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Potential serious side-effects with using "quats" (''Quaternary ammonium compounds'') exist, and over-use "can have a negative impact on your customers' septic systems."<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Heger S |date = 18 May 2020 |title=Disinfectant Overkill: Potential Harm for Septic…|url=https://www.onsiteinstaller.com/online_exclusives/2020/05/disinfectant-overkill-potential-harm-for-septic-systems|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Onsite Installer|language=en}}</ref>
Potential serious side-effects with using "quats" (''Quaternary ammonium compounds'') exist, and over-use "can have a negative impact on your customers' septic systems."<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Heger S |date = 18 May 2020 |title=Disinfectant Overkill: Potential Harm for Septic…|url=https://www.onsiteinstaller.com/online_exclusives/2020/05/disinfectant-overkill-potential-harm-for-septic-systems|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Onsite Installer|language=en}}</ref>


Mouth-rinsing or gargling can reduce virus load,<ref name=":12" /> however experts warn that "Viruses in the nose, lungs or trachea that are released when speaking, sneezing and coughing are unlikely to be reached because the effect is based on physical accessibility of the surface mucous membrane".<ref>{{Cite web|last=tagesschau.de|title=Vorbeugung gegen Corona: Warum Gurgeln nicht ausreicht|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/faktenfinder/mundspuelung-corona-101.html|access-date=2021-06-03|website=tagesschau.de|language=de}}</ref>
Mouth-rinsing or gargling can reduce virus load,<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kramer A, Eggers M, Hübner NO, Steinmann E, Walger P, Exner M|date=2020-12-07|title=Viruzides Gurgeln und viruzider Nasenspray|url=https://www.krankenhaushygiene.de/pdfdata/2020_12_02_Empfehlung-viruzides-gurgeln-nasenspray.pdf|journal=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Krankenhaushygiene|language=German|pages=6}}</ref> however experts warn that "Viruses in the nose, lungs or trachea that are released when speaking, sneezing and coughing are unlikely to be reached because the effect is based on physical accessibility of the surface mucous membrane".<ref>{{Cite web|last=tagesschau.de|title=Vorbeugung gegen Corona: Warum Gurgeln nicht ausreicht|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/faktenfinder/mundspuelung-corona-101.html|access-date=2021-06-03|website=tagesschau.de|language=de}}</ref>


According to [[Deutsche Dermatologische Gesellschaft]], medical practitioners recommend that disinfectants are gentler on the skin compared to soap-washing. The disinfected hands should then also be creamed to support the regeneration of the [[skin barrier]]. Skin care does not reduce the [[Antiseptic|antiseptic effect]] of the alcoholic disinfectants.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Handekzeme weit verbreitet: Hautärzte empfehlen Desinfektion statt Seife|language=de|work=FAZ.NET|url=https://www.faz.net/1.7283533|access-date=2021-04-15|issn=0174-4909|vauthors=Christner J}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Handekzeme nehmen zu: Handhygiene-Strategie in Pandemiezeiten ändern|url=https://derma.de/presse/uebersicht/detail/?tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=4453&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&cHash=ac81d72a12dab2363bdcfc5c7b5cb657#|access-date=2021-04-15|website=derma.de|language=de}}</ref>
According to [[Deutsche Dermatologische Gesellschaft]], medical practitioners recommend that disinfectants are gentler on the skin compared to soap-washing. The disinfected hands should then also be creamed to support the regeneration of the [[skin barrier]]. Skin care does not reduce the [[Antiseptic|antiseptic effect]] of the alcoholic disinfectants.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Handekzeme weit verbreitet: Hautärzte empfehlen Desinfektion statt Seife|language=de|work=FAZ.NET|url=https://www.faz.net/1.7283533|access-date=2021-04-15|issn=0174-4909|vauthors=Christner J}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Handekzeme nehmen zu: Handhygiene-Strategie in Pandemiezeiten ändern|url=https://derma.de/presse/uebersicht/detail/?tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=4453&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&cHash=ac81d72a12dab2363bdcfc5c7b5cb657#|access-date=2021-04-15|website=derma.de|language=de}}</ref>
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With regards to the COVID-19 pandemic, some of the mentioned agents are still under research about their microbicidal activity and effectivity against SARS-CoV-2 e. g. on surfaces,<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2020-02-11|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/science-and-research/surface-transmission.html|access-date=2021-04-10|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Khokhar M, Roy D, Purohit P, Goyal M, Setia P|date=October 2020|title=Viricidal treatments for prevention of coronavirus infection|journal=Pathogens and Global Health|volume=114|issue=7|pages=349–359|doi=10.1080/20477724.2020.1807177|pmc=7586723|pmid=32877308|pmc-embargo-date=September 2, 2021}}</ref> as mouth-washes,<ref name=":2">{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Meister TL, Brüggemann Y, Todt D, Conzelmann C, Müller JA, Groß R, Münch J, Krawczyk A, Steinmann J, Steinmann J, Pfaender S, Steinmann E|date=September 2020|title=Virucidal Efficacy of Different Oral Rinses Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=222|issue=8|pages=1289–1292|doi=10.1093/infdis/jiaa471|pmc=7454736|pmid=32726430|doi-access=free}}</ref> hand-washing,<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2020-02-11|title=Healthcare Workers|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/hand-hygiene.html|access-date=2021-04-11|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> etc.
With regards to the COVID-19 pandemic, some of the mentioned agents are still under research about their microbicidal activity and effectivity against SARS-CoV-2 e. g. on surfaces,<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2020-02-11|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/science-and-research/surface-transmission.html|access-date=2021-04-10|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Khokhar M, Roy D, Purohit P, Goyal M, Setia P|date=October 2020|title=Viricidal treatments for prevention of coronavirus infection|journal=Pathogens and Global Health|volume=114|issue=7|pages=349–359|doi=10.1080/20477724.2020.1807177|pmc=7586723|pmid=32877308|pmc-embargo-date=September 2, 2021}}</ref> as mouth-washes,<ref name=":2">{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Meister TL, Brüggemann Y, Todt D, Conzelmann C, Müller JA, Groß R, Münch J, Krawczyk A, Steinmann J, Steinmann J, Pfaender S, Steinmann E|date=September 2020|title=Virucidal Efficacy of Different Oral Rinses Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=222|issue=8|pages=1289–1292|doi=10.1093/infdis/jiaa471|pmc=7454736|pmid=32726430|doi-access=free}}</ref> hand-washing,<ref>{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2020-02-11|title=Healthcare Workers|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/hand-hygiene.html|access-date=2021-04-11|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> etc.

