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Xiezhi

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Xiezhi
Sculpted c. 1810, donated 1936
A xiezhi in the Forbidden City in Beijing, China
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese獬豸, 獬豸
Simplified Chinese獬豸
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinxiezhi (xièzhì)
Wade–Gileshsieh-chih
IPA[ɕjê.ʈʂî]
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabetgiải trãi
Chữ Hán獬豸
Korean name
Hangul해태
Hanja獬豸
Transcriptions
Revised RomanizationHaetae
Japanese name
Kanji獬豸
Hiraganaかいち
Transcriptions
Romanizationkaichi
Part of a series on
Chinese folk religion
Stylisation of the 禄 lù or 子 zi grapheme, respectively meaning "prosperity", "furthering", "welfare" and "son", "offspring". 字 zì, meaning "word" and "symbol", is a cognate of 子 zi and represents a "son" enshrined under a "roof". The symbol is ultimately a representation of the north celestial pole (Běijí 北极) and its spinning constellations, and as such it is equivalent to the Eurasian symbol of the swastika, 卍 wàn.
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Zhenkong, "Void of Truth".
Zhenkong, "Void of Truth".

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The xiezhi (獬豸[a]; xièzhì < Eastern Han Chinese *gɛʔ-ḍɛʔ[1]: 620 ) is a mythical creature of Chinese origin found throughout Sinospheric legends. It resembles an ox or goat, with thick dark fur covering its body, bright eyes, and a single long horn on its forehead. It has great intellect and understands human speech. The xiezhi possesses the innate ability to distinguish right from wrong, and when it finds corrupt officials, it will ram them with its horn and devour them. It is known as a symbol of justice.

History

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According to legend, the xiezhi, was a single-horned sheep or goat[b] which had power to divine the guilt or innocence of a person. Gao Yao, the minister of justice for the legendary Emperor Shun employed the beast during criminal proceedings, and he would command the sheep to ram (head-butt) the accused. The beast would ram the guilty, but spare the innocent. The account appears in Wang Chong, Lunheng (80 AD).[8][2][3]

In the same work (Lunheng), the legend is prefaced the remark that public offices are painted with the images of the beast and the minister.[3][2]

As a symbol of traditional Chinese law, xiezhi has been promoted by the Chinese dynasties. The judicial hat (法冠) was also referred to as the xiezhi after the mythical sheep/ox.[9] The xiezhi hat was part of the attire of censors (yushi [zh]) into the 8th century during the Tang period, especially for an impeachment trial.[10]

Legend has it that during the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, King Wen of Chu once obtained a xiezhi and put its image on his head, and then the xiezhi crown became a fashion in the State of Chu. Law enforcement officials in the Qin dynasty also wore such crowns, as did the Han dynasty, which inherited the Qin system. By the Eastern Han dynasty, images of the xiezhi became an indispensable ornament in the Xie Men,[clarification needed] and the XieZhi crown was titled on the law.[clarification needed] Therefore, law enforcement officials were called xiezhi.[citation needed]

Mentions of the xiezhi in Chinese literature can be traced back to the Han dynasty. "Rhapsody on the Imperial Park" (上林賦), Sima Xiangru mentions the xiezhi 解豸/解廌 "sagacious stag" among the prey in the year-end barricade hunt staged by the Son of Heaven.[11][12][13] Scholar Yáng Fú (杨孚)[c] described the xiezhi 獬豸 in his treatise Yiwu Zhi as a "righteous beast, which rams the wrongful party when it sees a fight and bites the wrongful party when it hears an argument".[14] It is described in the Shuowen Jiezi as being "a cattle-like beast with one horn; in ancient times. It settled disputes by ramming the party at fault".[15]

As an inherently just beast, the xiezhi was used as a symbol of justice and law. The Censorate of the Ming and Qing eras, who were responsible for the monitoring of the civil service, wore the xiezhi as a badge of office. Among the common folk, the image of the xiezhi was believed to dispel evil spirits; a xiezhi might be carved on a lock to frighten off evil spirits.[citation needed] Similarly, military policemen of the Republic of China wear badges bearing the xiezhi[citation needed] and it is engraved on the gavels in the law courts of the People's Republic of China.[citation needed]

Etymology and Identity

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Linguist and Sinologist Axel Schuessler reconstructs the Late Han pronunciation of this mythological animal's name (解豸 ~ 解廌) as *gɛʔ-ḍɛʔ. Noting that in Zuo Zhuan's chapter "Duke Xuan's 17th year",[16] "豸 is supposedly a graphical loan for 解 'understand'",[d] he suspects the gloss 解; xiè - when misunderstood - "ended up as a pre-syllable in the animal name" 豸 ~ 廌 and "may be responsible for the belief that this animal could tell straight from crooked, right from wrong."[1]: 620 

