Longkodo months before the will was read in preparation for his succession by military means, although in their official capacities frequent encounters were expected. Legend has it that Yongzheng changed Kangxi's will by adding strokes and modifying characters. The best-known account says that Yongzheng changed "fourteen" (Chinese: 十四 → shísì) to "four" (Chinese: 于四 → yúsì); others say it was "fourteen" to "fourth" (Chinese: 第四 → dìsì). While widely accepted, there is little supporting evidence—especially considering that the character 于 was not widely used during the Qing Dynasty; on official documents, 於 (yú) is used. Secondly, Qing tradition insists that the will was done in both Manchu and Chinese; Manchu writing, however, is more intricate and (in this case) impossible to modify. Furthermore, princes in the Qing Dynasty are referred to as "the Emperor's son", in the order which they were born (for example, "the emperor's fourth son": Chinese: 皇四子). Therefore, there is doubt that Yinzhen changed the will to ascend to the throne.

18th-century Chinese painting of the Yongzheng Emperor wearing a European wig and dress, preparing to strike a tiger with a trident

Yinzhen chose an era name similar in sound to his given name; 1723 was to be the first year of the Yongzheng era. For his first official act as emperor Yongzheng released his long-time ally—the 13th prince Yinxiang, who had been imprisoned by the Kangxi Emperor at the same time as the crown prince. Some sources indicate that Yinxiang, the most militant of the princes, then assembled a group of special Peking soldiers from the Fengtai command to seize immediate control of the Forbidden City and surrounding areas to prevent usurpation by Yinsi's cronies. Yongzheng's personal account stated that he was emotionally unstable and deeply saddened over his father's death, and knew it would be a burden "much too heavy" for himself if he were to succeed the throne. In addition, after the will was read Yinzhen wrote that the officials (premier Zhang Tingyu, Longkedo and Yinzhi) and Prince Cheng led the other princes in the ceremonial Three-Kneels and Nine-Salutes to the emperor. The following day Yongzheng issued an edict summoning Yinti back from Qinghai, bestowing on their mother the title "Holy Mother Empress Dowager" the day Yinti arrived at the funeral.

In the first major comprehensive biography of the Yongzheng Emperor by Feng Erkang, the author puts the Yongzheng succession in perspective. Feng writes that there were some suspicious signs from the lost wills and the dates released, but the majority of evidence points to Yinzhen succeeding the throne legitimately (although with political and military maneuvering deemed necessary by the situation). The eighth prince (Yinsi) had been bribing officials for support throughout his life, and his influence penetrated the Fengtai command. Furthermore, Feng suggests that "although we are not yet altogether certain on what happened with the succession, and which side is correct, it is reasonable to think that Yongzheng's political enemies manipulated all suspicion behind the will in an attempt to put a dark image on Yongzheng; Imperial Chinese tradition had led certain schools of thought in believing that Yongzheng's whole reign can be discredited simply because his succession of the throne did not come as a will of his father, the emperor and ultimate decision maker in China." He further suggests that Kangxi made a grave mistake by allowing his sons to become major political players (especially since the position of crown prince was empty) and a bloody battle of succession (including a possible usurpation) was the inevitable result of imperial Chinese institutions. Therefore, it would be an even-bigger mistake to judge a ruler solely on the way he came to power. Certainly, the Yongzheng Emperor ensured his successor would have a smooth transition when his turn came.

Reign

18th-century painting of the Yongzheng Emperor in costume

After ascending to the throne in December 1722, Yinzhen took the era name "Harmonious Justice" (Chinese: 雍正 → yōngzhèng) in 1723 from his peerage title "harmonious" (Chinese: 雍 → yōng) and "just, correct, upright" (Chinese: 正 → zhèng). It has been suggested that the second character of his era name was an attempt to cover up his illegal claim to the throne by calling himself "justified". Immediately after succeeding to the throne, Yongzheng chose his new governing council. It consisted of the eighth prince Yinsi, the 13th prince Yinxiang, Zhang Tingyu, Ma Qi, and Longkodo. Yinsi was given the title of Prince Lian, and Yinxiang was given the title of Prince Yi; both held the highest positions in the land.

Battle with princes

The nature of his succession is deeply clouded, and Yongzheng saw challenges in all his surviving brothers. Yinzhi, the eldest, continued to live under house arrest; Yinreng, the former crown prince, died two years into his brother's reign (although they were both imprisoned not by Yongzheng, but by Kangxi). The biggest challenge was to separate Yinsi's party (consisting of Yinsi, the ninth and tenth princes and their minions), and isolate Yinti to reduce their power. Yinsi (who had nominally held the position of President of the Feudatory Affairs Office, the title "Prince Lian" and later the office of Prime Minister) was held under close watch by Yongzheng. Yintang was sent to Qinghai under the pretext of military service, but in reality fell within Yongzheng's trusted protégé Nian Gengyao's territory. Yin'e, the tenth prince, was stripped of all his titles in May 1724 and sent north to the Shunyi area. The 14th Prince Yinti (Yongzheng's full-brother) was placed under house arrest at the Imperial Tombs under the pretext of guarding their parents' tombs. The first few years of Yongzheng's reign saw an increase in partisan politics. Yinsi wanted to use his position to manipulate Yongzheng into errors, while appearing supportive. Yinsi and Yintang (both supporters of Yinti for the throne) were stripped of their titles, languished in prison and died in 1727.