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Betadine, as of June 2021, is not recommended to "kill" coronaviruses.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=COVID-19|url=https://betadine.com/covid-19/#1596710159395-1cf8cac7-1b26|access-date=2021-06-06|website=Betadine (Povidone-iodine) {{!}} Betadine|language=en-US}}</ref>


A mixture of 62–71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.1% [[sodium hypochlorite]] is found to be able to deactivate the novel Coronavirus on surfaces within 1 minute.<ref name="Kampf_2020" />
A mixture of 62–71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.1% [[sodium hypochlorite]] is found to be able to deactivate the novel Coronavirus on surfaces within 1 minute.<ref name="Kampf_2020" />
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Various information and overview of light-based strategies ([[Ultraviolet|UV-C]] and other types of light sources; see also [[Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation]]) to combat the COVID-19 pandemic are available.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sabino CP, Ball AR, Baptista MS, Dai T, Hamblin MR, Ribeiro MS, Santos AL, Sellera FP, Tegos GP, Wainwright M | display-authors = 6 | title = Light-based technologies for management of COVID-19 pandemic crisis | journal = Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B, Biology | volume = 212 | pages = 111999 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 32855026 | pmc = 7435279 | doi = 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sabino CP, Ball AR, Baptista MS, Dai T, Hamblin MR, Ribeiro MS, Santos AL, Sellera FP, Tegos GP, Wainwright M | display-authors = 6 | title = Light-based technologies for management of COVID-19 pandemic crisis | journal = Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B, Biology | volume = 212 | pages = 111999 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 32855026 | pmc = 7435279 | doi = 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Storm N, McKay LG, Downs SN, Johnson RI, Birru D, de Samber M, Willaert W, Cennini G, Griffiths A | display-authors = 6 | title = Rapid and complete inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by ultraviolet-C irradiation | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 22421 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33380727 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-79600-8 | pmc = 7773738 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Committee Reports | work = Illuminating Engineering Society|url=https://www.ies.org/standards/committee-reports/|access-date=2021-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Filtration / Disinfection|url=https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/filtration-disinfection#uvc|access-date=2021-07-08| work = American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) |language=en}}</ref>
Various information and overview of light-based strategies ([[Ultraviolet|UV-C]] and other types of light sources; see also [[Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation]]) to combat the COVID-19 pandemic are available.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sabino CP, Ball AR, Baptista MS, Dai T, Hamblin MR, Ribeiro MS, Santos AL, Sellera FP, Tegos GP, Wainwright M | display-authors = 6 | title = Light-based technologies for management of COVID-19 pandemic crisis | journal = Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B, Biology | volume = 212 | pages = 111999 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 32855026 | pmc = 7435279 | doi = 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sabino CP, Ball AR, Baptista MS, Dai T, Hamblin MR, Ribeiro MS, Santos AL, Sellera FP, Tegos GP, Wainwright M | display-authors = 6 | title = Light-based technologies for management of COVID-19 pandemic crisis | journal = Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B, Biology | volume = 212 | pages = 111999 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 32855026 | pmc = 7435279 | doi = 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Storm N, McKay LG, Downs SN, Johnson RI, Birru D, de Samber M, Willaert W, Cennini G, Griffiths A | display-authors = 6 | title = Rapid and complete inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by ultraviolet-C irradiation | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 22421 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33380727 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-79600-8 | pmc = 7773738 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Committee Reports | work = Illuminating Engineering Society|url=https://www.ies.org/standards/committee-reports/|access-date=2021-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Filtration / Disinfection|url=https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/filtration-disinfection#uvc|access-date=2021-07-08| work = American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) |language=en}}</ref>

As systematic review of 16 studies by [[Cochrane (organisation)|Cochrane]] on Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays concludes that "there is currently no evidence relating to the benefits and risks of patients with COVID‐19 using antimicrobial mouthwashes or nasal sprays."<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal|last=Burton|first=Martin J|last2=Clarkson|first2=Janet E|last3=Goulao|first3=Beatriz|last4=Glenny|first4=Anne-Marie|last5=McBain|first5=Andrew J|last6=Schilder|first6=Anne GM|last7=Webster|first7=Katie E|last8=Worthington|first8=Helen V|date=2020-09-16|title=Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays administered to patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection to improve patient outcomes and to protect healthcare workers treating them|url=https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013627.pub2|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2020|issue=9|doi=10.1002/14651858.cd013627.pub2|issn=1465-1858|pmc=PMC8187985|pmid=32936948}}</ref>


=== SARS-CoV ===
=== SARS-CoV ===
Treatment of [[SARS-CoV]] for 2 min with Isodine ([[Povidone-iodine|PVP-I]]) strongly reduces the virus infectivity.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal|vauthors=Kariwa H, Fujii N, Takashima I|date=2006|title=Inactivation of SARS coronavirus by means of povidone-iodine, physical conditions and chemical reagents|journal=Dermatology|language=english|volume=212 Suppl 1|issue=Suppl. 1|pages=119–23|doi=10.1159/000089211|pmc=7179540|pmid=16490989}}</ref>
Treatment of [[SARS-CoV]] for 2 min with Isodine ([[Povidone-iodine|PVP-I]]) is found to strongly reduce the virus infectivity.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal|vauthors=Kariwa H, Fujii N, Takashima I|date=2006|title=Inactivation of SARS coronavirus by means of povidone-iodine, physical conditions and chemical reagents|journal=Dermatology|language=english|volume=212 Suppl 1|issue=Suppl. 1|pages=119–23|doi=10.1159/000089211|pmc=7179540|pmid=16490989}}</ref>


==List of virucides==
==List of virucides==
Note that many of the substances, if sold commercially, are usually combinations and mixtures with varying molecular contents. Also note that most products have a limited viricide efficacy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-04|title=Efficacy {{!}} Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines {{!}} Guidelines Library {{!}} Infection Control {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/efficacy.html|access-date=2021-06-03|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> A specific test-protocol is applied.<ref>{{Cite web|last=paul|date=2020-11-20|title=What Is BS EN 14476 Chemical Disinfectant Standards - Hand Sanitisers|url=https://www.rentexhygiene.co.uk/what-is-bs-en-14476/|access-date=2021-04-14|website=Rentex Hygiene - Washroom and Hygiene Products|language=en-GB}}</ref> The lists' scope is limited. For further products refer to other lists.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biological Safety: Disinfection {{!}} Office of Environmental Health and Safety|url=https://ehs.princeton.edu/laboratory-research/biological-safety/disinfection|access-date=2021-04-17|website=ehs.princeton.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=List of cleaning products|date=2021-03-27|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cleaning_products&oldid=1014558401|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-04-17}}</ref><ref name=":10" /> Other factors such as stability of the concentrate, application concentration, exposure time, timing of the solution, hydrogen ion concentration (pH value), temperature, etc. play an certain role for the effectivity of a virucide.<ref name=":9" />
Note that many of the substances, if sold commercially, are usually combinations and mixtures with varying molecular contents. Also note that most products have a limited viricide efficacy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-04|title=Efficacy {{!}} Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines {{!}} Guidelines Library {{!}} Infection Control {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/efficacy.html|access-date=2021-06-03|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> A specific test-protocol is applied.<ref>{{Cite web|last=paul|date=2020-11-20|title=What Is BS EN 14476 Chemical Disinfectant Standards - Hand Sanitisers|url=https://www.rentexhygiene.co.uk/what-is-bs-en-14476/|access-date=2021-04-14|website=Rentex Hygiene - Washroom and Hygiene Products|language=en-GB}}</ref> The lists' scope is limited. For further products refer to other lists.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biological Safety: Disinfection {{!}} Office of Environmental Health and Safety|url=https://ehs.princeton.edu/laboratory-research/biological-safety/disinfection|access-date=2021-04-17|website=ehs.princeton.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=List of cleaning products|date=2021-03-27|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cleaning_products&oldid=1014558401|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-04-17}}</ref><ref name=":10" /> Other factors such as stability of the concentrate, application concentration, exposure time, timing of the solution, hydrogen ion concentration (pH value), temperature, etc. play an certain role for the effectivity of a virucide.<ref name=":9" />

