Yu Shan

Yushan (Jade Mountain)
Yushan (Jade Mountain)
Chinese	玉山
Postal	Mount Morrison
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Yù Shān
Wade–Giles	Yü4-shan1
Hakka
Romanization	Ngiu̍k-Sân
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ	Gio̍k-san

Yushan
Yushan
	Yushan from the North Peak.
Highest point
Elevation	3,952 m (12,966 ft)
Prominence	3,952 m (12,966 ft); Ranked 27th
Listing	Country high point; Ultra
Geography
	Yushan Taiwan
Location	Xinyi, Nantou County,; Taiwan
Climbing
First ascent	1898 by German explorer Karl Theodor Stöpel
Easiest route	maintained trail, snow/ice climb during some winter months

Yushan (Chinese: 玉山; pinyin: Yù Shān; lit. 'Jade Mountain'), also Mount Yu is the highest mountain in Taiwan and the fourth highest mountain on an island. The name of Mount Morrison^[1] is thought to have been named in honor of the 19th century missionary Robert Morrison. Today, the mountain is referred to as Yushan or Jade Mountain.

In the winter, Yushan is often capped with thick snow which makes the entire peak shine like stainless jade, hence its name. On July 21, 2009, Yushan was elected one of 28 finalists in the New7Wonders of Nature voting campaign. It even had held the top position in the “Mountains and Volcanoes” category on the list of first round voting of the 77 nominees ended on July 7, 2009.

Yushan and surrounding mountains belong to Yushan Range, which is part of Yushan National Park. The national park is Taiwan's largest, highest and least accessible national park. It contains the largest tract of wilderness remaining in Taiwan and is also valued for its pristine forests and faunal diversity, including many endemic species.

The highest point of Yushan Range, Yushan, is 3,952 metres (12,966 ft) above sea level, and is the highest point in the western Pacific region outside of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Yushan was once in the ocean and raised to the current height because the Eurasian Plate slid over the neighboring Philippine Sea Plate.

The ocean waters off Taiwan's east coast are deep; in fact, submarine slopes plunge down to the Pacific Ocean at a grade of 1:10 and the ocean reaches a depth of more than 4,000 metres (13,100 ft) about 50 kilometres (30 mi) from the coast.^[2]

Geography and geology

The island of Taiwan is situated at the intersection of two tectonic plates – the Eurasian Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate. Even as “recently” as the late Paleozoic (some 250 million years ago), the land here was still but a sedimentary seabed layered with silt and sand. As the two plates began pressing against each other, the land buckled, bent, and created the landscape – 165 mountains higher than 3,000 m (9,800 ft) above sea level on a small island (38th in the world).

Yushan is also notable in containing the highest point on the Tropic of Cancer and the only point on that circle of latitude where there is any evidence of Quaternary glaciation.^[3] As recently as seventeen thousand years ago, permanent ice caps existed throughout Taiwan’s highest mountains and extended owing to the wet climate down to 2,800 metres (9,190 ft); whereas currently the nearest glaciers to the Tropic of Cancer are in Mexico on the Iztaccíhuatl volcano.

Hiking

Sea of Clouds at Yushan
Sunrise at Yushan
Sea of Clouds on Yushan Trail

With panoramic views, overlapping mountains, and deep, plunging valleys, Yushan National Park is well known for its scenery, sunrises, sunsets, geological features, and views of the clouds from above. Sea of clouds (Traditional Chinese: 雲海, Pinyin: yúnhǎi) often fill the valleys. Indisputably, Yushan itself is the focal point of the park.

Yushan is one of the favorites among Taiwanese mountain climbers. International peak baggers often combine a trip to Yushan along with trips to Gunung Kinabalu and Fuji to form an "Asian Trilogy" hiking experience.^[4]

Yushan has five main peaks with the Main Peak being the most popular:

Yushan Main Peak (玉山主峰), 3,952 m (12,966 ft)
Yushan Eastern Peak (玉山東峰), 3,869 m (12,694 ft) – 1.2 kilometres (0.7 mi) from Main Peak
Yushan Northern Peak (玉山北峰), 3,858 m (12,657 ft) – 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) from Wind Tunnel (風口)
Yushan Southern Peak (玉山南峰), 3,844 m (12,612 ft) – 3.1 kilometres (1.9 mi) from Paiyun Lodge (排雲山莊)
Yushan Western Peak (玉山西峰), 3,467 m (11,375 ft) – 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from Paiyun Lodge (排雲山莊)

East, west, north, and south peaks surround the main summit. The east peak rises to a height of 3,869 m (12,694 ft) and is considered one of Taiwan's Ten Major Summits (十峻). The south peak is a sharp pinnacle of black shale. The relatively accessible west side of Yushan is covered with thick forests. The north peak is part of a long, gently-rising ridge; this peak consists of two high points that resemble a camel's humps. The North Peak is also home to Taiwan's highest permanently occupied building, the Yushan Weather Station, where the occasional visitors are given a warm welcome.