Nian and Long

The Yongzheng Emperor offering sacrifices at the altar of the god of agriculture, Shennong

Nian Gengyao was a supporter of Yongzheng long before he succeeded to the throne. In 1722, when he was recalling his brother Yinti from the northwest, Yongzheng appointed Nian general. The situation in Xinjiang at the time was still precarious, and a strong general was needed in the area. After several military conquests, however, Nian Gengyao's lust for power grew; he reportedly wanted to be equal to Yongzheng. Seeing the situation unfold, Yongzheng issued an imperial edict demoting Nian to general of the Hangzhou Command. Continuing to be unrepentant, Nian was given an ultimatum and committed suicide by poison in 1726. Longkodo was commander of Peking's armies at the time of Yongzheng's succession. He fell in disgrace in 1728, and died under house arrest.

After becoming emperor, Yongzheng suppressed writings he deemed unfavorable to his regime, particularly those with an anti-Manchu bias. Foremost among these were those of Zeng Jing, an unsuccessful degree candidate heavily influenced by 17th-century scholar Lü Liuliang. Zeng had been so affected by what he read that he attempted to incite the governor-general of Shaanxi-Sichuan, Yue Zhongqi, to rebellion. The general promptly turned him in, and in 1730 the case reached Yongzheng Emperor. Highly concerned with the implications of the case, Yongzheng had Zeng Jing brought to Beijing for trial. The emperor's verdict seemed to demonstrate a Confucian sovereign's benevolence: He ascribed Zeng's actions to the gullibility and naïveté of a youth taken in by Lü's abusive and overdrawn rhetoric. In addition to this the emperor suggested that Lü's original attack on the Manchus was misplaced, since they had been transformed by their long-term exposure to the civilizing force of Confucianism.

Yongzheng is also known for establishing a strict autocracy rule during his reign. He detested corruption, and punished officials severely when they were found guilty of an offense. In 1729 he issued an edict prohibiting the smoking of madak, a blend of tobacco and opium. During Yongzheng's reign the Qing Dynasty became a great power in Asia as well as a peaceful land, and he enhanced the Kangqian Period of Harmony (Chinese: 康乾盛世). In response to his father's tragedy, Yongzheng created a sophisticated procedure for choosing a successor. He was known for his trust in Mandarin officials. Li Wei and Tian Wenjing governed China's southern areas, with the assistance of Ortai.

"The Yongzheng Emperor Offering Sacrifice at the Xiannong Altar" in Beijing, Qing Dynasty painting

Expansion in the northwest

French map of "China and Chinese Tartary" from the Yongzheng era (1734)

Like his father, Yongzheng used military force in order to preserve the dynasty's position in Outer Mongolia. When Tibet was torn by civil war in 1727–1728, he intervened militarily. After withdrawing, he left a Qing citizen (the amban) backed up with a military garrison to safeguard the dynasty's interests. For the Tibetan campaign Yongzheng sent an army of 230,000 (led by Nian Gengyao) against the Dzungars, who had an army of 80,000. Due to geography, the Qing army (although superior in numbers) was unable to engage the more-mobile enemy at first. Eventually, however, they engaged the Dzungars and defeated them. This campaign cost the treasury at least 8,000,000 taels of silver. Later in Yongzheng's reign, he would send a small army of 10,000 to fight the Dzungars. However, that army was annihilated and the Qing had faced the danger of losing control of Mongolia. Fortunately, a Khalkha ally of the Qing Dynasty would later defeat the Dzungars.

Following the reforms of 1729, the treasury increased from the 1721 total of 32,622,421 taels to about 60,000,000 taels in 1730, surpassing the record set during Yongzheng's father's (the Kangxi Emperor's) regime; however, the pacification of the Qinghai area and the defense on the border areas were heavy burdens. For safeguarding the borders alone, 100,000 taels were needed each year. The total military budget was up to 10,000,000 taels a year. By the end of 1735 military spending depleted half the treasury, which totaled 33,950,000 taels. It was because of this burden that the Yongzheng Emperor considered making peace with the Dzungars.

Death and succession

The Yongzheng Emperor ruled the Qing Empire for thirteen years before dying suddenly in 1735 at age 56. Legend holds that he was assassinated by Lü Siniang, daughter of Lü Liuliang, whose family was (reportedly) executed for literary crimes against the Manchu Regime. Another possible reason was that he had been a lover of Lü Siniang; Lü was the real mother of Qianlong, but Yongzheng refused to allow Lü to be the queen. In reality, it is likely his death was the result of an overdose of the medication he was consuming which he believed would prolong his life. Yongzheng Emperor's family life seems to have been tragic undertone. Of the 14 children born to him and his Empress and consorts, only five are known to have survived to adulthood. To prevent the succession tragedy he had faced, he ordered his third son (Hongshi, an ally of Yinsi) to commit suicide. His son Hongli, Prince Bao, then became the fifth emperor of the Qing dynasty under the era name of Qianlong. The Yongzheng Emperor was interred in the Western Qing Tombs (Chinese: 清西陵), 120 kilometres (75 mi) southwest of Beijing, in the Tailing (Chinese: 泰陵) mausoleum complex (known in Manchu as the Elhe Munggan).

