Titan submersible implosion: Difference between revisions

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{{italic title|string=Titan}}
{{Short description|Racial classification}}
{{Short description|2023 submersible incident}}
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<noinclude>{{User:RMCD bot/subject notice|1=2023 Titan submersible disappearance|2=Talk:2023 Titan submersible incident#Requested move 20 June 2023}}
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</noinclude>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{redirect-multi|3|Whites|White man|White woman|other uses|White (disambiguation)|and|White Man (disambiguation){{!}}White Man|and|White Woman (disambiguation)|and|White people (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Current|date=June 2023}}
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{{use American English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox event
'''White''' is a [[Race (human categorization)|racialized classification]] of people and a [[Human skin color|skin color]] specifier, generally used for people of [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European]] ancestry, although the definition can vary depending on context, nationality, and point of view.
| title = 2023 Titan submersible incident
| image =
| caption =
| map = 2023 Titanic submersible incident map.png
| map_caption = Map of the route taken by the ''Titan''
| date = 18–20 June 2023 {{small|(current)}}
| time =
| duration =
| location = [[North Atlantic]], near the [[Wreck of the Titanic|wreck of the ''Titanic'']]
| coordinates =
| cause =
| participants = [[OceanGate Expeditions]]
| outcome = Submersible missing, search and rescue operation underway
| reported deaths =
| reported injuries =
| reported missing = 5
}}
On 18 June 2023, the ''Titan'', a [[submersible]] operated by [[OceanGate, Inc.|OceanGate Expeditions]], went missing in the [[North Atlantic Ocean]] off the coast of [[Newfoundland]] in Canada. The submersible, designed to carry five people, was carrying an expedition of tourists to view the wreckage of {{RMS|Titanic}}.<ref name="BBC1">{{Cite news |last=Evans |first=Gareth |date=2023-06-19 |title=Titanic tourist submersible goes missing with search under way |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65953872 |url-status=live |access-date=2023-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619134256/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65953872 |archive-date=2023-06-19}}</ref>


== Background ==
Description of populations as "White" in reference to their skin color predates this notion and is occasionally found in Greco-Roman ethnography and other ancient or medieval sources, but these societies did not have any notion of a White or pan-European race. The term "White race" or "White people", defined by their [[light skin]] among other physical characteristics, entered the major [[European languages]] in the later seventeenth century, when the concept of a "unified White" achieved universal acceptance in [[Europe]], in the context of [[racialization|racialized]] [[slavery]] and unequal [[social status]] in the European colonies. Scholarship on [[Race (human categorization)|race]] distinguishes the modern concept from pre-modern descriptions, which focused on physical complexion rather than race. Prior to the [[modern era]], no European peoples regarded themselves as "White", but rather defined their race in terms of their ancestry, ethnicity, or [[nationality]].<ref>"On both sides of the chronological divide between the modern and the pre-modern (wherever it may lie), there is today a remarkable consensus that the earlier vocabularies of difference are innocent of race." {{Cite book |last=Nirenberg |first=David |author-link=David Nirenberg|title=The Origins of Racism in the West |chapter=Was there race before modernity? The example of 'Jewish' blood in late medieval Spain |pages=232–264 |editor1-first=Miriam |editor1-last=Eliav-Feldon |editor2-first=Benjamin H. |editor2-last=Isaac |editor3-first=Joseph |editor3-last=Ziegler |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |date=2009 |chapter-url=http://www.langtoninfo.com/web_content/9780521888554_frontmatter.pdf |access-date=16 September 2014 |archive-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227110913/http://www.langtoninfo.com/web_content/9780521888554_frontmatter.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> With a population of 1.1 billion people out of the global population of more than 8 billion, White people constitute around 13% of the global population.
[[Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']] was a British [[ocean liner]] that sank in the [[North Atlantic]] on April 15, 1912, after [[Sinking of the Titanic|colliding with an iceberg]]. In 1985, [[Wreck of the Titanic|her wreckage]] was discovered around {{Convert|400|nmi|km}} off the coast of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]].<ref name="SkyNews1">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-19 |title=Submersible used to take tourists to see Titanic wreck goes missing in Atlantic Ocean |url=https://news.sky.com/story/commercial-submarine-goes-missing-near-titanic-wreck-in-atlantic-ocean-12905471 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619144602/https://news.sky.com/story/commercial-submarine-goes-missing-near-titanic-wreck-in-atlantic-ocean-12905471 |archive-date=2023-06-19 |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=[[Sky News]] |language=en}}</ref> The wreck lies at a depth of about {{convert|12500|ft|m fathom|abbr=off|sigfig=2}}.


''Titan'' is a 5-person vessel made of [[carbon fiber]] and [[titanium]] operated by [[OceanGate, Inc.]]<ref name="TitanSub">{{Cite web |title=Titan Submersible |url=https://oceangate.com/our-subs/titan-submersible.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619233914/https://oceangate.com/our-subs/titan-submersible.html |archive-date=2023-06-19 |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=OceanGate}}</ref> The vessel is designed to dive to depths up to {{cvt|4|km|ft}} "for site survey and inspection, research and data collection, film and media production, and deep sea testing of hardware and software."<ref name="TitanSub" /> According to OceanGate, it contains "proprietary Real Time Hull Health Monitoring (RTM) systems ... that [assess] the integrity of the hull throughout every dive."<ref name="TitanSub" /> The vessel has life support to support five crew members for 96 hours (4 days).<ref name="TitanSub" />
Contemporary [[anthropologist]]s and other scientists, while recognizing the reality of biological variation between different human populations, regard the concept of a unified, distinguishable "White race" as a [[Social constructionism|social construct]] with no scientific basis.


Typically onboard each dive are "a pilot, three paying guests, and what the company calls a content expert."<ref name="BBC1" /> Once near the dive site, the descent from the surface to the ''Titanic'' typically takes three hours,<ref name="SkyNews2" /> with the full dive taking approximately eight hours.<ref name="BBC1" /> Throughout the journey, the submersible is intended to communicate with the above-water crew every 15 minutes.<ref name="SkyNews1" />
{{TOC limit|3}}


OceanGate intended to have multiple expeditions to the ''Titanic'' in 2023, but due to poor weather in Newfoundland, the company would only have a single expedition in 2023.<ref name="BBC1" /><ref name="SkyNews2" /> Individuals who travel to the ''Titanic'' with OceanGate, referred to as "Mission Specialists" by the company, spend {{Currency|250,000|USD}} for an opportunity to be involved in the eight-day expedition.<ref name="BBC1" /><ref name="SkyNews3" />
== Physical descriptions in antiquity ==
{{Main|Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness}}
[[File:Races2.jpg|thumb|1820 drawing of a ''[[Book of Gates]]'' fresco of the tomb of [[Seti I]], depicting (from left) four groups of people: four [[Libyans]], a [[Nubia]]n, an [[Levant|Asiatic]], and an [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]].]]


