Sentinelese: Difference between revisions
more specifics, covered by the CNN citation |
→Deaths of two fishermen (2006): Please take it to WP:RSN WP:BURDEN met with "In 2006, Sentinelese hurled arrows and spears at the chopper that Commandant Praveen Gaur flew to North Sentinel." https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cops-studying-rituals-of-tribe-that-killed-us-man-john-allen-chau-to-recover-his-body-1952922 |
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In January 2006, two Indian fishermen, Sunder Raj and Pandit Tiwari, attempted to illegally harvest crabs off North Sentinel Island's coast, anchoring their boat and spending the night. Their makeshift anchor broke away from their small fishing boat in the middle of the night and, as they slept, they floated within range of the Islanders. The calls of passing fisherman to leave the area went unheard as the two slept. The boat was attacked and the fishermen killed. |
In January 2006, two Indian fishermen, Sunder Raj and Pandit Tiwari, attempted to illegally harvest crabs off North Sentinel Island's coast, anchoring their boat and spending the night. Their makeshift anchor broke away from their small fishing boat in the middle of the night and, as they slept, they floated within range of the Islanders. The calls of passing fisherman to leave the area went unheard as the two slept. The boat was attacked and the fishermen killed. |
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Their buried bodies were discovered three days later by an [[Indian Coast Guard]] search and rescue helicopter.<ref name=":02" /><ref name="telegraph2">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/1509987/Stone-Age-tribe-kills-fishermen-who-strayed-on-to-island.html|title=Stone Age tribe kills fishermen who strayed on to island|last=Foster|first=Peter|date=8 February 2006|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=25 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020082917/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/1509987/Stone-Age-tribe-kills-fishermen-who-strayed-on-to-island.html#|archive-date=2013-10-20|dead-url=no|df=}}</ref> When the helicopter tried to retrieve the bodies, it was attacked by more than 50 tribesmen who shot arrows to a height of more than 100 feet |
Their buried bodies were discovered three days later by an [[Indian Coast Guard]] search and rescue helicopter.<ref name=":02" /><ref name="telegraph2">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/1509987/Stone-Age-tribe-kills-fishermen-who-strayed-on-to-island.html|title=Stone Age tribe kills fishermen who strayed on to island|last=Foster|first=Peter|date=8 February 2006|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=25 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020082917/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/1509987/Stone-Age-tribe-kills-fishermen-who-strayed-on-to-island.html#|archive-date=2013-10-20|dead-url=no|df=}}</ref> When the helicopter tried to retrieve the bodies, it was attacked with spears and arrows by more than 50 tribesmen who shot arrows to a height of more than 100 feet. The helicopter was able to lure the islanders to another location 1.5 km away, before flying back and gaining enough time to retrieve one of the two bodies before the islanders returned. During a repeat of the previous strategy, the Sentinelese split into two groups and prevented recovery of the second body.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Som |first1=Vishnu |title=Attacked By Andaman Tribe, Coast Guard Officer's Terrifying Account |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/north-sentinel-island-they-attacked-my-chopper-officers-encounter-with-remote-andaman-tribe-1952354 |accessdate=24 November 2018 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=23 November 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012303/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/north-sentinel-island-they-attacked-my-chopper-officers-encounter-with-remote-andaman-tribe-1952354 |archivedate=24 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="NDTV_Study_spears">{{cite news |title=Cops Studying Rituals Of Tribe That Killed US Man To Recover His Body |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cops-studying-rituals-of-tribe-that-killed-us-man-john-allen-chau-to-recover-his-body-1952922 |accessdate=24 November 2018 |publisher=NDTV |date=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124232928/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cops-studying-rituals-of-tribe-that-killed-us-man-john-allen-chau-to-recover-his-body-1952922# |archive-date=2018-11-24 |dead-url=no |df= }}</ref> The mission was then abandoned and the second body was never retrieved.<ref name="Wire22Nov">{{cite news |title='Adventurist' American Killed by Protected Andaman Tribe on Island Off-Limits to Visitors |url=https://thewire.in/rights/american-killed-by-protected-andaman-tribe-on-island-off-limits-to-visitors |accessdate=24 November 2018 |publisher=The wire |date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122142019/https://thewire.in/rights/american-killed-by-protected-andaman-tribe-on-island-off-limits-to-visitors# |archive-date=2018-11-22 |dead-url=no |df= }}</ref> |
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=== Death of John Allen Chau (2018) === |
=== Death of John Allen Chau (2018) === |
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Revision as of 23:00, 25 November 2018