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[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] is providing a public listing called "List N"<ref>{{Cite web|last=EPA|title=Disinfectants Pesticides|url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/giwiz/disinfectants/index.cfm|access-date=9 April 2021|website=cfpub.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=US EPA|first=OA|date=2020-03-13|title=List N: Disinfectants for Coronavirus (COVID-19)|url=https://www.epa.gov/coronavirus/list-n-disinfectants-coronavirus-covid-19|access-date=9 April 2021|website=US EPA|language=en}}</ref>


=== General substance listing of active component or compound ===
=== General substance listing of active component or compound ===
{{Expand list|date=April 2021}}<!-- Please A-Z
{{Expand list|date=April 2021}}<!-- Please A-Z
List currently includes several CoV2 remarks - this should be changed in future; Substances is one thing, their activity towards viruses another. Suggestion would be a table, see for example https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desinfektion#Weitere_Wirkstoffe -->
List currently includes several CoV2 remarks - this should be changed in future; Substances is one thing, their activity towards viruses another. Suggestion would be a table, see for example https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desinfektion#Weitere_Wirkstoffe -->
* [[1-Docosanol]] against [[Herpes simplex virus|HSV-1]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Katz DH, Marcelletti JF, Khalil MH, Pope LE, Katz LR | title = Antiviral activity of 1-docosanol, an inhibitor of lipid-enveloped viruses including herpes simplex | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 88 | issue = 23 | pages = 10825–9 | date = December 1991 | pmid = 1660151 | pmc = 53024 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.88.23.10825 }}</ref>
* [[1-Docosanol]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Katz DH, Marcelletti JF, Khalil MH, Pope LE, Katz LR | title = Antiviral activity of 1-docosanol, an inhibitor of lipid-enveloped viruses including herpes simplex | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 88 | issue = 23 | pages = 10825–9 | date = December 1991 | pmid = 1660151 | pmc = 53024 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.88.23.10825 }}</ref>
*Alcohols:
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**[[Ethanol]]<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Sauerbrei A|date=September 2020|title=Bactericidal and virucidal activity of ethanol and povidone-iodine|journal=MicrobiologyOpen|volume=9|issue=9|pages=e1097|doi=10.1002/mbo3.1097|pmc=7520996|pmid=32567807}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":10" />
⚫
**[[Isopropyl alcohol]]<ref name="cdc.gov" />
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**[[Propan-1-ol|''n''-propanol]]<ref name="Boyce2002">{{cite journal|vauthors=Boyce JM, Pittet D|date=October 2002|title=Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Association for Professionals in Infection Control/Infectious Diseases Society of America|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5116.pdf|journal=MMWR. Recommendations and Reports|publisher=Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Association for Professionals in Infection Control/Infectious Diseases Society of America|volume=51|issue=RR-16|pages=1–45, quiz CE1-4|pmid=12418624|collaboration=Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IMPRESAN Hygiene Spray 250 ml|url=https://www.heitmann-hygiene-care.de/en/impresan-hygiene-spray-250-ml.html|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.heitmann-hygiene-care.de|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Benzalkonium chloride]]s, e.g.
*[[Benzalkonium chloride]]s, e.g.
**Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorides (C12-16)
**Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorides (C12-16)
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**[[Sodium hypochlorite washes]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sauerbrei A, Wutzler P | title = Virucidal efficacy of povidone-iodine-containing disinfectants | journal = Letters in Applied Microbiology | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | pages = 158–63 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20536707 | doi = 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02871.x | doi-access = free }}</ref>
**[[Sodium hypochlorite washes]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sauerbrei A, Wutzler P | title = Virucidal efficacy of povidone-iodine-containing disinfectants | journal = Letters in Applied Microbiology | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | pages = 158–63 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20536707 | doi = 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02871.x | doi-access = free }}</ref>
*[[Didecyldimethylammonium chloride]]
*[[Didecyldimethylammonium chloride]]
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*[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]]'s List N Tool: COVID-19 Disinfectants<ref>{{Cite web|last=EPA|title=Disinfectants Pesticides|url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/giwiz/disinfectants/index.cfm|access-date=9 April 2021 |website=cfpub.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=US EPA|first=OA|date=2020-03-13|title=List N: Disinfectants for Coronavirus (COVID-19)|url=https://www.epa.gov/coronavirus/list-n-disinfectants-coronavirus-covid-19|access-date=9 April 2021 |website=US EPA|language=en}}</ref>
⚫
*[[Ethanol]]<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Sauerbrei A|date=September 2020|title=Bactericidal and virucidal activity of ethanol and povidone-iodine|journal=MicrobiologyOpen|volume=9|issue=9|pages=e1097|doi=10.1002/mbo3.1097|pmc=7520996|pmid=32567807}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":10" />
*[[Hand washing]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-30|title=Hand Hygiene Guidance {{!}} Hand Hygiene {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/handhygiene/providers/guideline.html|access-date=9 April 2021 |website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Siddharta A, Pfaender S, Vielle NJ, Dijkman R, Friesland M, Becker B, Yang J, Engelmann M, Todt D, Windisch MP, Brill FH, Steinmann J, Steinmann J, Becker S, Alves MP, Pietschmann T, Eickmann M, Thiel V, Steinmann E | display-authors = 6 | title = Virucidal Activity of World Health Organization-Recommended Formulations Against Enveloped Viruses, Including Zika, Ebola, and Emerging Coronaviruses | journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 215 | issue = 6 | pages = 902–906 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28453839 | doi = 10.1093/infdis/jix046 | pmc = 5407053 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-08|title=Publications, Data, & Statistics {{!}} Handwashing {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/publications-data-stats.html|access-date=2021-04-10|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Infografiken|url=https://www.infektionsschutz.de/mediathek/infografiken.html|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.infektionsschutz.de|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | author = Office of the Commissioner |date=2020-09-09|title=Antibacterial Soap? You Can Skip It, Use Plain Soap and Water|url=https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/antibacterial-soap-you-can-skip-it-use-plain-soap-and-water|journal=FDA|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mathur P | title = Hand hygiene: back to the basics of infection control | journal = The Indian Journal of Medical Research | volume = 134 | issue = 5 | pages = 611–20 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 22199099 | pmc = 3249958 | doi = 10.4103/0971-5916.90985 }}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web|title=Why Hand-Washing Beats Hand Sanitizers|url=https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/news/20191107/why-hand-washing-beats-hand-sanitizers|access-date=2021-06-06|website=WebMD|language=en}}</ref> (see also Surfactants)
*[[Hand washing]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-30|title=Hand Hygiene Guidance {{!}} Hand Hygiene {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/handhygiene/providers/guideline.html|access-date=9 April 2021 |website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Siddharta A, Pfaender S, Vielle NJ, Dijkman R, Friesland M, Becker B, Yang J, Engelmann M, Todt D, Windisch MP, Brill FH, Steinmann J, Steinmann J, Becker S, Alves MP, Pietschmann T, Eickmann M, Thiel V, Steinmann E | display-authors = 6 | title = Virucidal Activity of World Health Organization-Recommended Formulations Against Enveloped Viruses, Including Zika, Ebola, and Emerging Coronaviruses | journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 215 | issue = 6 | pages = 902–906 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28453839 | doi = 10.1093/infdis/jix046 | pmc = 5407053 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-08|title=Publications, Data, & Statistics {{!}} Handwashing {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/publications-data-stats.html|access-date=2021-04-10|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Infografiken|url=https://www.infektionsschutz.de/mediathek/infografiken.html|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.infektionsschutz.de|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | author = Office of the Commissioner |date=2020-09-09|title=Antibacterial Soap? You Can Skip It, Use Plain Soap and Water|url=https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/antibacterial-soap-you-can-skip-it-use-plain-soap-and-water|journal=FDA|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mathur P | title = Hand hygiene: back to the basics of infection control | journal = The Indian Journal of Medical Research | volume = 134 | issue = 5 | pages = 611–20 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 22199099 | pmc = 3249958 | doi = 10.4103/0971-5916.90985 }}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web|title=Why Hand-Washing Beats Hand Sanitizers|url=https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/news/20191107/why-hand-washing-beats-hand-sanitizers|access-date=2021-06-06|website=WebMD|language=en}}</ref> (see also Surfactants)