[[David Pogue]], a reporter who went on the expedition in 2022, stated that all individuals who go aboard the ''Titan'' sign a waiver indicating they know it is an "experimental" vessel, "that has not been approved or certified by any regulatory body, and could result in physical injury, disability, emotional trauma or death".<ref name="BBC2">{{Cite news |last=Murphy |first=Jessica |date=2023-06-19 |title=What we know about the search for the Oceangate submersible |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65934887 |url-status=live |access-date=2023-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619230915/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65934887 |archive-date=2023-06-19}}</ref>
According to anthropologist [[Nina Jablonski]]:
{{blockquote|In ancient Egypt as a whole, people were not designated by color terms&nbsp;... Egyptian inscriptions and literature only rarely, for instance, mention the dark skin color of the Kushites of Upper Nubia. We know the Egyptians were not oblivious to skin color, however, because artists paid attention to it in their works of art, to the extent that the pigments at the time permitted.<ref>{{Cite book |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-95377-2 |last=Jablonski |first=Nina G. |title=Living Color: The Biological and Social Meaning of Skin Color |location=Berkeley, California |date=27 September 2012 |page=106}}</ref>}}
[[File:Alexandermosaic.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Alexander Mosaic]]'', from Roman [[Pompeii]], circa 100 BC, depicting the [[Ancient Macedonians|Ancient Macedonian]] cavalry of [[Alexander the Great]] fighting [[Achaemenid Persia]]ns under [[Darius III]] at the [[Battle of Issus]]]]
The [[Writing in Ancient Egypt|Ancient Egyptian]] ([[New Kingdom]]) [[funerary text]] known as the ''[[Book of Gates]]'' distinguishes "four groups" in a procession. These are the [[Egyptians]], the [[Levant]]ine and [[Canaan]]ite peoples or "Asiatics", the "[[Nubians]]" and the "fair-skinned [[Ancient Libya|Libyans]]".<ref>"The first are RETH, the second are AAMU, the third are NEHESU, and the fourth are THEMEHU. The RETH are Egyptians, the AAMU are dwellers in the deserts to the east and north-east of Egypt, the NEHESU are the [[Kingdom of Kush|Cushites]], and the THEMEHU are the fair-skinned Libyans" ''Book of Gates'', [http://www.sacred-texts.com/egy/gate/gate20.htm chapter VI] ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310112202/http://www.sacred-texts.com/egy/gate/gate20.htm |date=10 March 2016 }}), translated by E. A. Wallis Budge, 1905.</ref> The Egyptians are depicted as considerably darker-skinned than the Levantines (persons from what is now [[Lebanon]], [[Israel]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]] and [[Jordan]]) and Libyans, but considerably lighter than the Nubians (modern [[Sudan]]).


== Incident ==
The assignment of [[black-white dichotomy|positive and negative connotations of ''White'' and ''Black'']] to certain persons date to the very old age in a number of [[Indo-European languages]], but these differences were not necessarily used in respect to skin colors. Religious conversion was sometimes described figuratively as a change in skin color.<ref name="Dee 2004" /> Similarly, the ''[[Rigveda]]'' uses {{lang|sa|[[krsna tvac]]}} "black skin" as a metaphor for irreligiosity.<ref>[[Michael Witzel]], "Rgvedic History" in: ''The Indo-Aryans of South Asia'' (1995): "while it would be easy to assume reference to skin color, this would go against the spirit of the hymns: for Vedic poets, black always signifies evil, and any other meaning would be secondary in these contexts."</ref> Ancient Egyptians, [[Mycenaean Greeks]] and [[Minoan civilization|Minoans]] generally depicted women as having pale or white skin while men were depicted as dark brown or tanned.<ref name="Eaverly2013">{{cite book | author = Mary Ann Eaverly | date = 10 December 2013 | title = Tan Men/Pale Women: Color and Gender in Archaic Greece and Egypt, a Comparative Approach | publisher = University of Michigan Press | page = 85 | isbn = 978-0-472-11911-0 | oclc = 1055877879 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ch9WAgAAQBAJ}}</ref> As a result, men with pale or light skin, ''leukochrōs'' (λευκόχρως, "white-skinned") could be considered weak and effeminate by [[Ancient Greek]] writers such as [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]].<ref name="WardLott2008chapter1">{{cite book | first = Rachana| last = Kamtekar| chapter = Chapter 1 Distinction Without a Difference? Race and ''Genos'' in Plato| editor1 = Julie K. Ward | editor2 = Tommy L. Lott | date = 15 April 2008 | title = Philosophers on Race: Critical Essays | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | pages = 15–16 | isbn = 978-0-470-75204-3 | oclc = 1039168694 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dDg76N2Oz6IC&pg=PA15}}</ref> According to Aristotle "Those whose skin is too dark are cowardly: witness Egyptians and the Ethiopians. Those whose skin is too light are equally cowardly: witness women. The skin color typical of the courageous should be halfway between the two."<ref name="Sassi2001">{{cite book | author = Maria Michela Sassi | date = 2001 | title = The Science of Man in Ancient Greece | publisher = University of Chicago Press | page = 50| isbn = 978-0-226-73530-6 | oclc = 1000991167 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ft5QZ9HtvckC}}</ref> Similarly, [[Xenophon of Athens]] describes [[Achaemenid Persia|Persian]] prisoners of war as "white-skinned because they were never without their clothing, and soft and unused to toil because they always rode in carriages" and states that Greek soldiers as a result believed "that the war would be in no way different from having to fight with women."<ref name="Hunt2002">{{cite book | author = Peter Hunt | date = 9 May 2002 | title = Slaves, Warfare, and Ideology in the Greek Historians | publisher = Cambridge University Press | page = 164 | isbn = 978-0-521-89390-9 | oclc = 248925851 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=V_HGeohJIlgC&pg=PA164}}</ref><ref name="Hutchinson2014">{{cite book | author = Godfrey Hutchinson | date = 17 November 2014 | title = Sparta: Unfit for Empire | publisher = Frontline Books | page = 20 | isbn = 978-1-84832-222-6 | oclc = 1026663126 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hPm4BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20}}</ref>
On 16 June, the expedition to ''Titanic'' departed from [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St John's, Newfoundland]], aboard the research and expedition ship {{MV|Polar Prince}}. On the morning of 18 June, the expedition began dive operations and contact was lost about 1 hour and 30 minutes into the dive.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-19 |title=Boston Coast Guard crews searching for submarine missing on trip to explore Titanic wreckage |language=en-US |work=CBS Boston |location=Boston |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/titanic-wreckage-submarine-missing-boston-coast-guard/ |url-status=live |access-date=2023-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619234145/https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/titanic-wreckage-submarine-missing-boston-coast-guard/ |archive-date=2023-06-19}}</ref> It was reported overdue at about 9:13{{nbsp}}p.m. according to the [[Joint Rescue Coordination Centre Halifax]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Finley|first1=Ben|last2=Ramer|first2=Holly|date=2023-06-19 |title=A search is underway for missing submarine that takes people to see Titanic |work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/titanic-wreckage-missing-submersible-62fadef7a55af0022e3dc75df862a5c1 |url-status=live |access-date=2023-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619191319/https://apnews.com/article/titanic-wreckage-missing-submersible-62fadef7a55af0022e3dc75df862a5c1 |archive-date=2023-06-19}}</ref>