Family

• Father: The Kangxi Emperor (of whom he was the fourth son)
• Mother: Concubine from the Manchu Uya clan (1660–1723), who was made the Empress Dowager Renshou (Chinese: 仁壽皇太后) when her son became emperor. She is known posthumously as Empress Xiaogongren (Chinese: 孝恭仁皇后; Manchu: Hiyoošungga Gungnecuke Gosin Hūwanghu).

Consorts

1. Empress Xiaojingxian (1681–1731) of the Ulanara clan (Chinese: 孝敬憲皇后; Manchu: Hiyoošungga Ginggun Temgetulehe Hūwanghu)
2. Empress Xiaoshengxian (1693–1777) of the Niohuru clan (Chinese: 孝聖憲皇后; Manchu: Hiyoošungga Enduringge Temgetulehe Hūwanghu), mother of Hongli (Qianlong Emperor)
3. Imperial Noble Consort Dun Shu (Chinese: 敦肃皇贵妃)(?-1725), sister of Nian Gengyao; bore three sons and a daughter, none of whom survived
4. Imperial Noble Consort Chun Que (Chinese: 纯悫皇贵妃)(1689–1784) née Geng, mother of Hongzhou; daughter of Geng Degin (Chinese: 耿德金)
5. Consort Ji (Chinese: 齐妃) (?-1737) née Li
6. Consort Qian (Chinese: 谦妃) (1714–1767) née Liu; bore Yongzheng's youngest son, Prince Hongzhan. Daughter of Liu Man (Chinese: 刘满)
7. Consort Ning (Chinese: 宁妃) (?-1734), née Wu, was the daughter of Wu Zhuguo (Chinese: 武柱国). Posthumously granted the title of Consort Ning in 1734
8. Imperial Concubine Mau (Chinese: 懋嫔) (?-1730), née Song, bore two daughters. Daughter of Ginzhu (Chinese: 金柱)
9. Worthy Lady Go (Chinese: 郭贵人) (?-1786)
10. Worthy Lady Li (Chinese: 李贵人) (?-1760), née Li
11. Worthy Lady An (Chinese: 安贵人) (?-1750)
12. Worthy Lady Hai (Chinese: 海贵人) (?-1761)
13. Worthy Lady Zhang (Chinese: 张贵人) (?-1735)

Sons

1. Honghui (Chinese: 弘暉) (1697–1704), posthumously granted title of Prince of the First Rank Duan (Chinese: 端親王) by the Qianlong Emperor
2. Hongpan (Chinese: 弘昐) (1697–1699)
3. Hongyun (Chinese: 弘昀) (1700–1710)
4. Hongshi (Chinese: 弘時) (1704–1726)
5. Hongli (Chinese: 弘曆) (1711–1799): Qianlong emperor
6. Hongzhou (Chinese: 弘晝) (1712–1770), Prince of the First Rank He Gong (Chinese: 和恭親王)
7. Fu I (Chinese: 福宜) (1720–1721)
8. Fuhui (Chinese: 福惠) (1721–1728), posthumously the title of Prince of the First Rank Huai(Chinese: 懷親王)
9. Fupei (Chinese: 福沛) (1723)
10. Hongzhan (Chinese: 弘瞻) (1733–1765): Prince of the Second Rank Guo Gong (Chinese: 果恭郡王)

Daughters

1. Oldest daughter (1795)
2. Princess of the Second Rank Huai Ke (Chinese: 和硕怀恪公主)(1795-1717)
3. Third daughter (1706)
4. Fourth daughter (1715–1717)
5. Foster daughter: Princess of the Second Rank Shu Shen (Chinese: 和硕淑慎公主)(1708–1784)
6. Foster daughter: Princess of the Second Rank He Hui (Chinese: 和硕和惠公主)(1714–1731)
7. Foster daughter: Princess of the Second Rank Duan Rou (Chinese: 和硕端柔公主)(1714–1754)

Legacy

Although his name is little-known, Yongzheng was an inseparable part of the era known as the Kangqian Period of Harmony during which China saw continued development. In 1999 China's CCTV-1 broadcast the historical drama Yongzheng Dynasty, which focuses on his positive image and tough stance on corruption (a contemporary issue).

Family of Yongzheng Emperor
Nurhaci 8. Hong Taiji Empress Xiaocigao 4. Shunzhi Emperor Jaisang 9. Empress Xiaozhuangwen Lady Mou 2. Kangxi Emperor Tong Yangzhen 10. Tong Tulai 5. Empress Xiaokangzhang 1. Yinzhen, Yongzheng Emperor 6. Uya Weiwu 3. Empress Xiaogongren

See also

• Treason by the Book
• Flying guillotine (weapon)

External links

• A younger Yongzheng Emperor portrait painting
• The Economist The Yongzheng Emperor and his times audio slideshow