**Hand washing is a mechanical process of removing germs and viruses, and chemicals.<ref name=":16" />
**Hand washing is a mechanical process of removing germs and viruses, and chemicals.<ref name=":16" />
**Hand washing with e. g. ethanol added to a hand disinfectant shows virucidial effects,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kampf G | title = Efficacy of ethanol against viruses in hand disinfection | journal = The Journal of Hospital Infection | volume = 98 | issue = 4 | pages = 331–338 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 28882643 | pmc = 7132458 | doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.08.025 }}</ref><ref name=":14" /> but caution is given (small children) and it is not recommended over "proper hand washing".<ref name=":16" />
**Hand washing with e. g. ethanol added to a hand disinfectant shows virucidial effects,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kampf G | title = Efficacy of ethanol against viruses in hand disinfection | journal = The Journal of Hospital Infection | volume = 98 | issue = 4 | pages = 331–338 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 28882643 | pmc = 7132458 | doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.08.025 }}</ref><ref name=":14" /> but caution is given (small children) and it is not recommended over "proper hand washing".<ref name=":16" />
**Hand gels are often found to not comply with EN 1500 standards to meet antimicrobial efficacy.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kramer A, Rudolph P, Kampf G, Pittet D | title = Limited efficacy of alcohol-based hand gels | journal = Lancet | volume = 359 | issue = 9316 | pages = 1489–90 | date = April 2002 | pmid = 11988252 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08426-x | s2cid = 30450670 }}</ref>
**Hand gels are often found to not comply with EN 1500 standards to meet antimicrobial efficacy.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kramer A, Rudolph P, Kampf G, Pittet D | title = Limited efficacy of alcohol-based hand gels | journal = Lancet | volume = 359 | issue = 9316 | pages = 1489–90 | date = April 2002 | pmid = 11988252 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08426-x | s2cid = 30450670 }}</ref>
*[[Hydrogen peroxide]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Urban MV, Rath T, Radtke C | title = Hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>): a review of its use in surgery | journal = Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift | volume = 169 | issue = 9–10 | pages = 222–225 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 29147868 | doi = 10.1007/s10354-017-0610-2 | s2cid = 35739209 }}</ref> - Activity against SARS-CoV-2 not confirmed<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Meixner J | veditors = Kerschner B, Harlfinger J | date = 21 April 2021 |title = Unbelegt: Wasserstoffperoxid gurgeln gegen Coronavirus | trans-title = Not supported: hydrogen peroxide gargle against coronavirus |url=https://www.medizin-transparent.at/wasserstoffperoxid-gurgeln/|access-date=2021-04-19|website=Medizin Transparent|language=de-DE}}</ref><ref name=":6" />
*[[Hydrogen peroxide]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Urban MV, Rath T, Radtke C | title = Hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>): a review of its use in surgery | journal = Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift | volume = 169 | issue = 9–10 | pages = 222–225 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 29147868 | doi = 10.1007/s10354-017-0610-2 | s2cid = 35739209 }}</ref>
* [[Mouthwash|Oral rinse]]<ref name=":2" /> (see Cochrane systematic review in case of SARS-CoV-2<ref name=":18" />)
⚫
*[[Isopropyl alcohol]]<ref name="cdc.gov" />
⚫
**[[Chlorhexidine]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chlorhexidine gluconate oral rinse Uses, Side Effects & Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/mtm/chlorhexidine-gluconate-oral-rinse.html|access-date=2021-06-06|website=Drugs.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chlorhexidine - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses|url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/chlorhexidine.html|access-date=2021-06-03|website=Drugs.com|language=en}}</ref> - mainly against [[Viral envelope|''enveloped'' viruses]].<ref name=":0" />
* [[Mouthwash|Oral rinse]]<ref name=":2"/> substances - Note that mouth rinsing or [[gargling]] in case of SARS-CoV-2 is currently under focus of research if and how effective against virus loads.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Kramer A, Eggers M, Hübner NO, Steinmann E, Walger P, Exner M |date=2020-12-07|title=Viruzides Gurgeln und viruzider Nasenspray|url=https://www.krankenhaushygiene.de/pdfdata/2020_12_02_Empfehlung-viruzides-gurgeln-nasenspray.pdf|journal=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Krankenhaushygiene|language=German|pages=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schürmann M, Aljubeh M, Tiemann C, Sudhoff H | title = Mouthrinses against SARS-CoV-2: anti-inflammatory effectivity and a clinical pilot study | journal = European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology | date = May 2021 | pmid = 34021807 | pmc = 8140561 | doi = 10.1007/s00405-021-06873-8 }}</ref>
⚫
**[[Chlorhexidine]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chlorhexidine - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses|url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/chlorhexidine.html|access-date=2021-06-03|website=Drugs.com|language=en}}</ref> - mainly against [[Viral envelope|''enveloped'' viruses]].<ref name=":0" />
***Specifically ''Chlorhexidine gluconate''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chlorhexidine gluconate oral rinse Uses, Side Effects & Warnings|url=https://www.drugs.com/mtm/chlorhexidine-gluconate-oral-rinse.html|access-date=2021-06-06|website=Drugs.com|language=en}}</ref>
**[[Dequalinium]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=PubChem|title=Dequalinium chloride|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/10649|access-date=2021-06-03|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en}}</ref>
**[[Dequalinium]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=PubChem|title=Dequalinium chloride|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/10649|access-date=2021-06-03|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Povidone-iodine]] (Isodine, PVP-I),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Frank S, Capriotti J, Brown SM, Tessema B | title = Povidone-Iodine Use in Sinonasal and Oral Cavities: A Review of Safety in the COVID-19 Era | journal = Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal | volume = 99 | issue = 9 | pages = 586–593 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 32520599 | doi = 10.1177/0145561320932318 | doi-access = free }}</ref> with "high potency for virucidal activity has been observed against viruses of significant global concern,<ref name=":17" /> including hepatitis A and influenza, as well as the Middle-East Respiratory Syndrome and Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronaviruses."<ref name=":5" /> but currently not recommended against SARS-CoV-2 by the manufacturer.<ref name=":15" />
*[[Povidone-iodine]] (Isodine, PVP-I),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Frank S, Capriotti J, Brown SM, Tessema B | title = Povidone-Iodine Use in Sinonasal and Oral Cavities: A Review of Safety in the COVID-19 Era | journal = Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal | volume = 99 | issue = 9 | pages = 586–593 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 32520599 | doi = 10.1177/0145561320932318 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
**High potency for virucidal activity has been observed against viruses of significant global concern,<ref name=":17" /> including hepatitis A and influenza, as well as the Middle-East Respiratory Syndrome and Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronaviruses.<ref name=":5" />
**Application types and names: Isodine, Scrub, Isodine Nodo Fresh<ref name=":8" />
**Applications: Isodine, Scrub, Isodine Nodo Fresh<ref name=":8" />
⚫
*[[Propan-1-ol|''n''-propanol]]<ref name="Boyce2002">{{cite journal|vauthors=Boyce JM, Pittet D|date=October 2002|title=Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Association for Professionals in Infection Control/Infectious Diseases Society of America|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5116.pdf|journal=MMWR. Recommendations and Reports|publisher=Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Association for Professionals in Infection Control/Infectious Diseases Society of America|volume=51|issue=RR-16|pages=1–45, quiz CE1-4|pmid=12418624|collaboration=Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IMPRESAN Hygiene Spray 250 ml|url=https://www.heitmann-hygiene-care.de/en/impresan-hygiene-spray-250-ml.html|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.heitmann-hygiene-care.de|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Surfactant|Surfactants]]
* [[Surfactant|Surfactants]]