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 15[1]–500[2] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| North Sentinel Island | |
| Languages | |
| Sentinelese (presumed) | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Perhaps Jarawa or Onge | |
  North Sentinel Island North Sentinel Island (India)  North Sentinel Island North Sentinel Island (Andaman and Nicobar Islands) |
The Sentinelese, also known as the Sentineli and the North Sentinel Islanders, are an indigenous people who inhabit North Sentinel Island in the Bay of Bengal in India.[3][4] As North Sentinel Island is part of the Andaman Islands, the Sentinelese are considered to be one of the Andamanese peoples. They are designated as a Scheduled Tribe.[5]
An uncontacted people, the group, estimated to comprise between 40 and 500 individuals,[6][7] is believed to have lived on North Sentinel Island for as long as 55,000 years and speaks the Sentinelese language, a language isolate unrelated to the languages of the surrounding islands.[8][9][10]
Unlike other tribes in the Andamanese Islands, the Sentinelese appear to have consistently refused any interaction with the outside world. The Sentinelese are hostile to outsiders and have killed people who approached or landed on the island.[11][12]
As an isolated group, they likely lack genetic immunity to common viruses, such as influenza and measles. For both the inhabitants' protection and the safety of outsiders, it is against Indian law to travel within 3 miles (4.8 km) of the island.[8][13]
Overview
Population
The population has been estimated at 15 to 500 individuals, with most estimates between 50 and 200.[14][15] In 2001, the Census of India officially recorded 21 men and 18 women.[16] This survey was conducted from a distance and may not have been accurate.[17] Ten years later, the 2011 Census of India recorded 12 males and 3 females.[18] That too was merely an estimate, described as a "wild guess" by the Times of India.[19]
Though the group managed to survive the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami relatively unscathed, it is unknown how many islanders died as a result and what effect the disaster had on the population.[20][14]
Practices
The Sentinelese are hunter-gatherers, likely using bows and arrows to hunt terrestrial wildlife and more rudimentary methods to catch local seafood, such as mud crabs. It has been noted that they prepare their food in a way similar to the Önge people.[21] The Sentinelese are not believed to have evolved their practices beyond those of the Stone Age. Metalworking, agriculture, and even the ability to make fire are unknown to them.[22][23] They do appear to recognise the value of metal, having scavenged it to create tools and weapons, and their acceptance of aluminum cookware left by the National Geographic Society in 1974 is one of the few documented cases of their accepting a gift from outsiders.[14]
As the bodies of the two fishermen killed by the Sentinelese (as described below) were found, it has been suggested that they do not practise cannibalism.[24]
Appearance and genetics
The Sentinelese are considered to be Negrito.[25] They have dark skin and may be shorter in stature than average humans, with one report by Heinrich Harrer placing a man at 1.6 metres (5 ft 3 in) tall, possibly due to insular dwarfism (the so called "Island Effect"), nutrition, or simply genetic heritage.[26] They appear not to wear clothing.[27][28]
Language
The Sentinelese speak their own language, the Sentinelese language. Almost nothing is known about it, and it appears to be a language isolate. Since the islanders do not interact with speakers of other languages, there are no bilingual translators. During an attempt to communicate with islanders in 1980, researchers were able to deduce from words the islanders yelled that their language is likely unrelated to the Önge language spoken by the Onge people, who inhabit the neighboring Little Andaman Island.[29] Additionally, it is not mutually intelligible with the Jarawa language, spoken by the Jarawas.[16] With little new research available for anthropologists to review, the Sentinelese language remains an unclassified language.
Contact
In the 13th Century, explorer Marco Polo described the island's residents as "most violent and cruel generation" and indicated that they were cannibals.[30]
Maurice Vidal Portman (1880)
In 1880, in an effort to establish contact with the Sentinelese, British naval officer Maurice Vidal Portman, who was serving as a colonial administrator to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, led a group of Europeans to North Sentinel Island. Upon the arrival of the armed group, the islanders fled into the treeline. After several days ashore, during which they found abandoned villages and paths, Portman's men captured six individuals, an elderly man and woman and four children.[31]
The man and woman died shortly after or before their arrival in Port Blair, likely from disease, and so Portman attempted to befriend the surviving children by giving them gifts before returning them to North Sentinel Island, in hopes that the children would help village elders realise the British were friendly. The attempt was unsuccessful, likely due to the aggressiveness of Portman's visit and the fact that his efforts resulted in the deaths of two Sentinelese people.[12][32] Additionally, due to differences in culture, the children might not have recognised the gifts as such.