A number of potential errors could have occurred. One possibility is that the ''Titan'''s communication equipment may have failed, meaning they are unable to communicate with above-water crew but able to freely navigate.<ref name="NYTimes">{{Cite news |last1=Gross |first1=Jenny |last2=Bubola |first2=Emma |last3=Jiménez |first3=Jesus |date=2023-06-19 |title=Missing Submersible: Vessel Disappears During Dive to the Titanic Wreck Site |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/06/19/us/titanic-missing-sub-tourist-tour |url-status=live |access-date=2023-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620011427/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/06/19/us/titanic-missing-sub-tourist-tour |archive-date=2023-06-20 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> It's also possible there is a problem with the ballast system, which controls the vessel's descent and ascent.<ref name="NYTimes" /> Another scenario is that the ''Titan'' became "hung up on a piece of wreckage that could keep it from being able to return to the surface".<ref name="NYTimes" />
Classicist James H. Dee states "the Greeks do not describe themselves as 'White people'—or as anything else because they had ''no'' regular word in their color vocabulary for themselves."<ref name="Dee 2004">James H. Dee, "Black Odysseus, White Caesar: When Did 'White People' Become 'White'?" ''The Classical Journal'', Vol. 99, No. 2. (December 2003 – January 2004), pp. 162 ''ff.''</ref> People's skin color did not carry useful meaning; what mattered is where they lived.<ref>{{Cite book |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-04934-3 |last=Painter |first=Nell |title=The History of White People |location=New York, NY |date=2 February 2016 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofwhitepe00pain/page/1 1] |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwhitepe00pain/page/1 }}</ref> [[Herodotus]] described the [[Scythians|Scythian]] [[Budini]] as having deep [[blue eyes]] and bright [[red hair]]<ref>Herodotus: ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'', 4.108.</ref> and the Egyptians – quite like the [[Colchians]] – as {{lang|el|melánchroes}} ({{lang|el|μελάγχροες}}, "[[Dark skin|dark-skinned]]") and [[Curly haired|curly-haired]].<ref>Herodotus: ''Histories'', 2.104.2.</ref> He also gives the possibly first reference to the common Greek name of the tribes living south of Egypt, otherwise known as [[Nubian people|Nubians]], which was {{lang|el|Aithíopes}} ({{lang|el|Αἰθίοπες}}, "burned-faced").<ref>Herodotus: ''Histories'', 2.17.</ref> Later [[Xenophanes of Colophon]] described the [[Aethiopia]]ns as black and the [[Thracians]] as having red hair and blue eyes.<ref>Xenophanes of Colophon: [https://books.google.com/books?id=LxxJXTviacgC&dq=Xenophanes+thracians&pg=PA90 ''Fragments''], J. H. Lesher, University of Toronto Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-8020-8508-3}}, p. 90.</ref> In his description of the Scythians, [[Hippocrates]] states that the cold weather "burns their white skin and turns it ruddy."<ref name="JonesPotterSmith1923">{{cite book | editor1 = William Henry Samuel Jones | editor2 = Paul Potter | editor3 = Wesley D. Smith | author1 = Hippocrates | author2 = Héraclite d'Éphèse | date = 1923 | title = Hippocrates, Volume 1 | publisher = Harvard University Press | pages = 125–126 | isbn = 978-0-674-99162-0 | oclc = 1004814805 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TlEMAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA125}}</ref>{{sfn|Painter|2016|p=10}}


===People aboard===
== Modern racial hierarchies ==
*[[Hamish Harding]], British businessman and aviator<ref name="SkyNews3" />
The term "White race" or "White people" entered the major [[European languages]] in the later seventeenth century, originating with the [[racialization]] of [[slavery]] at the time, in the context of the [[Atlantic slave trade]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Black Odysseus, White Caesar: When Did 'White People' Become 'White'? |date=2004 |last=Dee |first=James H. |journal=The Classical Journal |issue=2 |volume=99 |pages=157–167 |jstor=3298065 }}</ref> and the enslavement of [[indigenous peoples]] in the [[Spanish Empire]].<ref name=":0" /> It has repeatedly been ascribed to strains of blood, ancestry, and physical traits, and was eventually made into a subject of scientific research, which culminated in [[scientific racism]], which was later widely repudiated by the scientific community. According to historian Irene Silverblatt, "Race thinking… made social categories into racial truths."<ref name=":0">{{cite book |publisher=Duke University Press |last=Silverblatt |first=Irene |title=Modern Inquisitions: Peru and the colonial origins of the civilized world |location=Durham |date=2004 |page=139 |isbn=978-0-8223-8623-0 }}</ref> Bruce David Baum, citing the work of [[Ruth Frankenberg]], states, "the history of modern racist domination has been bound up with the history of how European peoples defined themselves (and sometimes some other peoples) as members of a superior 'white race'."<ref>{{cite book |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-9892-8 |last=Baum |first=Bruce David |title=The rise and fall of the Caucasian race: A political history of racial identity |date=2006 |page=247 }}</ref> Alastair Bonnett argues that "white identity", as it is presently conceived, is an American project, reflecting [[American culture#Race and ancestry|American interpretations]] of [[Race (human classification)|race]] and history.<ref>{{harvnb|Bonnett|2000}}</ref>{{pn|date=February 2023}}
*Stockton Rush, [[OceanGate, Inc.]] chief executive and founder.
*Paul-Henry Nargeolet, former French Navy commander, diver, submersible pilot and member of the [[IFREMER|French Institute for Research and Exploitation of the Sea]] (IFREMER).<ref name="SkyNews2">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-19 |title=What we know about the passengers on board missing Titanic submersible |url=https://news.sky.com/story/what-we-know-about-the-passengers-on-board-missing-titanic-submersible-12905596 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619223319/https://news.sky.com/story/what-we-know-about-the-passengers-on-board-missing-titanic-submersible-12905596 |archive-date=2023-06-19 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=[[Sky News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="SkyNews3">{{Cite news |last=Enokido-Lineham |first=Olive |date=19 June 2023 |title=UK billionaire Hamish Harding on board missing Titanic submersible, family confirms |work=[[Sky News]] |url=https://news.sky.com/story/uk-billionaire-hamish-harding-on-board-missing-titanic-submersible-family-confirms-12905616 |url-status=live |access-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230620041549/https://news.sky.com/story/uk-billionaire-hamish-harding-on-board-missing-titanic-submersible-family-confirms-12905616 |archive-date=19 June 2023}}</ref> Director of underwater research for E/M Group and RMS Titanic, Inc. and "widely considered the leading authority on the wreck site".<ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news |last1=Helmore |first1=Edward |last2=Cecco |first2=Leyland |date=2023-06-20 |title=Titanic tourist submarine: desperate search for craft missing with five onboard |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/jun/19/titanic-tourist-submarine-missing-north-atlantic |url-status=live |access-date=2023-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619231757/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/jun/19/titanic-tourist-submarine-missing-north-atlantic |archive-date=2023-06-19 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> He has "led several expeditions to the Titanic site and supervised the recovery of 5,000 artifacts".<ref name="Guardian" />
*Shahzada Dawood, Pakistani businessman (of the [[Dawood Hercules Corporation]]) and a trustee at the [[SETI Institute]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Rescue teams race to find five people missing on Titanic sub |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-us-canada-65953941 |access-date=20 June 2023 |work=BBC News |date=20 June 2023}}</ref>
*Suleman Dawood, son of Shahzada<ref name="BBC2" />


