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{{Main|Proto-Protestantism}}
{{Main|Proto-Protestantism}}


According to [[Edmund Hamer Broadbent]], throughout the [[Middle Ages]], there were a number of Christian [[Sociological classifications of religious movements|movements]] that sought a return to what they perceived as the purity of the [[Early Christianities|Apostolic church]] and whose teachings foreshadowed [[Protestant]] ideas.<ref>{{cite book |last= Broadbent|first= E.H.|date= 1931|title= The Pilgrim Church|location= Basingstoke|publisher= Pickering & Inglis|isbn= 0720806771|author-link= Edmund Hamer Broadbent}}</ref>
According to [[Edmund Hamer Broadbent]], throughout the [[Middle Ages]], there were a number of Christian [[Sociological classifications of religious movements|movements]] that sought a return to what they perceived as the purity of the [[Early Christianities|Apostolic church]] and whose teachings foreshadowed [[Protestant]] ideas.<ref>{{cite book |last= Broadbent|first= E.H.|date= 1931|title= The Pilgrim Church|location= Basingstoke|publisher= Pickering & Inglis|isbn= 0720806771|author-link= Edmund Hamer Broadbent}}</ref>

* [[Claudius of Turin]]<ref name="ODCC">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00late/page/359|title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd edition|date=13 March 1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-211655-X|editor1=F. L. Cross|location=USA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00late/page/359 359]|editor2=E. A. Livingstone}}</ref>
* [[Gottschalk of Orbais]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gottschalk Of Orbais {{!}} Roman Catholic theologian|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gottschalk-of-Orbais|access-date=2021-10-27|website=Britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=caryslmbrown|date=2017-07-18|title=Reformation parallels: the case of Gottschalk of Orbais|url=https://doinghistoryinpublic.org/2017/07/18/reformation-parallels-the-case-of-gottschalk-of-orbais/|access-date=2021-10-27|website=Doing History in Public|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lockridge|first=Kenneth R.|title=Gottschalk "Fulgentius" of Orbais|url=https://www.academia.edu/11213309}}</ref>
* [[Berengar of Tours]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Minton|first=Gretchen E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oejHBAAAQBAJ&dq=Berengar+of+Tours&pg=PA448|title=John Bale's 'The Image of Both Churches'|date=2014-01-26|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-007-7296-0|language=en|quote=Berengar of Tours was an 11th-century theologian who argued that the doctrine of transubstantiation was contrary to reason and unsupported by scripture}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Siebeck|first=Mohr|title=Prophecy, Piety, and the Problem of Historicity: Interpreting the Hebrew|date=11 March 2016|isbn=978-3-16-154270-1|location=Germany|pages=372|quote=Berengar of Tours (c. 1005-1088), Bernand of Clairvaux, the Waldensians in the twelth century, the Albigensians in the thriteenth century and John Wycliffe (x. 1330-1385) and Jan Hus (c. 1370-1415) in the fourtheenth and fifteenth centuries, are all prefigured in the poetic images of Solomon's Songs. They all become forerunners of Luther and Calvin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Jung|first1=Emma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w15tJYbQgBwC&dq=Berengar+of+Tours+forerunner&pg=PA225|title=The Grail Legend|last2=Franz|first2=Marie-Luise von|date=1998|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-00237-8|language=en|quote=Berengar of Tours (first half og the eleventh century), whose views occasioned the dispute known as the Second Eucharistic Controversy. Berengar aught that the body and the blood of the Lord were no "real" in the Eucharist but a specific image or likeleness ("figuram quandam similitudinem"). He was thus a forerunner of the Reformers.}}</ref>
* [[Peter Waldo]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pierre Valdo (1140-1217) and the Waldenses|url=https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/pierre-valdo-1140-1217-and-the-waldenses/|access-date=2021-12-31|website=Musée protestant}}</ref>
* [[Lorenzo Valla]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library|url=https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc6.all.html|access-date=2021-12-23|website=www.ccel.org}}</ref>
* [[Wessel Gansfort]]<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016|title=The forms of communication employed by the Protestant Reformers and especially Luther and Calvin|url=http://www.pharosjot.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_25_vol_98_2017.pdf|journal=Pharos Journal of Theology|volume=98|quote=John of Wessel was one member in the group who attacked indulgences (Reddy 2004:115). The doctrine of justification by faith alone was the teaching of John of Wessel (Kuiper 1982:151). He rejected the doctrine of transubstantiation where it is believed when the priest pronounces the sacraments then the wine and bread in turned into the real body and blood of Christ}}</ref>
* [[Girolamo Savonarola]]<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Savonarola, Girolamo}}</ref>
* [[Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library|url=https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc6.all.html|access-date=2021-12-23|website=www.ccel.org}}</ref>
* [[John Wycliffe]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lollard {{!}} English religious history|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lollards|access-date=2021-10-27|website=Britannica.com|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Jan Hus]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jan Hus (1369-1415) and
the Hussite wars (1419-1436)|url=https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/jan-hus-1369-1415-and-the-hussite-wars-1419-1436/|url-status=live|website=museéprotestant}}</ref>


==Magisterial Reformers==
==Magisterial Reformers==

Revision as of 12:39, 1 January 2022

For a full and detailed list of all known Protestant Reformers, see List of Protestant Reformers.
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Protestant Reformers were those theologians whose careers, works and actions brought about the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century.