T. N. Pandit (1967–1991)
In 1967, anthropologist T. N. Pandit, in partnership with the Indian government, left gifts on North Sentinel Island's beaches in hopes that friendly contact could be established with the inhabitants, but they did not accept the gifts.[13] Pandit made many more attempts over the years, all futile, and ceased his efforts in 1991.[13]
National Geographic (1974)
In early 1974, a National Geographic film crew went to the island with a team of anthropologists to film a documentary, Man in Search of Man. They were accompanied by armed police. When the motorboat broke through the barrier reefs, the locals emerged from the jungle and fired arrows at the boat. They landed at a safe point on the coast and left gifts in the sand, including a miniature plastic car, some coconuts, a live pig, a doll, and aluminum cookware.[33]
The Sentinelese followed up by launching another round of arrows, one of which struck the documentary director in his thigh. The man who wounded the director withdrew to the shade of a tree and laughed proudly while others speared and then buried the pig and the doll. They left afterward, taking the coconuts and cookware.[14]
The Primrose (1981)
In August 1981, the cargo ship Primrose ran aground in rough seas just off North Sentinel Island, stranding a small crew. After a few days, a reported 50 islanders appeared, threatening the crew. The ship captain broadcast urgent messages indicating that natives were on the verge of attacking the vessel with arrows and spears.[34] Nearly a week later, the ship was evacuated by helicopter.
Indian Government (1990s)
In the mid-1990s, the Indian government set up a state welfare agency to look after the island's tribal groups and began a series of contact expeditions, which continued until 2000, when the programs were abandoned.[14] Numerous expeditions were conducted, with the contact teams typically consisting of anthropologists, medical officers, government guests, and administrators.[14]
The Sentinelese generally did not let the contact teams get near them and so they usually waited until the armed Sentinelese retreated. The teams would then leave gifts on the beach or set them adrift toward the coastline.[14] Some of the expeditions ended in violent encounters.[14] By 1970, India had staked its claim to the island despite limited contact with the islanders.[14] In 1991, the first instance of friendly close contact was reported when the Sentinelese approached a dinghy carrying various gifts without any weapons and collected them.[14]
In the early 1990s, the Sentinelese began allowing boats to approach the shore, sometimes greeting passengers unarmed. But after a few minutes, the Sentinelese would begin to make menacing gestures and to fire arrows without arrowheads. In 1996, the Indian government ended the contact expeditions after a series of hostile encounters resulting in several deaths in a similar program involving the Jarawa people of South and Middle Andaman Islands and because of the danger of introducing diseases.[32]
Deaths of two fishermen (2006)
In January 2006, two Indian fishermen, Sunder Raj and Pandit Tiwari, attempted to illegally harvest crabs off North Sentinel Island's coast, anchoring their boat and spending the night. Their makeshift anchor broke away from their small fishing boat in the middle of the night and, as they slept, they floated within range of the Islanders. The calls of passing fisherman to leave the area went unheard as the two slept. The boat was attacked and the fishermen killed.
Their buried bodies were discovered three days later by an Indian Coast Guard search and rescue helicopter.[14][35] When the helicopter tried to retrieve the bodies, it was attacked with spears and arrows by more than 50 tribesmen who shot arrows to a height of more than 100 feet. The helicopter was able to lure the islanders to another location 1.5 km away, before flying back and gaining enough time to retrieve one of the two bodies before the islanders returned. During a repeat of the previous strategy, the Sentinelese split into two groups and prevented recovery of the second body.[36][37] The mission was then abandoned and the second body was never retrieved.[38]
Death of John Allen Chau (2018)
In November 2018, John Allen Chau, a 26-year-old American missionary,[39][40][41] travelled illegally to North Sentinel Island with the help of local fishermen to attempt to make contact with the Sentinelese and to convert them to Christianity.[39][42][43][44] On 14 November, Chau paid ₹25,000 (about USD 337) to the local fisherman in Port Blair, South Andaman Island to smuggle him to the island.[45] According to police, he waited until nightfall to start his journey to avoid detection by authorities.[40]
On 15 November, Chau attempted his first visit to North Sentinel island, and the fishing boat took him around 500–700m from the shore.[46] The fishermen warned Chau not to go further, but he continued his journey to the shore alone in a kayak with a Bible and gifts, where he was attacked by the islanders with arrows.[47][40] He returned to the fishing boat later that day,[46] and wrote that the islanders were angry with his visit, while he had attempted to sing worship songs to them.[48] On a second visit the following day,[40] the Sentinelese broke his kayak, and he swam back to the boat.[47]