Schuessler points out that the animal name 豸 ~ 廌[e] is attested as early as in the Shang period's oracle bones and once referred to real animals,[f] i.e. small deer which were hunted by the Shang kings yet whose identity has been almost forgotten.[1]: 620  He then proposes an Austroasiatic etymology by comparing 廌 (Old Chinese: *dreʔ)[g] to Old Mon drāy (> Burmese ဒရယ် da.rai "hog deer"), Old Khmer drāy > Khmer ទ្រាយ triəy "stag", and Stieng [Biat] draːi "swamp deer,[1]: 620  whose Proto-Mon-Khmer ancestor was reconstructed by Shorto as *draaj (#1508).[24]: 405 

Linguist Juha Janhunen (2011) counts the "real goat-like animal (perhaps an antelope)" underlying 廌; zhì as one among many sources (besides the rhinoceros[22]: 192  and others) which inspired the 麒麟; qílín, and notes that both the zhi and qilin were one-horned animals which could tell right from wrong.[22]: 192  However, Janhunen thinks that the graphs 豸 and 廌, rather than being variants of each other, might have denoted different animals "but they became confused to the extent that both can be used in reference to the same range of vague folkloric and mythical beasts";[22]: 194  indeed, Shuowen Jiezi describes the 豸 as ambush predators,[25] not one-horned cattle-like ungulates.[15]

Schwartz (2018) identifies the 廌 as the antelope (羚羊; língyáng).[23]: 40–42 

Homage

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In 2022, a species of prehistoric giraffoid artiodactyl from early Miocene China, Discokeryx xiezhi, was named after the xiezhi in reference to a single bony plate on top of its skull which bore a resemblance to the horn of the mythical creature.[26]

In other places

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Japan

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In Japan, it is known as kaichi (獬豸), also sometimes referred to as a shin'yō (神羊, lit. 'divine sheep'). The kaichi is described as similar to a lion with one horn on the top of its head.[27]

Korea

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The xiezhi is known as haetae (Korean: 해태) in Korea. According to Korean records, the haetae has a muscular leonine body covered with sharp scales, a bell in its neck, and a horn on its forehead. It lives in the frontier areas of Manchuria.[28]

In Joseon-dynasty Korea, the haetae was believed to protect against fire disasters. Sculptures of haetae were used in architecture (for example, at Gyeongbok Palace) to ward off fire.[citation needed] A cartoon haetae named Haechi [ko] is the city mascot of Seoul.

In English, the haetae may be called "the unicorn-lion."[citation needed]

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Other variants are 解豸, 解𧋈, 獬廌, 解廌, 觟𧣾, 觟䚦
  2. ^ Given as "one-horned sheep" (Chinese: 一角之羊; pinyin: yījiǎo zhī yáng) in the original Chinese. Forke rendered this "the monoceros [hsieh-chai] is a goat with one horn",[2] Karlgren as " kie-chai is a ram with one horn";[3] Karlgren and Forke read 觟𧣾/獬豸 as hsieh-chai and kie-chai respectively, but hsieh-chih is the Wade-Giles romanization according to references otherwise consulted.[4]
  3. ^ Not to be confused to the official Yáng Fù (楊阜) who flourished during the late Eastern Han and Cao Wei eras
  4. ^ 解 is the gloss for Chinese: 豸, romanized: zhì provided by 3rd century CE's classicist Du Yu.[17] Schuessler (2007) apparently interprets it as 解; xiè "understand, distinguish"; yet there are other interpretations: such as "solution" by Ministry of Education Mandarin Chinese Dictionary[18] or "decision" or "clarity" by Bernard Karlgren.[19]
  5. ^ In his 2009 book Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese, Schuessler treats 豸 and 廌 as variants of each other.[20]: 125  Earlier, Guangyun also treated them likewise.[21]
  6. ^ See also Janhunen (2011: 192-194)[22]: 192–194  and Schwartz (2018: 40-42).[23]: 40–42 
  7. ^ whence Eastern Han Chinese *ḍɛB > Middle Chinese *ḍjeB, *ḍaɨB > standard Chinese zhì, zhài.[1]: 620 [20]: 125 