**[[Soap]]<ref name="ifh-homehygiene.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|title=cleanright.eu - General guidance in case someone is ill in your household|url=https://cleanright.eu/en/13-site-content/1578-general-guidance-in-case-someone-is-ill-in-your-household.html|url-status=live|access-date=9 April 2021 |website=cleanright.eu|language=en-gb}}</ref>
**[[Soap]]<ref name="ifh-homehygiene.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|title=cleanright.eu - General guidance in case someone is ill in your household|url=https://cleanright.eu/en/13-site-content/1578-general-guidance-in-case-someone-is-ill-in-your-household.html|url-status=live|access-date=9 April 2021 |website=cleanright.eu|language=en-gb}}</ref>
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=== Sample products ===
=== Sample products ===
{{Expand list|date=April 2021}}<!-- Please A-Z
{{Expand list|date=July 2021}}<!-- Please A-Z
List currently includes several CoV2 remarks - this should be changed in future; Substances is one thing, their activity towards viruses another. Suggestion would be a table, see for example https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desinfektion#Weitere_Wirkstoffe -->
List currently includes several CoV2 remarks - this should be changed in future; Substances is one thing, their activity towards viruses another. Suggestion would be a table, see for example https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desinfektion#Weitere_Wirkstoffe -->
*Betadine products by [[Avrio Health]] (part of [[Purdue Pharma]])
*Betadine products and medical variants by [[Avrio Health]] (part of [[Purdue Pharma]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Betadine for Medical Professionals {{!}} Betadine|url=https://betadine.com/medical-professionals/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=Betadine (Povidone-iodine) {{!}} Betadine|language=en-US}}</ref>
**Ingredients: [[Povidone-iodine|Povidon-iodine]] etc.
**The brand sells specific medical-products too.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Betadine for Medical Professionals {{!}} Betadine|url=https://betadine.com/medical-professionals/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=Betadine (Povidone-iodine) {{!}} Betadine|language=en-US}}</ref>
⚫
**As of June 2021, not recommended by manufacturer to "kill" coronaviruses.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=COVID-19|url=https://betadine.com/covid-19/#1596710159395-1cf8cac7-1b26|access-date=2021-06-06|website=Betadine (Povidone-iodine) {{!}} Betadine|language=en-US}}</ref>
*Bleach sample products/brands
*Bleach products:
**[[Clorox]]
**[[Clorox]]
**Cyosan
**Cyosan
⚫
**Zonrox Bleach<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zonrox Bleach|url=https://greencross.com.ph/zonrox-bleach/|access-date=9 April 2021|work=Green Cross Inc.|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":11" />
* [[Henkel]] products such as,
* [[Henkel]] products:
⚫
**biff Hygiene Total (contains [[Benzalkonium chloride]] and [[Formic acid]]) - tested against SARS-CoV-2 according to producer statement on website.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Henkel-Reiniger {{!}} biff Hygiene Total: mit antibakterieller Formel|url=https://www.henkel-reiniger.de/de/startseite/produkte/marken/biff/hygiene-total.html|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.henkel-reiniger.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Henkel-Reiniger {{!}} Hygienische Sauberkeit: Für ein sauberes Zuhause|url=https://www.henkel-reiniger.de/de/startseite/hygienische-sauberkeit.html|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.henkel-reiniger.de}}</ref>
**biff Hygiene Total
***Ingredients: [[Benzalkonium chloride]] and [[Formic acid]]
⚫
***Tested against SARS-CoV-2 according to producer statement on website.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Henkel-Reiniger {{!}} biff Hygiene Total: mit antibakterieller Formel|url=https://www.henkel-reiniger.de/de/startseite/produkte/marken/biff/hygiene-total.html|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.henkel-reiniger.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Henkel-Reiniger {{!}} Hygienische Sauberkeit: Für ein sauberes Zuhause|url=https://www.henkel-reiniger.de/de/startseite/hygienische-sauberkeit.html|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.henkel-reiniger.de}}</ref>
**Bref Power Bakterien & Schimmel<ref>{{Cite web|title=Henkel-Reiniger {{!}} Bref Power Bakterien und Schimmel: gegen Viren und Bakterien|url=https://www.henkel-reiniger.de/de/startseite/produkte/marken/bref-power/bakterien-und-schimmel.html|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.henkel-reiniger.de}}</ref>
**Bref Power Bakterien & Schimmel<ref>{{Cite web|title=Henkel-Reiniger {{!}} Bref Power Bakterien und Schimmel: gegen Viren und Bakterien|url=https://www.henkel-reiniger.de/de/startseite/produkte/marken/bref-power/bakterien-und-schimmel.html|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.henkel-reiniger.de}}</ref>
**[[Purex (laundry detergent)|Purex]]
**[[Purex (laundry detergent)|Purex]]
*IMPRESAN products by Heitmann Hygiene & Care, e. g.
*Heitmann Hygiene & Care products:
**Universal Hygiene Laundry Rinse 1.5<ref>{{Cite web|title=IMPRESAN Universal Hygiene Laundry Rinse 1.5 L|url=https://www.heitmann-hygiene-care.de/en/impresan-universal-hygiene-laundry-rinse-1-5-l.html|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.heitmann-hygiene-care.de|language=en}}</ref> containing [[Didecyldimethylammonium chloride]]
**Universal Hygiene Laundry Rinse 1.5<ref>{{Cite web|title=IMPRESAN Universal Hygiene Laundry Rinse 1.5 L|url=https://www.heitmann-hygiene-care.de/en/impresan-universal-hygiene-laundry-rinse-1-5-l.html|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.heitmann-hygiene-care.de|language=en}}</ref>
***Ingredients: [[Didecyldimethylammonium chloride]]
**Hygiene Spray
⚫
**Hygiene Spray containing ethanol, 2-propanol - according to manufacturer is effective against SARS-CoV-2<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hygiene und Desinfektion {{!}} Online kaufen|url=https://www.heitmann-hygiene-care.de/en/id/103/|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.heitmann-hygiene-care.de|language=en}}</ref>
***Ingredients: Ethanol, 2-propanol
⚫
*[[Listerine]]<ref name=":11">{{cite journal | vauthors = Croughan WS, Behbehani AM | title = Comparative study of inactivation of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 by commonly used antiseptic agents | journal = Journal of Clinical Microbiology | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 213–5 | date = February 1988 | pmid = 2830306 | pmc = 266254 | doi = 10.1128/jcm.26.2.213-215.1988 }}</ref>
⚫
***According to manufacturer is effective against SARS-CoV-2<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hygiene und Desinfektion {{!}} Online kaufen|url=https://www.heitmann-hygiene-care.de/en/id/103/|access-date=2021-04-14|website=www.heitmann-hygiene-care.de|language=en}}</ref>
⚫
*[[Lysol]] (main agent [[Benzalkonium chloride]]) - with some of the products having been tested against SARS-CoV-2.<ref name="Help & Support" /><ref name=":11" />
*[[Listerine]]
⚫
*Sterillium by former Bode Chemie, now Hartmann AG, effective against SARS-CoV-2, and one of Germany's major health-care brands available in 50 countries,<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Sterillium®|url=https://www.sterillium.info/en/ueber-sterillium|access-date=2021-04-12|website=www.sterillium.info|language=en}}</ref> and according to website "the world's most scientifically researched hand disinfectant with approximately 60 scientific publications in trade journals in 2015."<ref>{{Cite web|title=55 Years of Hygiene History with Sterillium®|url=https://www.sterillium.info/en/stories-hub/writing-hygiene-history|access-date=2021-04-12|website=www.sterillium.info|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title=Infection Protection at the Core of Science | work = Bode Science Center | publisher = Hartmann Group |url=https://www.bode-science-center.com/science.html|access-date=2021-06-02 }}</ref>
**Ingredients: Alcohol, sodium fluoride, essential oils
**Its active ingredients are: [[1-Propanol]], [[Isopropyl alcohol|2-Propanol]] and [[Mecetronium ethylsulfate]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=PubChem|title=Mecetronium ethylsulfate|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/68650|access-date=2021-06-02|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en}}</ref>
⚫
**Unknown or limited virucidal activity<ref name=":11">{{cite journal | vauthors = Croughan WS, Behbehani AM | title = Comparative study of inactivation of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 by commonly used antiseptic agents | journal = Journal of Clinical Microbiology | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 213–5 | date = February 1988 | pmid = 2830306 | pmc = 266254 | doi = 10.1128/jcm.26.2.213-215.1988 }}</ref>
⚫
*Zonrox Bleach<ref>{{Cite web|work = Green Cross Inc. | title = Zonrox Bleach |url=https://greencross.com.ph/zonrox-bleach/|access-date=9 April 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":11" />
*[[Lysol]]
**Ingredient: [[Benzalkonium chloride]]
⚫
**Some of the products having been tested against SARS-CoV-2.<ref name="Help & Support" /><ref name=":11" />
*Sterillium
**Ingredients: [[1-Propanol]], [[Isopropyl alcohol|2-Propanol]] and [[Mecetronium ethylsulfate]]
⚫
**By former Bode Chemie, now Hartmann AG, one of Germany's major health-care brands available in 50 countries,<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Sterillium®|url=https://www.sterillium.info/en/ueber-sterillium|access-date=2021-04-12|website=www.sterillium.info|language=en}}</ref> and according to website "the world's most scientifically researched hand disinfectant with approximately 60 scientific publications in trade journals in 2015."<ref>{{Cite web|title=55 Years of Hygiene History with Sterillium®|url=https://www.sterillium.info/en/stories-hub/writing-hygiene-history|access-date=2021-04-12|website=www.sterillium.info|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title=Infection Protection at the Core of Science | work = Bode Science Center | publisher = Hartmann Group |url=https://www.bode-science-center.com/science.html|access-date=2021-06-02 }}</ref>