Flora and fauna

"Husband and Wife Trees", or "Fuci Trees" (夫妻樹). These are two surviving *Chamaecyparis formosensis* trees from a 1963 forest fire

Taiwan, with the tropic of Cancer across the center of the island, has a climate between tropical and subtropical. The average temperature is 23.5 °C (74.3 °F) Here low elevation areas support evergreen broadleaved forests. As elevation increases, evergreen broadleaved forests are gradually replaced by deciduous forests and coniferous forests. At mountain peaks with alpine conditions, only mosses, liverworts and occasionally grasses can be found on the ground.^[5]

All of the above vegetation variations can be seen in the Yushan area from low foothills to high summits with an elevation difference of 3.6 kilometres (2.2 mi). Because this wide climatic and vegetation variations, this environment nurtures the richest and most diversified wildlife in Taiwan. Preliminary investigations reveal that there are 130 species of birds, 28 species of mammals, 17 species of reptiles, 12 species of amphibians and 186 species of butterflies in Yushan National Park. In fact, Yushan is nicknamed "the ark" by academics who see it as a repository of Taiwan's rare species. It is almost an encyclopedia of Taiwan's ecological systems, a geological museum and an important habitat of one-third of Taiwan's endemic species, such as:

Formosan serow (台灣長鬃山羊)
Reeves's muntjac (台灣山羌)
Formosan black bear (台灣黑熊)
Formosan blue magpie (台灣藍鵲)
Formosan rock macaque (台灣獼猴)
Hemimyzon taitungensis (台東間爬岩鰍) and Varicorhinus tamusuiensis (Oshima) – Two unique fish species living in the Lekuleku River area.

History

Jade Mountain was first observed by westerners in 1857. W. Morrison, captain of the American freighter SS Alexander, sighted this mountain while departing from Anping Harbor, in what is now Anping, Tainan. He recorded this sighting in his naval log, and the mountain gained the name Mount Morrison in western literature.

In 1900, during Japanese rule, two Japanese anthropologists, Torii Ryūzō and Mori Ushinosuke, became the first people to have been recorded ascending the mountain. They gave the mountain the name Niitakayama (新高山) or Mount Niitaka, literally the "New High Mountain", because it was even higher than Mount Fuji^[1] (by 176 metres (577 ft)). In 1937, Niitakayama was designated part of the Niitaka (New Highest) Arisan National Park (新高阿里山国立公園).

Under its Japanese name, the mountain was used as the secret code to signal the carrier fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy to begin its attack against Pearl Harbor. The code was Niitakayama Nobore (literally "Climb the New High Mountain").^[6]

In 1966, under Republic of China rule and before democratization, a large bronze statue of Yu Youren was placed at the summit. The statue remained there until 1996 when it was cut down and thrown into a ravine by Taiwan independence activists.^[7]

In recent years, Yushan has played an important role in a new focus on Taiwan's identity. Because its iconic status, Yushan has been chosen to be the background of the newly issued NT $1,000 dollar bills on July 20, 2005.^[8] Similarly, a newly found asteroid by Lulin Observatory of National Central University was named after Yushan on December 28, 2007.^[9]

Climate

Yushan has an alpine climate (Köppen ET). The tip of Yushan is usually covered with frost from November to March. Elevations above 2,000 m may sometimes snow during the winter months, and there are four consecutive months of snow accumulation at places with elevations higher than 3,000 m. The first snow may appear in October and completely melts by May. Snow falls 24.3 days per year on average on Yushan, and the number is gradually decreasing. Yushan receives around 3,600 mm annually. It rains an average of 140 days per year, mostly between May and August. From May until the first part of June is plum rain season or monsoon season. Taiwan's typhoon season roughly falls between July and September. The peak month is in August. Overall speaking, summers are wet and winters relatively dry in Yushan.

Climate data for Yushan (1981–2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	3.7 (38.7)	3.7 (38.7)	5.4 (41.7)	7.8 (46.0)	10.6 (51.1)	12.1 (53.8)	13.8 (56.8)	13.6 (56.5)	13.0 (55.4)	13.2 (55.8)	10.2 (50.4)	6.2 (43.2)	9.4 (48.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−1.1 (30.0)	−0.5 (31.1)	1.1 (34.0)	3.4 (38.1)	5.7 (42.3)	7.1 (44.8)	7.9 (46.2)	7.8 (46.0)	7.1 (44.8)	6.5 (43.7)	4.0 (39.2)	0.8 (33.4)	4.2 (39.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−4.5 (23.9)	−3.7 (25.3)	−1.9 (28.6)	0.4 (32.7)	2.6 (36.7)	4.2 (39.6)	4.4 (39.9)	4.4 (39.9)	3.8 (38.8)	2.6 (36.7)	0.3 (32.5)	−2.7 (27.1)	0.8 (33.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	83.1 (3.27)	120.5 (4.74)	139.1 (5.48)	244.4 (9.62)	414.0 (16.30)	488.2 (19.22)	445.6 (17.54)	519.3 (20.44)	325.2 (12.80)	144.3 (5.68)	77.6 (3.06)	70.0 (2.76)	3,071.3 (120.92)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	7.2	7.1	8.6	14.6	18.5	18.6	17.2	18.4	16.0	11.0	7.7	5.6	150.5
Average relative humidity (%)	64.2	73.8	78.5	82.0	80.9	82.1	77.0	81.0	79.9	70.0	65.5	61.2	74.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours	202.4	146.8	150.0	132.1	139.7	132.5	177.2	160.4	152.3	207.2	203.9	203.5	2,008
Source: Central Weather Bureau^[10]