On a third visit, on 17 November, Chau told the fishermen he did not plan to return from the island with them and instructed them to leave without him.[49] Later the fishermen reported that they saw the islanders attaching a rope around his neck and dragging his body, whereupon the fishermen fled. On returning the following day, they saw Chau's body on the shore, being "dragged around"[50] according to some reports.[47] Subsequently the police arrested seven fishermen for assisting Chau in reaching the prohibited island.[51][52][53] Police have not been able to verify Chau's death but believe that they know the approximate location of the burial. The case is being treated as a murder but there has been no suggestion that the tribesmen would be charged.[54]
The Washington Post obtained Chau's journal which stated that he was aware of the risks he faced, having been shot at by an islander with a bow and arrow, and aware of the illegality of his visits to the island. In a final note to his family, sent via the fishermen, Chau wrote this: "You guys might think I'm crazy in all this but I think it's worthwhile to declare Jesus to these people. Please do not be angry at them or at God if I get killed ..."[55]
Indigenous tribes human rights group Survival International said it was possible that Chau had infected the tribe with pathogens to which they have no genetic immunity, "with the potential to wipe out the entire tribe".[56][57]
Notes
- ^ District Census Handbook: Andaman & Nicobar Islands (PDF). Census of India (Report). 2011. p. 156. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Earth from Space: North Sentinel Island". European Space Agency. 29 April 2005. Archived from the original on 2015-06-23. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Foster, Peter (2006-02-08). "Stone Age tribe kills fishermen who strayed on to island". ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Dobson, Jim. "A Human Zoo on the World's Most Dangerous Island? The Shocking Future of North Sentinel". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "List of notified Scheduled Tribes" (PDF). Census India. p. 27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-07. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Sentinelese tribe has closer resemblance to Jarawas, slightly taller than other Andaman tribes, says expert". Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "A Human Zoo on the World's Most Dangerous Island? The Shocking Future of North Sentinel". Archived from the original on 2018-11-11. Retrieved 2018-11-10.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "US man killed by tribe after ignoring ban on visiting remote North Sentinel island". Sky News. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Rare Footage Captures Sentinelese Tribe in India's Andaman Islands, - IndianCountryToday.com". IndianCountryToday.com. Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Nuwer, Rachel. "Anthropology: The sad truth about uncontacted tribes". BBC. Archived from the original on 2018-07-18. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "American Is Killed by Bow and Arrow on Remote Indian Island". Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "North Sentinel Island Is Home to the Last Uncontacted People on Earth". curiosity.com. Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Sengar, Resham. "Know how 60,000 year-old human tribe of secluded North Sentinel Island behaves with outsiders". Times of India Travel. Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Pandya, Vishvajit (2009). "Through Lens and Text: Constructions of a 'Stone Age' Tribe in the Andaman Islands". History Workshop Journal (67): 173–193. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "American 'killed by arrow-wielding tribe'". BBC News. 2018-11-21. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Enumeration of Primitive Tribes in A&N Islands: A Challenge (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2014.
The first batch could identify 31 Sentinelese. The second batch could count altogether 39 Sentinelese consisting of male and female adults, children and infants. During both the contacts the enumeration team tried to communicate with them through some Jarawa words and gestures, but, Sentinelese could not understand those verbal words.
{{cite report}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Forest Statistics - Department of Environment & Forests, Andaman & Nicobar Islands" (PDF). 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ census, archive.org; accessed 25 November 2018.
- ^ "Ten Indian families world knows nothing about". Times of India. 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-22.
- ^ "Did Island Tribes Use Ancient Lore to Evade Tsunami?". National Geographic Society. 24 January 2005. Archived from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
{{cite web}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=timestamp mismatch; 9 October 2017 suggested (help); Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Portman, Maurice Vidal (1899). "XVIII: The Jàrawas". A History of Our Relations with the Andamanese. Vol. II. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. p. 728. OCLC 861984. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
- ^ Burman, B. K. Roy, ed. (1990). Cartography for development of outlying states and islands of India: short papers submitted at NATMO Seminar, Calcutta, December 3–6, 1990. National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India. p. 203. OCLC 26542161.
