Zhenniao
Zhenniao (Chinese: 鴆鳥; pinyin: zhènniǎo) or sometimes translated as Zhen or Poisonfeather Birds, is a name given to poisonous birds that is said to have existed in what is now present-day Southern China during ancient times and is referenced in many Chinese myths, annals and poetry. The Shanhaijing Chapter 5: Classic of the Mountains: Central describes the Zhen as resembling an eagle living in Girl's Tabletop Mountain, Lutemute Mountain and Jade Mountain in Southern China.[1]
Historical and literary references
In Guo Pu's (郭璞) commentaries of the Shanhaijing, he describes this bird as having a purple abdomen and green tipped feathers with a long neck and a scarlet beak. This bird acquires its poisonous attributes from devouring poisonous viper heads. The male in the species is called Revolving Sun (Chinese: 迴陽; pinyin: huíyáng) and the female is called Yin Harmony (Chinese: 阴氳; pinyin: yīnyūn).[2] Another description of the Zhen however appears in the Song Dynasty dictionary Piya (Chinese: 埤雅; pinyin: Píyǎ), describing it as being goose like, colored dark-purple and having a beak 7‑8 cun long and copper-colored.
As described in the Piya, from its very veins to the tips of its feathers, the Zhen's body is said to be tainted with an unparalleled poison referred to as Zhendu (Chinese: 鴆毒; pinyin: zhèndú) or Zhen poison. The Zhen's feathers were often dipped into liquor to create a poisonous draught that was often used to carry out assassinations. Its meat however was said to be overtly toxic and gave off a gamy odor that rendered it inadequate for surreptitious use, and the Zhen's excrement could dissolve stone. The Zhen's poison was said to be so deadly that it needed only to pass through one's throat to kill a person. In the Baopuzi (Chinese: 抱朴子; pinyin: Bàopǔzǐ) by Taoist adept Ge Hong, the only thing that was said to be able to neutralize the Zhen's poison was the horn of Xiniu (犀牛) - or the rhinoceros. Xiniu horns would be made into hairpins and when used to stir poisonous concoctions would foam and neutralize the poison. [3]
Aside from the Shanhaijing, Piya and Baopuzi, an entry for the Zhen also appears in the Sancai Tuhui along with a woodblock print. In the historical records of ancient China references to the Zhen are usually in the form of the idiom "Drinking Zhen to quench one's thirst" (Chinese: 飲鴆止渴; pinyin: yǐnzhènzhǐkě) or when comparing the Zhendu to the poison from monkshood.[4] Such references include "The Biography of Qi Huan Gong" from the Spring and Autumn Annals and "The Biography of Huo Xu" from the Book of the Later Han. The idiom is usually used to describe someone who merely considers the benefit for the time being and not contemplating the gravity of the consequence that his action will bring him. The following excerpt is from "The Biography of Qi Huan Gong":
"The nations of Rong (Chinese: 戎; pinyin: Róng)and Di (Chinese: 氐; pinyin: Dī) are as jackals and wolves, and they are never contented. All states of Huaxia are intimate, and every one should not be deserted. It is like drinking the bird Zhen's poison to seek momentary ease with no thought of the future, and this mind should not be kept."
In Chinese accounts, there are a number of mentions about Zhendu poisoning used in failed and successful assassinations, but because "Zhen" eventually became a metaphor for any type of poisoning in general, it is not always clear if the bird-poison was actually employed in each case. In various hagiographic sources allege that Wang Chuyi, a disciple of Wang Chongyang, was said to have been immune to poison and to have survived after drinking liquor containing poison from the Zhen bird.[5]
In the Japanese historical epic Taiheiki, Ashikaga Takauji and his brother Ashikaga Tadayoshi forced Prince Morinaga to take Zhendu (or Chin doku as known in Japan). Todayoshii later was himself captured and poisoned with Zhendu.
Existence
Wild Zhenniao were supposedly last seen in the Song dynasty, when many farming Han Chinese moved to Guangdong and Guangxi.[6] Humans are supposed to have killed them all.[7] Chinese ornithologists have often theorized that the Zhen was similar to the secretary bird or the crested serpent eagle (which happens to live in Southern China) and gained their toxicity from ingesting poisonous snakes, similar to how the poison dart frogs produce poison by ingesting poisonous insects. As a consequence, in some illustrated books, pictures very similar to these two birds have been used to depict the Zhen.
However, throughout most modern history, zoologists knew of no poisonous birds and presumed the Zhen to be a fabulous invention of the mind. But in 1992, an article was published in Science reporting that the hooded pitohui of New Guinea has poisonous feathers,[8] and since then a few other species of similarly poisonous birds have been discovered. A recent article in China has been published bringing up the question if the Zhen bird could have really existed.[9]
References
- ^
Shan hai jing. Translated by Anne Birrell. Penguin Classics. 1999. pp. 85–90. ISBN 978-0-14-044719-4. LCCN 2001347724. OCLC 40754734.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^
山海經. Translated by Richard E. Strassberg. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. 2002. pp. 152–157. ISBN 978-0-520-21844-4. LCCN 2002075442. OCLC 49977148.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Parker, Jeannie Thomas; Hsü, James C. H. The Mythic Chinese Unicorn Zhi. Toronto, Canada: Royal Ontario Museum. OCLC 44377233.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Eskildsen, Stephen (2004). The Teachings and Practices of the Early Quanzhen Taoist Masters: Exploring the Realm of Health Care. SUNY series in Chinese philosophy and culture. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-7914-6045-0. LCCN 2004044246. OCLC 54543115.
- ^ 嶺外代答卷八・九 Archived July 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ 饮鸩止渴
- ^ 鴆鳥－実在から伝説へ[permanent dead link]
- ^ *鸩鸟在现实中有吗？[permanent dead link] (Did Zhen truly exist?)
External references
- The Idiom "Drinking Zhen to quench one's thirst" (Chinese)
- 春秋左傳 - Chun Qiu Zuo Zhuan (Full Chinese text for the Biography of Qi Huan Gong)
- 太平記 (Full Japanese text for the Taiheiki)