In the context of the Reformation, Martin Luther was the first reformer (sharing his views publicly in 1517), followed by people like Andreas Karlstadt and Philip Melanchthon at Wittenberg, who promptly joined the new movement. In 1519, Huldrych Zwingli became the first reformer to express a form of the Reformed tradition.

Listed are the most influential reformers only. They are listed by movement, although some reformers (e.g. Martin Bucer) influenced multiple movements.

Notable precursors

Main article: Proto-Protestantism

According to Edmund Hamer Broadbent, throughout the Middle Ages, there were a number of Christian movements that sought a return to what they perceived as the purity of the Apostolic church and whose teachings foreshadowed Protestant ideas.[1]

Magisterial Reformers

Fictitious dispute between the leading Protestant Reformers (sitting at the left side of the table: Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, Melanchthon, Bugenhagen and Oecolampadius) and the representatives of the Catholic Church

There were a number of key reformers within the Magisterial Reformation, including:

Lutheran

Reformed

Anglican

Arminian

Unitarian

Radical Reformers

Important reformers of the Radical Reformation included:

Anabaptist

Schwenkfelder

Second Front Reformers

There were also a number of people who initially cooperated with the Radical Reformers, but separated from them to form a "Second Front", principally in objection to sacralism. Among these were:

Anabaptist

Counter Reformers

Roman Catholics who worked against the Protestant Reformation included:

Roman Catholic

See also

References

  1. ^ Broadbent, E.H. (1931). The Pilgrim Church. Basingstoke: Pickering & Inglis. ISBN 0720806771.
  2. ^ F. L. Cross; E. A. Livingstone, eds. (13 March 1997). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd edition. USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 359. ISBN 0-19-211655-X.
  3. ^ "Gottschalk Of Orbais | Roman Catholic theologian". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
  4. ^ caryslmbrown (2017-07-18). "Reformation parallels: the case of Gottschalk of Orbais". Doing History in Public. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
  5. ^ Lockridge, Kenneth R. "Gottschalk "Fulgentius" of Orbais". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ Minton, Gretchen E. (2014-01-26). John Bale's 'The Image of Both Churches'. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-94-007-7296-0. Berengar of Tours was an 11th-century theologian who argued that the doctrine of transubstantiation was contrary to reason and unsupported by scripture
  7. ^ Siebeck, Mohr (11 March 2016). Prophecy, Piety, and the Problem of Historicity: Interpreting the Hebrew. Germany. p. 372. ISBN 978-3-16-154270-1. Berengar of Tours (c. 1005-1088), Bernand of Clairvaux, the Waldensians in the twelth century, the Albigensians in the thriteenth century and John Wycliffe (x. 1330-1385) and Jan Hus (c. 1370-1415) in the fourtheenth and fifteenth centuries, are all prefigured in the poetic images of Solomon's Songs. They all become forerunners of Luther and Calvin{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ Jung, Emma; Franz, Marie-Luise von (1998). The Grail Legend. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00237-8. Berengar of Tours (first half og the eleventh century), whose views occasioned the dispute known as the Second Eucharistic Controversy. Berengar aught that the body and the blood of the Lord were no "real" in the Eucharist but a specific image or likeleness ("figuram quandam similitudinem"). He was thus a forerunner of the Reformers.
  9. ^ "Pierre Valdo (1140-1217) and the Waldenses". Musée protestant. Retrieved 2021-12-31.
  10. ^ "Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org. Retrieved 2021-12-23.
  11. ^ "The forms of communication employed by the Protestant Reformers and especially Luther and Calvin" (PDF). Pharos Journal of Theology. 98. 2016. John of Wessel was one member in the group who attacked indulgences (Reddy 2004:115). The doctrine of justification by faith alone was the teaching of John of Wessel (Kuiper 1982:151). He rejected the doctrine of transubstantiation where it is believed when the priest pronounces the sacraments then the wine and bread in turned into the real body and blood of Christ
  12. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Savonarola, Girolamo" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  13. ^ "Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org. Retrieved 2021-12-23.
  14. ^ "Lollard | English religious history". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
  15. ^ "Jan Hus (1369-1415) and the Hussite wars (1419-1436)". museéprotestant. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 24 (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)

Further reading

  • George, Timothy. Theology of the Reformers. Nashville, Tenn.: Broadman Press, 1988. N.B.: Comparative studies of the various leaders of the Magisterial and Radical movements of the 16th century Protestant Reformation.
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