=== Other substances, drugs, proteins, therapeutics, research-level topics ===
=== Other substances, drugs, proteins, therapeutics, research-level topics ===
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* [[Chlorine dioxide]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=EPA|title=Disinfectants Pesticides|url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/giwiz/disinfectants/index.cfm|access-date=9 April 2021 |website=cfpub.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ogata N, Shibata T | title = Protective effect of low-concentration chlorine dioxide gas against influenza A virus infection | journal = The Journal of General Virology | volume = 89 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 60–67 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18089729 | doi = 10.1099/vir.0.83393-0 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Toxicological profile for chlorine dioxide and chlorite|url=https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxProfiles/ToxProfiles.aspx?id=582&tid=108|language=en|doi=10.15620/cdc:37580 | journal = Toxic Substances Portal, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) |year = 2004| publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Chlorine dioxide]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=EPA|title=Disinfectants Pesticides|url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/giwiz/disinfectants/index.cfm|access-date=9 April 2021 |website=cfpub.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ogata N, Shibata T | title = Protective effect of low-concentration chlorine dioxide gas against influenza A virus infection | journal = The Journal of General Virology | volume = 89 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 60–67 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18089729 | doi = 10.1099/vir.0.83393-0 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Toxicological profile for chlorine dioxide and chlorite|url=https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxProfiles/ToxProfiles.aspx?id=582&tid=108|language=en|doi=10.15620/cdc:37580 | journal = Toxic Substances Portal, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) |year = 2004| publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services |doi-access=free}}</ref>
*[[Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces|Copper alloys]]<ref name="pfonline.com"/><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Walji SD |date=2019-08-28|title=Establishing the Virucidal Properties of a Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloy using a Genetically Modified Insect Virus|url=https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/14965|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces|Copper alloys]]<ref name="pfonline.com"/><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Walji SD |date=2019-08-28|title=Establishing the Virucidal Properties of a Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloy using a Genetically Modified Insect Virus|url=https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/14965|language=en}}</ref>
*CLR01 ([[Molecular tweezers]]) e. g. to inhibit Ebola, Zika<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-04-01|title=The molecular tweezer CLR01 inhibits Ebola and Zika virus infection|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0166354217308458|journal=Antiviral Research|language=en|volume=152|pages=26–35|doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.02.003|issn=0166-3542|pmc=7113745}}</ref> or possibly SARS-CoV-2<ref>{{Cite web|last=Laborjournal|title=In die Zange genommen|url=http://www.laborjournal.de/editorials/1976.php|access-date=2021-07-12|website=Laborjournal|language=Deutsch}}</ref>
*CLR01 ([[Molecular tweezers]]) found to inhibit Ebola, Zika<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-04-01|title=The molecular tweezer CLR01 inhibits Ebola and Zika virus infection|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0166354217308458|journal=Antiviral Research|language=en|volume=152|pages=26–35|doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.02.003|issn=0166-3542|pmc=7113745}}</ref> or possibly SARS-CoV-2<ref>{{Cite web|last=Laborjournal|title=In die Zange genommen|url=http://www.laborjournal.de/editorials/1976.php|access-date=2021-07-12|website=Laborjournal|language=Deutsch}}</ref>
* [[Cyanovirin-N]]
* [[Cyanovirin-N]]
*[[Drug repurposing]] for example in case of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harrison|first=Charlotte|date=2020-02-27|title=Coronavirus puts drug repurposing on the fast track|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41587-020-00003-1|journal=Nature Biotechnology|language=en|volume=38|issue=4|pages=379–381|doi=10.1038/d41587-020-00003-1}}</ref>
*General so called "[[Drug repurposing]]" for example in case of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harrison|first=Charlotte|date=2020-02-27|title=Coronavirus puts drug repurposing on the fast track|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41587-020-00003-1|journal=Nature Biotechnology|language=en|volume=38|issue=4|pages=379–381|doi=10.1038/d41587-020-00003-1}}</ref>
* [[Griffithsin]]
* [[Griffithsin]]
* [[Interferon]]
* [[Interferon]]
* [[Nanomedicine]]s<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mehendale R, Joshi M, Patravale VB | title = Nanomedicines for treatment of viral diseases | journal = Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems | volume = 30 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–49 | date = 2013 | pmid = 23510109 | doi = 10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2013005469 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gurunathan S, Qasim M, Choi Y, Do JT, Park C, Hong K, Kim JH, Song H | display-authors = 6 | title = Antiviral Potential of Nanoparticles-Can Nanoparticles Fight Against Coronaviruses? | journal = Nanomaterials | volume = 10 | issue = 9 | date = August 2020 | page = 1645 | pmid = 32825737 | pmc = 7557932 | doi = 10.3390/nano10091645 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Abd Ellah NH, Tawfeek HM, John J, Hetta HF | title = Nanomedicine as a future therapeutic approach for Hepatitis C virus | journal = Nanomedicine | volume = 14 | issue = 11 | pages = 1471–1491 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 31166139 | doi = 10.2217/nnm-2018-0348 }}</ref>
* [[Nanomedicine]]s<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mehendale R, Joshi M, Patravale VB | title = Nanomedicines for treatment of viral diseases | journal = Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems | volume = 30 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–49 | date = 2013 | pmid = 23510109 | doi = 10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2013005469 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gurunathan S, Qasim M, Choi Y, Do JT, Park C, Hong K, Kim JH, Song H | display-authors = 6 | title = Antiviral Potential of Nanoparticles-Can Nanoparticles Fight Against Coronaviruses? | journal = Nanomaterials | volume = 10 | issue = 9 | date = August 2020 | page = 1645 | pmid = 32825737 | pmc = 7557932 | doi = 10.3390/nano10091645 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Abd Ellah NH, Tawfeek HM, John J, Hetta HF | title = Nanomedicine as a future therapeutic approach for Hepatitis C virus | journal = Nanomedicine | volume = 14 | issue = 11 | pages = 1471–1491 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 31166139 | doi = 10.2217/nnm-2018-0348 }}</ref>
*"Novel Anti-Infectives" research e. g. by [[Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anti-Infectives|url=https://www.helmholtz-hzi.de/en/research/research-topics/anti-infectives/|access-date=2021-07-05|website=Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research|language=en}}</ref>
*"Novel Anti-Infectives" research by [[Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anti-Infectives|url=https://www.helmholtz-hzi.de/en/research/research-topics/anti-infectives/|access-date=2021-07-05|website=Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Peracetic acid]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Becker B, Brill FH, Todt D, Steinmann E, Lenz J, Paulmann D, Bischoff B, Steinmann J | display-authors = 6 | title = Virucidal efficacy of peracetic acid for instrument disinfection | journal = Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 114 | date = 2017-11-10 | pmid = 29177047 | pmc = 5693215 | doi = 10.1186/s13756-017-0271-3 }}</ref>
*[[Peracetic acid]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Becker B, Brill FH, Todt D, Steinmann E, Lenz J, Paulmann D, Bischoff B, Steinmann J | display-authors = 6 | title = Virucidal efficacy of peracetic acid for instrument disinfection | journal = Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 114 | date = 2017-11-10 | pmid = 29177047 | pmc = 5693215 | doi = 10.1186/s13756-017-0271-3 }}</ref>
* [[Scytovirin]]
* [[Scytovirin]]