== Search and rescue operations ==
According to Gregory Jay, a professor of English at the [[University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee]],
On 19 June, crews from the Northeast Sector of the [[United States Coast Guard]], based out of [[Boston]], launched search missions for the submersible and the five persons aboard it {{convert|900|nmi|km}} off the shore of [[Cape Cod|Cape Cod, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=USCGNortheast |number=1670842498317533207 |title=A @USCG C-130 crew is searching for an overdue Canadian research submarine approximately 900 miles off #CapeCod. |date=2023-06-19 |access-date=2023-06-19 |language=en-US |location=Boston}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 19, 2023 |title=Coast Guard to hold press briefing for missing submersible 900 miles east of Cape Cod |url=https://www.news.uscg.mil/Press-Releases/Article/3431840/coast-guard-to-hold-press-briefing-for-missing-submersible-900-miles-east-of-ca |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=[[United States Coast Guard News]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Joint Rescue Coordination Centre Halifax]] reported that a [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] [[Lockheed CP-140 Aurora]] aircraft is a part of the search.<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1670908769478352897|user=hfxjrcc|title=JRCC Halifax has tasked one Royal Canadian Air Force Aurora aircraft out of 14 Wing Greenwood in Nova Scotia for aerial search, and Canadian Coast Guard Vessel Kopit Hopson 1752 will also be assisting MRCC Boston with a surface search for the submersible.|author=Halifax JRCC CCCOS|date=2023-06-19|access-date=2023-06-19}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Before the age of exploration, group differences were largely based on language, religion, and geography. ... the European had always reacted a bit hysterically to the differences of skin color and facial structure between themselves and the populations encountered in Africa, Asia, and the Americas (see, for example, Shakespeare's dramatization of racial conflict in ''[[Othello]]'' and ''[[The Tempest]]''). Beginning in the 1500s, Europeans began to develop what became known as "scientific racism," the attempt to construct a biological rather than cultural definition of race ... Whiteness, then, emerged as what we now call a "pan-ethnic" category, as a way of merging a variety of European ethnic populations into a single "race" ... .|sign=Gregory Jay|source="Who Invented White People? A Talk on the Occasion of Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, 1998"<ref name=GJay>Gregory Jay, {{cite web|url=http://www.uwm.edu/~gjay/Whiteness/Whitenesstalk.html |title=Who Invented White People? A Talk on the Occasion of Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, 1998 |access-date=2006-12-19 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502063801/http://www.uwm.edu/~gjay/Whiteness/Whitenesstalk.html |archive-date=2 May 2007 }}</ref>}}


The Coast Guard has indicated that the search and rescue mission is difficult due to the remote location, but Rear Admiral Mauger has stated they are "deploying all available assets."<ref name="SkyNews3"/> Beyond the difficulty of the location, all search and rescue operations are impacted by "weather conditions, the lack of light at night, the state of the sea and water temperature"; below-water search and rescue is even more difficult.<ref name="NYTimes" /> While many submersibles are equipped "with an acoustic device, often called a pinger, which emits sounds that can be detected underwater by rescuers," it is unclear whether the ''Titan'' has such a device.<ref name="NYTimes" />
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, "East Asian peoples were almost uniformly described as White, never as yellow."<ref name="Keevak">{{Cite book |title=Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking |last=Keevak |first=Michael |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=2011 |pages=26–27}}</ref> Michael Keevak's history ''Becoming Yellow'', finds that [[East Asians]] were redesignated as being yellow-skinned because "yellow had become a ''racial'' designation," and that the replacement of White with yellow as a description came through scientific discourse.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking |last=Keevak |first=Michael |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=2011 |page=2}}</ref>