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Schuessler, Axel (2007). An Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
  2. ^ a b c Wang Chong (1962) [1907], "Ch. XXIX: Auguries Verified (Shih-ying)", Lun-hêng：Part II. Miscellaneous Essays of Wang Ch'ung, Forke, Alfred. tr. (2 ed.), New York: Paragon Book Gallery, p. 321
  3. ^ a b c Karlgren, Bernhard (1946), "Legends and Cults in Ancient China", Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities (18): 261, 324, JSTOR 40379201
  4. ^ a b Ssu-ma Ch'ien (2020), The Grand Scribe's Records, Volume X, Nienhauser, William H. tr., Indiana University Press, p. Endnote 208, ISBN 9780253056795
  5. ^ Wang Chong 王充 (nd) [c. 85], "Shihying, chapter 52" 是應篇第五十二, Lunheng 論衡 [Discourses in the Balance] (in Chinese) – via Wikisource, 儒者說云：觟𧣾者、一角之羊也，性知有罪。皋陶治獄，其罪疑者，令羊觸之。有罪則觸，無罪則不觸。斯蓋天生一角聖獸，助獄為驗，故皋陶敬羊，起坐事之。此則神奇瑞應之類也。
  6. ^ Wang, Tao [in Chinese] (1983) [1937], Jiweiju xiaoxue jinshi luncong 微居小學金石論叢/积微居小学金石论丛, Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, pp. 82–83
  7. ^ Wang, Tao (2007), "Ritual Animals: Colour and Meaning (Part 1)", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 70 (2): 339, n132, JSTOR 40379201
  8. ^ Wang Chong, Lunheng (in Chinese),[5] cited by Yang (1983)[1937],[6] cited as source on xiezhi by Wang Tao (in English).[7]
  9. ^ Cui Hao(崔浩 d. 450), cited in the annotative work Shiji Suoyin [zh] ("Seeking the Obscure in the Grand Scribe's Records").[4]
  10. ^ Chen, Xi (2022), A Study of Criminal Proceeding Conventions in Tang Dynasty, Shi, Guang. tr., Springer Nature, pp. 134–135, ISBN 9789811630415
  11. ^ "Account of Sima Xiangru", in Sima Qian, Shiji (91 BCE). quote: "於是乎背秋涉冬，天子校獵。…… 弄解豸"
  12. ^ "Account of Sima Xiangru A", in Book of Han (111 CE), quote: "於是乎背秋涉冬，天子校獵。…… 弄解廌"
  13. ^ Sima Xiangru, "Fu on the Imperial Park" (translated by David Knechtges) (2008). in How to Read Chinese Poetry: A Guided Anthology edited by Cai, Zong-Qi. quoted: "And then, as the year turns its back on autumn and edges into winter, the Son of Heaven stages the barricade hunt. [...] Paw the sagacious stag. p. 67-68"
  14. ^ Records of Strange Things (異物志) in Court Advisor Yang's works (楊議郎著書). quoted: "東北荒中有獸名獬豸一角性忠見人鬥則觸不直者聞人論則咋不正者" p. 27-28 of 980. Scanned by Chinese Text Project
  15. ^ a b SWJZ, "Radical 𢊁" quote: "𢊁：解𢊁，獸也，似山牛，一角。古者決訟，令觸不直。"
  16. ^ Chunqiu Zuo Zhuan, "Xuan 17", "zhuan" quote: (余將老，使郤子逞其志，庶有豸乎？); rough translation: "I will plead old age [to retire], and let Master Xi achieve his wish. Mayhap that shall lead to a solution / an understanding / clarity / decision?"
  17. ^ Du Yu (杜預), Chunqiu Zuozhuan - Collected Explanations (春秋經傳集解), "Part 2"; Sibu Congkan (四部叢刊) 1st edition version, "Vol. 11, Xuan 12 - 18", p. 186 of 190. quote: "豸解也"
  18. ^ Ministry of Education Mandarin Chinese Dictionary (《教育部國語辭典》), entry 豸, quote: (辦法。)
  19. ^ Karlgren, Bernard (1969). "Glosses on the Tso Chuan," BMFEA, 41: 1–158; gloss 349; cited in Durrant, Li, & Schaberg (translators) (2016). Zuo tradition: Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals. fn. 336 on p. 692.
  20. ^ a b Schuessler, Axel (2009). Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
  21. ^ Guangyun, "rising tone, section 蟹, sub-section 廌", quote: (廌：解廌。…… 豸：同上。)
  22. ^ a b c d Janhunen, Juha (2011) "Unicorn, Mammoth, Whale" in Linguistics, Archaeology and the Human Past: Occasional Paper 12. Kyoto: Institute for Humanity and Nature, Indus Project Research. p 189 - 222
  23. ^ a b Schwartz, Adam (2018). "Shang Sacrificial Animals: Material Documents and Images". In: Sterckx R, Siebert M, Schäfer D, eds. Animals through Chinese History: Earliest Times to 1911. Cambridge University Press; 2018:20-45.)
  24. ^ Shorto, Harry Leonard (2006) A Mon-Khmer comparative dictionary. Sidwell, Cooper, & Bauer (eds.). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics
  25. ^ SWJZ, vol. 10, radical 豸, quote: (豸：獸長𦟝行豸豸然，欲有所司殺形。) translation: "(The character) zhi (stands for) wild beasts with elongated backbones that move flexibly, (when they) desire to kill their prey, they patiently wait and stalk (them)" from Valenti, Federico (2018). Biological Classification in Early Chinese Dictionaries and Glossaries: from Fish to Invertebrates and Vice Versa (PDF) (PhD thesis). Università degli studi di Sassari. p. 56.
  26. ^ Pennisi, Elizabeth (2 June 2022). "This ancient giraffe relative head-butted rivals with an 'amazing sexual weapon'". Science. Science. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  27. ^ Gould, Charles (2009). Mythical Monsters. BiblioLife. pp. 357–359. ISBN 978-0-559-10836-5.
  28. ^ An Illustrated Guide to Korean Culture - 233 traditional key words by The National Academy of the Korean Language
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