Revision as of 10:41, 21 July 2021

A virucide (pronounced /ˈvī-rə-ˌsīd/ and alternatively spelled viricide[1] or named biocidal agent[2] or known as microbicides[3] or biocides[4]) is any physical or chemical agent that deactivates or destroys viruses.[5] The substances are not only virucidal but can be also bactericidal, fungicidal, sporicidal or tuberculocidal.[6]

Overall, the notion of virucide differs from an antiviral drug such as Aciclovir, which inhibits the proliferation of the virus.[7][8][9]

CDC's Disinfection and Sterilization list of Chemical Disinfectants mentions and discusses substances such as: Alcohol, Chlorine and chlorine compounds, Formaldehyde, Glutaraldehyde, Hydrogen peroxide, Iodophors, Ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA), Peracetic acid, Peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide, Phenolics, Quaternary ammonium compounds, with different, but usually potent microbicidal activity.[10][11] Other inactivating agents such as UV, Metals, Ozone, etc. exist.[12][13][14][11]

Definitions & Meanings

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a virucide is "An agent that kills viruses to make them noninfective."[15]

According to a definition by Robert Koch Institute Germany and further institutions,[16] virucide means effective against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses.[17][18][12]

Due to the complexity of the subject, in Germany, Robert-Koch-Institute introduced sub-definitions such as "limited virucidal" or "limited virucidal plus" (translated from German) to differentiate its meaning further.[19][20]

Note that the meaning of Virus inactivation or Viral clearance is specific for the medical process industry, i. e. to remove HIV from blood.