The search currently has two facets: an above water surface search and underwater sonar search.<ref name="BBC2" /> This involves utilizing three [[C-130 Hercules]] aircraft, two from the United States and one from Canada, as well as a [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|P-8]] aircraft from Canada equipped with [[sonar buoy]]s.<ref name="BBC2" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Helmore |first1=Edward |last2=Cecco |first2=Leyland |title=Search launched for submersible missing on dive to Titanic wreck |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=20 June 2023 |page=4}}</ref> Neither country has underwater vessels capable of easily assisting in the search and research missions.<ref name="NYTimes" /> The [[U.S. Navy]] has one submarine rescue vehicle though it cannot reach the ''Titan''{{'}}s potential depth, as well as remote-operated vehicles, which may have difficulty getting to the site in time.<ref name="NYTimes" />
=== A social category formed by colonialism ===
A three-part racial scheme in color terms was used in seventeenth-century [[Latin America]] under Spanish rule.<ref>{{cite book |publisher=Duke University Press |last=Silverblatt |first=Irene |title=Modern Inquisitions: Peru and the colonial origins of the civilized world |location=Durham |date=2004 |pages=113–16 |isbn=978-0-8223-8623-0 }}</ref> Irene Silverblatt traces "race thinking" in [[South America]] to the social categories of [[colonialism]] and [[state formation]]: "White, black, and brown are abridged, abstracted versions of colonizer, slave, and colonized."<ref name=":2">{{cite book |publisher=Duke University Press |last=Silverblatt |first=Irene |title=Modern Inquisitions: Peru and the colonial origins of the civilized world |location=Durham |date=2004 |page=115 |isbn=978-0-8223-8623-0 }}</ref> By the mid-seventeenth century, the novel term {{lang|es|español}} ("Spaniard") was being equated in written documents with {{lang|es|blanco}}, or "White".<ref name=":2" /> In Spain's American colonies, [[African people|African]], [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] ({{lang|es|indios}}), [[Jewish]], or [[morisco]] ancestry formally excluded individuals from the "purity of blood" ({{lang|es|[[limpieza de sangre]]}}) requirements for holding any public office under the Royal Pragmatic of 1501.<ref name=TwinamPassing>{{Cite book |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-3895-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/newworldordersvi0000unse/page/249 249–272] |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Smolenski |editor2-first=Thomas J. |editor2-last=Humphrey |last=Twinam |first=Ann |title=New World Orders: Violence, Sanction, and Authority in the Colonial Americas |chapter=Racial Passing: Informal and Official 'Whiteness' in Colonial Spanish America |location=Philadelphia |date=2005 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/newworldordersvi0000unse/page/249 }}</ref> Similar restrictions applied in the military, some religious orders, colleges, and universities, leading to a nearly all-White priesthood and professional stratum.<ref name=TwinamPassing /><ref name="Duenas">{{Cite book |publisher=University Press of Colorado |isbn=978-1-60732-019-7 |last=Duenas |first=Alcira |title=Indians and mestizos in the "lettered city" reshaping justice, social hierarchy, and political culture in colonial Peru |location=Boulder, CO |access-date=23 April 2012 |date=2010 |url= http://site.ebrary.com/id/10408953}}</ref> Blacks and {{lang|es|indios}} were subject to tribute obligations and forbidden to bear arms, and black and {{lang|es|indio}} women were forbidden to wear jewels, silk, or precious metals in early colonial Mexico and Peru.<ref name=TwinamPassing /> Those {{lang|es|pardos}} (people with dark skin) and {{lang|es|mulattos}} (people of mixed African and European ancestry) with resources largely sought to evade these restrictions by passing as White.<ref name=TwinamPassing /><ref name=Duenas /> A brief royal offer to buy the privileges of Whiteness for a substantial sum of money attracted fifteen applicants before pressure from White elites ended the practice.<ref name=TwinamPassing />

In the [[British colonization of the Americas|British colonies]] in [[British America|North America]] and the Caribbean, the designation ''English'' or ''Christian'' was initially used in contrast to Native Americans or Africans. Early appearances of White race or White people in the Oxford English Dictionary begin in the seventeenth century.<ref name="Dee 2004" /> Historian Winthrop Jordan reports that, "throughout the [thirteen] colonies the terms ''Christian'', ''free'', ''English'', and ''white'' were ... employed indiscriminately" in the seventeenth century as proxies for one another.<ref>{{Cite book |title=White Over Black: American Attitudes Towards the Negro |last=Jordan |first=Winthrop |date=1974 |page=97}}</ref> In 1680, Morgan Godwyn "found it necessary to explain" to English readers that "in [[Barbados]], 'white' was 'the general name for Europeans.'"<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |title=The Invention of the White Race |last=Allen |first=Theodore |publisher=Verso |date=1994 |location=New York |page=351 |volume=2}}</ref> Several historians report a shift towards greater use of ''White'' as a legal category alongside a hardening of restrictions on free or Christian blacks.<ref>Baum (2006), p. 48. [[Winthrop Jordan]], ''White Over Black: American Attitudes Towards the Negro'' 1974, p. 52, puts the shift to ''white'' from earlier ''Christian'', ''free'', and ''English'' to around 1680. {{cite book |first=Theodore |last=Allen |title=The Invention of the White Race: Racial Oppression and Social Control |url=http://clogic.eserver.org/1-2/allen.html |publisher=Verso |date=1994 |isbn=978-0-86091-660-4 |access-date=24 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107233149/http://clogic.eserver.org/1-2/allen.html |archive-date=7 November 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''White'' remained a more familiar term in the American colonies than in Britain well into the 1700s, according to historian [[Theodore W. Allen]].<ref name=":3" />

=== Scientific racism ===
[[File:Scientific racism irish.jpg|thumb|200px|Henry Strickland Constable's illustration in the nineteenth century which shows an alleged similarity between "[[Irish Iberian]]" and "Negro" features in contrast to the higher "Anglo-Teutonic"]]
Western studies of [[Race (human categorization)|race]] and [[Ethnic origin|ethnicity]] in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries developed into what would later be termed [[scientific racism]]. Prominent European scientists writing about human and natural difference included a ''White'' or ''West Eurasian'' race among a small set of human races and imputed physical, mental, or aesthetic superiority to this White category. These ideas were discredited by twentieth-century scientists.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1728-4457.2004.00021.x |issn=1728-4457 |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=385–415 |last=Hirschman |first=Charles |title=The Origins and Demise of the Concept of Race |journal=Population and Development Review |date=2004 }}</ref>

==== Eighteenth century beginnings ====
In 1758, [[Carl Linnaeus]] proposed what he considered to be natural [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] categories of the human species. He distinguished between ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' and ''Homo sapiens europaeus'', and he later added four geographical subdivisions of humans: white [[Europeans]], red [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Americans]], yellow [[Asian people|Asians]] and black [[Ethnic groups of Africa|Africans]]. Although Linnaeus intended them as objective classifications, his descriptions of these groups included cultural patterns and derogatory stereotypes.<ref name="nature1">Sarah A. Tishkoff and Kenneth K. Kidd (2004): [http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v36/n11s/full/ng1438.html "Implications of biography of human populations for 'race' and medicine"] ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714020241/http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v36/n11s/full/ng1438.html |date=14 July 2016 }}), ''Nature Genetics''.</ref>

[[File:Georgierin.png|thumb|The Georgian female skull [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]] discovered in 1795, which he used to hypothesize origination of Europeans from the [[Caucasus]].]]