- ^ Master Plan 1991–2021 for Welfare of Primitive Tribes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Sec. II Ch. 21. Dept. of Tribal Welfare, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Administration; as reproduced in Andaman Book
- ^ "Here's what we know about the isolated tribe that reportedly killed a 26-year-old American tourist". Business Insider. 21 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-11-23. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Sentinelese: The Tribe That Has Remained Isolated for 60,000 Years". Day Translations Blog. 2014-02-05. Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Harrer, Heinrich (1977). Die letzten Fünfhundert: Expedition zu d. Zwergvölkern auf d. Andamanen [The last five hundred: Expedition to the dwarf peoples in the Andaman Islands] (in German). Berlin: Ullstein. ISBN 3-550-06574-4. OCLC 4133917. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
- ^ Shammas, John (2015-04-22). "Mysterious island is home to 60,000-year-old community who KILL outsiders". mirror. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "The Forbidden Island". Neatorama. Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Vishvajit Pandya, "In the Forest: Visual and Material Worlds of Andamanese History (1858-2006)," p. 362, (University Press of America, 2008) ISBN 0-7618-4153-9, ISBN 978-0-7618-4153-1, found at Google Books. Accessed 2009-10-07.
- ^ "Ten Indian families world knows nothing about". Times of India. 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-22.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-11-23. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b "The Forbidden Island". Neatorama. Archived from the original on 2018-08-09. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Pandya, Vishvajit (2009). In the Forest: Visual and Material Worlds of Andamanese History (1858–2006). University Press of America. p. 357. ISBN 978-0-7618-4272-9. OCLC 673383888.
- ^ "Twenty-eight sailors shipwrecked for nearly two weeks off a..." UPI. 25 August 1981. Archived from the original on 2017-08-02. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Foster, Peter (8 February 2006). "Stone Age tribe kills fishermen who strayed on to island". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Som, Vishnu (23 November 2018). "Attacked By Andaman Tribe, Coast Guard Officer's Terrifying Account". NDTV. Archived from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
- ^ "Cops Studying Rituals Of Tribe That Killed US Man To Recover His Body". NDTV. 25 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "'Adventurist' American Killed by Protected Andaman Tribe on Island Off-Limits to Visitors". The wire. 22 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "'God, I don't want to die,' U.S. missionary wrote before he was killed by remote tribe on Indian island". The Washington Post. 21 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d "American is killed by bow and arrow on remote island in India". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2018-11-22.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "John Chau on Instagram: "John Allen Chau"". Instagram. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "American killed on remote Indian island off-limits to visitors". Reuters. 21 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 2018-11-22.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "American 'killed by arrow-wielding tribe'". BBC News. 2018-11-21. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "US man killed by remote tribe was trying to spread Christianity". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 2018-11-23. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Banerjie, Monideepa (22 November 2018). "American Paid Fishermen Rs. 25,000 For Fatal Trip To Andamans". NDTV. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "North Sentinel Island tribespeople believed to have killed trespassing US 'missionary'". CNN. 22 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c "US tourist killed by tribe in Andaman and Nicobar's North Sentinel Island, seven arrested in connection with murder - Firstpost". www.firstpost.com. Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "'God, I don't want to die,' U.S. missionary wrote before he was killed by remote tribe on Indian island". The Washington Post. 22 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "US man killed by remote tribe was trying to spread Christianity". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 2018-11-22.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "CIndian authorities struggle to retrieve US missionary feared killed on remote island". CNN. 2018-11-25. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Sanjib (20 November 2018). "American National killed by Sentinelese Tribes of Andaman - Andaman Sheekha". Andaman Sheekha. Sheekha Bureau. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "US man 'killed by arrow-wielding tribe'". BBC News. 21 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Roy, Sanjib Kumar. "American killed on remote Indian island off-limits to visitors". U.S. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Indian authorities struggle to retrieve US missionary feared killed on remote island". CNN. 2018-11-25. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "CIndian authorities struggle to retrieve US missionary feared killed on remote island". CNN. 2018-11-25. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Survival International statement on killing of American man John Allen Chau by Sentinelese tribe, Andaman Islands". Survival International. Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "John Allen Chau: Who was US man killed in remote islands?". BBC. 21 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-11-21. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
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References
- Pandit, T. N. (1990). The Sentinelese. Kolkata: Seagull Books. ISBN 81-7046-081-6.
- Weber, George (2005). "The Andamanese". The Lonely Islands. The Andaman Association. Archived from the original on June 3, 2013.
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External links
- Video of friendly contact with the Sentinelese, YouTube.com
- Video of National Geographic crew's attempt at contact being rebuffed by the Sentinelese, YouTube.com
- Madhumala Chattopadhyay: An Anthropologist's Moment of Truth – discusses first friendly contact with Sentinelese
- Administration in India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands has finally decided upon a policy of minimal interference
- "The most isolated tribe in the world?". Uncontacted tribes. Survival International.
- McDougall, Dan (11 February 2006). "Survival comes first for the last Stone Age tribe world". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 August 2015.