Functioning

Different substances have interactions between microbicides and viruses such as:[3]

  • Alteration of the viral envelope
  • Structural alteration
  • Alteration of viral markers or
  • Alteration of the viral genome

The exact mechanisms, for example of Iodine (PVP-I) are still not clear, but it is targeting the bacterial protein synthesis due to disruption of electron transport, DNA denaturation or disruptive effects on the virus membrane.[21]

Regulation & Test

Regulatory Frameworks for Disinfectants and Sterilants exist too.[22] To earn virucidal registration, extensive data on harder-to-kill viruses demonstrating long-lasting virucidal efficacy need to be provided.[23][24][25]

Test norms

Health and safety

Virucides are not intended for use inside the body,[31][32] and most are disinfectants that are not intended for use on the surface of the body.[33] Most substances are toxic.[6] None of the listed substances replaces vaccination, if available.[34][35][36] Virucides are usually labeled with instructions for safe, effective use.[37][33][38][39] The correct use and scope of disinfectants is very important.[40][41][42]

Warnings and recommendations

Potential serious side-effects with using "quats" (Quaternary ammonium compounds) exist, and over-use "can have a negative impact on your customers' septic systems."[43]

Mouth-rinsing or gargling can reduce virus load,[44] however experts warn that "Viruses in the nose, lungs or trachea that are released when speaking, sneezing and coughing are unlikely to be reached because the effect is based on physical accessibility of the surface mucous membrane".[45]

According to Deutsche Dermatologische Gesellschaft, medical practitioners recommend that disinfectants are gentler on the skin compared to soap-washing. The disinfected hands should then also be creamed to support the regeneration of the skin barrier. Skin care does not reduce the antiseptic effect of the alcoholic disinfectants.[46][47]

The "explosive" use of antibacterial cleansers has lead the CDC to monitor substances in adults.[48]

On April 5, 2021, a Press Briefing by White House COVID-19 Response Team and Public Health Officials mentions that "Cleaning with household cleaners containing soap or detergent will physically remove germs from surfaces.  This process does not necessarily kill germs, but reduces the risk of infection by removing them. Disinfecting uses a chemical product, which is a process that kills the germs on the surfaces. In most situations, regular cleaning of surfaces with soap and detergent, not necessarily disinfecting those surfaces, is enough to reduce the risk of COVID-19 spread. Disinfection is only recommended in indoor settings — schools and homes — where there has been a suspected or confirmed case of COVID-19 within the last 24 hours. In most situations, regular cleaning of surfaces with soap and detergent, not necessarily disinfecting those surfaces, is enough to reduce the risk of COVID-19 spread."[49][50]

The CDC issued a special report "Knowledge and Practices Regarding Safe Household Cleaning and Disinfection for COVID-19 Prevention" due to the increased number of calls to poison centers regarding exposures to cleaners and disinfectants since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, concluding that "Public messaging should continue to emphasize evidence-based, safe cleaning and disinfection practices to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission in households, including hand hygiene and cleaning and disinfection of high-touch surfaces."[51][52]

Microbicidal activity

Each mentioned item in the list has different microbicidal activity, i. e. some viruses can be more or less resistant. For example, Poliovirus is resistant to H2O2, even after a contact time of 10 minutes[53] however 7.5% H2O2 takes 30 minutes to inactivate 99.9% of Poliovirus.[10] Generally, hydrogen peroxide is considered as potent virucide in appropriate concentrations, specifically in other forms such as gaseous.[3]

Another example is Povidone-iodine (PVP-I), which is found to be effective against herpes simplex virus[54] or SARS-CoV-2,[55] and other viruses,[56] but coxsackievirus and polio was rather resistant or less sensitive to inactivation.[57][56]

SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

In the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, former US President Donald Trump delivered a very dangerous message to the public on the use of disinfectants, which was immediately rejected and refuted by health professionals.[58] In essence, and as mentioned above, virucides are usually toxic depending on concentrations, mixture, etc., and can be deadly not just to viruses, but also if inside a human or animal body[59] or on surface of body.[60]

With regards to the COVID-19 pandemic, some of the mentioned agents are still under research about their microbicidal activity and effectivity against SARS-CoV-2 e. g. on surfaces,[61][62] as mouth-washes,[63] hand-washing,[64] etc.

A mixture of 62–71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite is found to be able to deactivate the novel Coronavirus on surfaces within 1 minute.[2]

A 2020 systematic review on hydrogen peroxid (H2O2) mouth-washes concludes, that they don't have an effect on virucidal activity, recommending that "dental care protocols during the COVID-19 pandemic should be revised."[65] Additional research with relation to the Coronavirus virucidal efficacy is on-going.[66][63][67]

Various information and overview of light-based strategies (UV-C and other types of light sources; see also Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation) to combat the COVID-19 pandemic are available.[68][69][70][71][72]

As systematic review of 16 studies by Cochrane on Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays concludes that "there is currently no evidence relating to the benefits and risks of patients with COVID‐19 using antimicrobial mouthwashes or nasal sprays."[73]

SARS-CoV

Treatment of SARS-CoV for 2 min with Isodine (PVP-I) is found to strongly reduce the virus infectivity.[74]

List of virucides

Note that many of the substances, if sold commercially, are usually combinations and mixtures with varying molecular contents. Also note that most products have a limited viricide efficacy.[75] A specific test-protocol is applied.[76] The lists' scope is limited. For further products refer to other lists.[77][78][6] Other factors such as stability of the concentrate, application concentration, exposure time, timing of the solution, hydrogen ion concentration (pH value), temperature, etc. play an certain role for the effectivity of a virucide.[11]

EPA is providing a public listing called "List N"[79][80]

General substance listing of active component or compound

Sample products

Other substances, drugs, proteins, therapeutics, research-level topics

Agricultural, veterinary

See also

References

  1. ^ "Medical Definition of VIRUCIDE". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
  2. ^ a b Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E (March 2020). "Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents". The Journal of Hospital Infection. 104 (3): 246–251. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022. PMC 7132493. PMID 32035997.
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Further reading

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