In 1775, the [[naturalist]] [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]] asserted that "The white color holds the first place, such as is that of most European peoples. The redness of the cheeks in this variety is almost peculiar to it: at all events it is but seldom to be seen in the rest".<!--p.20--><ref name=Painter>Painter, Nell Irvin. Yale University. "Why White People are Called Caucasian?" 2003. 27 September 2007. {{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/race/Painter.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 October 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020105628/http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/race/Painter.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2013}}</ref>

In the various editions of his ''On the Natural Variety of Mankind'', he categorized humans into four or five races, largely built on Linnaeus' classifications. But while, in 1775, he had grouped into his "first and most important" race "Europe, Asia this side of the Ganges, and all the country situated to the north of the Amoor, together with that part of North America, which is nearest both in position and character of the inhabitants", he somewhat narrows his "Caucasian variety" in the third edition of his text, of 1795: "To this first variety belong the inhabitants of Europe (except the Lapps and the remaining descendants of the Finns) and those of Eastern Asia, as far as the river Obi, the Caspian Sea and the Ganges; and lastly, those of Northern Africa."<ref name=Blumtreat>Johann Friedrich Blumenbach: ''The Anthropological Treatises''. Longman Green, London 1865, pp. 99, 265 ff.</ref><ref name="nature1" /><ref>{{cite book |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-04934-3 |last=Painter |first=Nell |title=The History of White People |location=New York, NY |date=2010 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofwhitepe00pain/page/79 79–90] |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwhitepe00pain/page/79 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |publisher=Hackett Publishing |isbn=978-0-87220-458-4 |pages=27–37|editor=Robert Bernasconi |last=Blumenbach |first=Johann Friedrich |title=The Idea of Race |chapter=On the Natural Variety of Mankind |location=Indianapolis, IN |date=2000}}</ref> Blumenbach quotes various other systems by his contemporaries, ranging from two to seven races, authored by the authorities of that time, including, besides Linnæus, [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon]], [[Christoph Meiners]] and [[Immanuel Kant]]. <!-- The article on Blumenbach seems to state just the opposite of this: "Blumenbach is known for arguing that physical characteristics like skin color, cranial profile, etc., were correlated with group character and [[aptitude]]. [[Craniometry]] and [[phrenology]] would attempt to make physical appearance correspond with racial categories. The fairness and relatively high brows of Caucasians were held to be the physical expressions of a loftier mentality and a more generous spirit. The epicanthic folds around the eyes of Mongolians and their slightly sallow outer epidermal layer bespoke their supposedly crafty, literal-minded nature.{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}}" -->

In the question of color, he conduces a rather thorough enquire, considering also factors of [[diet (nutrition)|diet]] and [[health]], but ultimately believes that "climate, and the influence of the soil and the temperature, together with the mode of life, have the greatest influence".<ref>Johann Friedrich Blumenbach: ''The Anthropological Treatises''. Longman Green, London 1865, p. 107.</ref> Blumenbach's conclusion was, however, to proclaim all races' attribution to one single human species. Blumenbach argued that physical characteristics like skin color, cranial profile, etc., depended on environmental factors, such as [[solarization]] and diet. Like other [[monogenism|monogenists]], Blumenbach held to the "[[Degeneration theory|degenerative hypothesis]]" of racial origins. He claimed that [[Adam and Eve]] were [[Caucasian race|Caucasian]] inhabitants of Asia,<ref>Brian Regal: ''Human Evolution. A guide to the debates''. ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara/CA 2004, p. 72. Also see Johann Friedrich Blumenbach: ''The Institutions of physiology'', translated by John Elliotson. Bensley, London 1817.</ref> and that other races came about by degeneration from environmental factors such as the sun and poor diet. He consistently believed that the degeneration could be reversed in a proper environmental control and that all contemporary forms of man could revert to the original [[Caucasian race]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Marvin Harris|title=The rise of anthropological theory. A history of theories of culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yUUYN3X18dwC&pg=PA84|access-date=5 April 2012|year=2001|publisher=Rowman Altamira|isbn=978-0-7591-0133-3|pages=84 ff}}</ref>

==== Nineteenth and twentieth century: the "Caucasian race" ====
{{Main|Caucasian race}}

Between the mid-nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries,<ref>Baum (2006), p. 120, gives the range 1840 to 1935.</ref> race scientists, including most [[physical anthropology|physical anthropologists]] classified the world's populations into [[Historical definitions of race|three, four, or five races]], which, depending on the authority consulted, were further divided into various sub-races. During this period the [[Caucasian race]], named after people of the [[Caucasus Mountains]] but extending to all Europeans, figured as one of these races, and was incorporated as a formal category of both scientific research and, in countries including the United States, social classification.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZpObO9a05p0C&q=caucasian+United+States+social+classification&pg=PA109|title=Culturally Alert Counseling: A Comprehensive Introduction|first=Garrett|last=McAuliffe|date=30 May 2018|publisher=SAGE|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4129-1006-4}}</ref>

There was never any scholarly consensus on the delineation between the Caucasian race, including the populations of Europe, and the Mongoloid one, including the populations of East Asia. Thus, [[Carleton S. Coon]] (1939) included the populations native to all of [[Central Asia|Central]] and [[North Asia|Northern Asia]] under the Caucasian label, while [[Thomas Henry Huxley]] (1870) classified the same populations as Mongoloid, and [[Lothrop Stoddard]] (1920) classified as "[[brown people|brown]]" most of the populations of the [[Middle East]], [[North Africa]] and Central Asia, and counted as "White" only the European peoples and their descendants, as well as some populations in parts of [[Anatolia]] and the northern areas of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOaoAwAAQBAJ&q=Caucasian+race+Morocco,+Algeria+And+Tunisia&pg=PA59|title=Race and America's Immigrant Press: How the Slovaks were Taught to Think Like White People|first=Robert M.|last=Zecker|date=30 June 2011|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-4411-6199-4}}</ref> Some authorities,{{Who|date=August 2015}} following Huxley (1870), distinguished the ''[[Xanthochroi]]'' or "light Whites" of Northern Europe with the ''[[Melanochroi]]'' or "dark Whites" of the Mediterranean.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbt4OKLs85gC&q=Thomas+Henry+Huxley+Xanthochroi+light+whites|title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information|date=30 May 2018|publisher=[Cambridge] University Press|via=Google Books}}</ref>

Although modern [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazis]] often invoke [[Nazism|Nazi]] iconography on behalf of [[White nationalism]], [[Nazi Germany]] repudiated the idea of a unified White race, instead promoting [[Nordicism]]. In Nazi propaganda, Eastern European [[Slavs]] were often referred to as [[Untermensch]] (subhuman in English), and the relatively under-developed economic status of Eastern European countries such as Poland and the USSR was attributed to the racial inferiority of their inhabitants.<ref>Bendersky, Joseph W. 2007 ''A concise history of Nazi Germany'' Plymouth, UK: Rowman & Littlefield. pp.161-62.</ref> Fascist Italy took the same view, and both of these nations justified their colonial ambitions in Eastern Europe on racist, anti-Slavic grounds.<ref>Benito Mussolini, Richard Washburn Child, Max Ascoli, Richard Lamb. My rise and fall. Da Capo Press, 1998. pp. 105–106.</ref> These nations were not alone in their view; during the [[long nineteenth century]] and [[interwar period]] there were numerous cases - regardless the position in the [[political spectrum]] of the person - where European ethnic groups and nations labeled or treated other Europeans as members of another, somehow "inferior race". Between the enlightenment era and interwar period, the racist world views fit well into the liberal world view, and they were almost general among the liberal thinkers and politicians.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lionel Steiman|title=Paths to Genocide|year=1997|page=180|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230371330}}</ref>

== Census and social definitions in different regions ==
{{Race}}

Definitions of White have changed over the years, including the official definitions used in many countries, such as the [[United States]] and [[Brazil]].<ref name="Dealing with Diversity">{{cite book |last1=Adams |first1=J. Q. |first2=Pearlie |last2=Strother-Adams |date=2001 |title=Dealing with Diversity |publisher=Kendall/Hunt Publishing |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-7872-8145-8}}</ref> Through the mid to late twentieth century, numerous countries had formal legal standards or procedures defining racial categories (see [[cleanliness of blood]], [[casta]], [[apartheid in South Africa]], [[hypodescent]]). Below are some census definitions of White, which may differ from the social definition of White within the same country. The social definition has also been added where possible.

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
!scope="col"| Country<br />Continent or region
!scope="col"| % of total population<br />
!scope="col"| Population <br /><small>(thousands)</small>
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{tooltip|2=Most recent Census|Year}}
!scope="col" class="unsortable" colspan="2"| {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
! [[Europe]] || N/D || N/D || – ||
|-
|[[Ireland]]
| 92.4%
| 4,330
| 2016 Census
|<ref>{{cite web|title=CSO Census 2016 Chapter 6 – Ethnicity and Irish Travellers|url=http://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/population/2017/Chapter_6_Ethnicity_and_irish_travellers.pdf|access-date=28 April 2017}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demography of England|England]]
| 81.0%
| 45,800
| [[2021 United Kingdom census|2021 census]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/bulletins/ethnicgroupenglandandwales/census2021#how-ethnic-composition-varied-across-england-and-wales|title=Ethnic group, England and Wales: Census 2021. How ethnic composition varied across England and Wales |date=29 November 2022|accessdate=3 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demography of Wales|Wales]]
| 93.8%
| 2,900
| [[2021 United Kingdom census|2021 census]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/bulletins/ethnicgroupenglandandwales/census2021#how-ethnic-composition-varied-across-england-and-wales|title=Ethnic group, England and Wales: Census 2021. How ethnic composition varied across England and Wales |date=29 November 2022|accessdate=3 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
! [[North America]] || N/D || 258.9m|| ||
|-
|[[Canadian people|Canada]]
| 69.8%
| 25,364
| [[2021 Canadian census|2021 Census]]
|<ref name="Canada2021CensusA">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title=Visible minority and population group by generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810032401 |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="Canada2021CensusB">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title=The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026b-eng.htm |quote=In 2021, just over 25 million people reported being White in the census, representing close to 70% of the total Canadian population. The vast majority reported being White only, while 2.4% also reported one or more other racialized groups. |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
|-
|[[Cuban people|Cuba]]
| 64.1%
| 7,200
| 2012 Census
|<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.onei.gob.cu/sites/default/files/publicacion_completa_color_de_la_piel__0.pdf|title= EL COLOR DE LA PIEL SEGÚN EL CENSO DE POBLACIÓN Y VIVIENDAS DE 2012|date=February 2016|accessdate=3 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[American people|United States]]
| 61.6%
| 204,300
| [[2020 United States census|2020 Census]]
|<ref name="c2010">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf|title=Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010 Census Briefs|work=US Census Bureau|date=March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20110505060445/http%3A//www%2Ecensus%2Egov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br%2D02%2Epdf |archive-date= 5 May 2011 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bermudians|Bermuda]]'' ''([[United Kingdom|UK]])''
| 30.52%
| 19.47
| 2016 Census
|<ref name="Bermuda 2016 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.bm/sites/default/files/2016%20Census%20Report.pdf |title=Bermuda 2016 Census |publisher=Bermuda Department of Statistics |date = December 2016|access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rico]]'' ''([[United States|US]])''
| 17.1%
| 2,800
| [[2020 United States census|2020 Census]]
|<ref>{{cite web|last=Bureau|first=US Census|title=2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html|access-date=2022-02-01|website=Census.gov}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nicaraguan people|Nicaragua]]
| 17.0%
| 1,000
| WFB{{ref|2|2}}
|<ref name="NI">{{cite web | title=Nicaragua: People; Ethnic groups| url =https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nicaragua/ | work =CIA World Factbook | access-date = 26 November 2007}}</ref>
|-
|[[People of the Dominican Republic|Dominican Republic]]
| 13.6% or 16.0%
| 2,000
| [[1960 Dominican Republic Census|1960 Census]], 2006
|<ref name="DR">{{cite web | title=D.R.: People; Ethnic groups| url =https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/dominican-republic/ | work =CIA World Factbook | access-date = 26 November 2007}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Demographics of the United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]]'' ''([[United States|US]])''
| 15.6%
| 16.65
| 2010 Census
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_VISF_P3&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212211956/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_VISF_P3&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 February 2020|title=American FactFinder – Results|first=U.S. Census|last=Bureau|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=8 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mexican people|Mexico]]
| 9.0% to 47.0%
| 10.8 or 56.0
| WFB{{ref|2|2}}, Lizcano{{ref|3|3}} 2010
|<ref name="Lizcano Fernández 2005">{{cite journal|last1=Lizcano Fernández|first1=Francisco|date=August 2005|title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI|trans-title=Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the XXI Century|url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-14352005000200185|journal=Convergencia|language=es|volume=12|issue=38|pages=185–232}}</ref><ref name="Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS 2017">[http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/21_Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS.pdf "21 de Marzo Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial" pag.7], ''CONAPRED'', Mexico, 21 March. Retrieved on 28 April 2017.</ref><ref name="conapred.org.mx">[http://www.conapred.org.mx/userfiles/files/Enadis-2010-RG-Accss-002.pdf "Encuesta Nacional Sobre Discriminación en Mexico"], "CONAPRED", Mexico DF, June 2011. Retrieved on 28 April 2017.</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of El Salvador|El Salvador]]
| 12.7%
| 700
| 2007 Census
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digestyc.gob.sv/servers/redatam/htdocs/CPV2007S/Docs/RESULTADOS_FINALES.pdf|title=El Salvador: Censos de Población 2007|trans-title=El Salvador: Population Census 2007|language=es|publisher=digestyc.gob.sv|page=13|date=2008|access-date=20 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Turks and Caicos Islands|Turks and Caicos]]'' ''([[United Kingdom|UK]])''
| 7.9%
| 1.56
| 2001 Census
|<ref>[http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Publications/NCR%20Reports/TCI.pdf Turks and Caicos 2001 Census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205005537/http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Publications/NCR%20Reports/TCI.pdf |date=5 February 2018 }} (Page: 22)</ref>
|-
|[[Panamanian people|Panama]]
| 6.7% <small>est.</small>
| 28
| 2010 WFB{{ref|2|2}}
|<ref name="Panama: People; Ethnic groups">{{cite web | title=Panama: People; Ethnic groups| url =https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/panama/ | work =CIA World Factbook | access-date = 26 November 2007}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Demographics of the British Virgin Islands|Virgin Islands]]'' ''([[United Kingdom|UK]])''
| 5.4%
| 1.51
| 2010 Census
|<ref name="ReferenceB">The BVI Beacon "Portrait of a population: 2010 Census published" p. 57, 20 November 2014</ref>
|-
|[[The Bahamas]]
| 5.0%
| 16.60
| 2010 Census
|<ref>[http://www.soencouragement.org/forms/CENSUS2010084903300.pdf Bahamas 2010 census TOTAL POPULATION BY SEX, AGE GROUP AND RACIAL GROUP] "In 1722 when the first official census of The Bahamas was taken, 74% of the population was white and 26% black. Three centuries later, and according to the 99% response rate obtained from the race question on the 2010 Census questionnaire, 91% of the population identified themselves as being black, five percent (5%) white and two percent (2%) of a mixed race (black and white) and (1%) other races and (1%) not stated." (Page: 10 and 82)</ref>
|-
|''[[Demographics of Anguilla|Anguilla]]'' ''([[United Kingdom|UK]])''
| 3.2%
| 0.43
| 2011 Census
|<ref>[http://www.anguillanews.com/enews/index.php/permalink/4936.html Anguilla Population and Housing Census (AP&HC) 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521021835/http://www.anguillanews.com/enews/index.php/permalink/4936.html |date=21 May 2015 }} Who are we? – Ethnic Composition and Religious Affiliation.</ref>
|-
|[[Barbadians|Barbados]]
| 2.7%
| 6.14
| 2010 Census
|<ref>[http://www.barstats.gov.bb/files/documents/PHC_2010_Census_Volume_1.pdf BARBADOS – 2010 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118220332/http://www.barstats.gov.bb/files/documents/PHC_2010_Census_Volume_1.pdf |date=18 January 2017 }} Table 02.03: Population by Sex, Age Group and Ethnic Origin (Page: 51-54)</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|St. Vincent]]
| 1.4%
| 1.48
| 2001 Census
|<ref>[http://www.stats.gov.vc/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=jSipdTnsXwM%3d&tabid=60 POPULATION, DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911195540/http://www.stats.gov.vc/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=jSipdTnsXwM%3D&tabid=60 |date=11 September 2018 }} POPULATION BY ETHNIC GROUPS (Page:16-17) 1.4% white (608 "Portuguese" and 870 other "white").</ref>
|-
|[[Trinidad and Tobago]]
| 0.7%
| –
| 2011 Census
|<ref>[https://guardian.co.tt/sites/default/files/story/2011_DemographicReport.pdf Trinidad and Tobago 2011 Census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019211618/https://guardian.co.tt/sites/default/files/story/2011_DemographicReport.pdf |date=19 October 2017 }} Ethnic Composition: "Caucasian '''0.59%''', Portuguese '''0.06%'''", Total: 0.65% (Page: 15)</ref>
|-
! [[South America]] || N/D || N/D || – ||
|-
|[[Uruguayan people|Uruguay]]
| 87.7%
| 2,800
| 2011 Census
|<ref name=enhaasc />
|-
|[[Colombian people|Colombia]]
| 62.5%
| 31,250
| 2015 [[Public Library of Science]]
|<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{cite journal| title= Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America | year= 2015 | pmc= 4670080 | last1= Homburger | first1= J. R. | last2= Moreno-Estrada | first2= A. | last3= Gignoux | first3= C. R. | last4= Nelson | first4= D. | last5= Sanchez | first5= E. | last6= Ortiz-Tello | first6= P. | last7= Pons-Estel | first7= B. A. | last8= Acevedo-Vasquez | first8= E. | last9= Miranda | first9= P. | last10= Langefeld | first10= C. D. | last11= Gravel | first11= S. | last12= Alarcón-Riquelme | first12= M. E. | last13= Bustamante | first13= C. D. | journal= PLOS Genetics | volume= 11 | issue= 12 | pages= e1005602 | doi= 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602 | pmid= 26636962 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Chilean people|Chile]]
| 52.7%
| 9,100
| Lizcano{{ref|3|3}}
|<ref name="Lizcano Fernández 2005" />
|-
|[[Brazilian people|Brazil]]
| 47.7%
| 91,000
| 2010 Census
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/caracteristicas_da_populacao/tabelas_pdf/tab3.pdf|title=2010 Brazilian Census|language=pt|work=ibge.gov.br|date=2011|access-date=19 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217041601/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/caracteristicas_da_populacao/tabelas_pdf/tab3.pdf|archive-date=17 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
|[[Venezuelan people|Venezuela]]
| 43.6%
| 11,900
| 2011 Census
|<ref name="ine.gov.ve">[http://www.ine.gob.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/nacional.pdf Resultado Basico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011], (p. 14).</ref>
|-
|[[Paraguayan people|Paraguay]]
| 20.0%
| 1,300
| Lizcano{{ref|3|3}}
|<ref name="Lizcano Fernández 2005" />
|-
|[[Ecuadorian people|Ecuador]]
| 6.1%
| 1,300
| 2010 Census
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eluniverso.com/2011/09/02/1/1356/poblacion-pais-joven-mestiza-dice-censo-inec.html|title=Población del país es joven y mestiza, dice censo del INEC|author=EL UNIVERSO|work=El Universo|access-date=17 June 2015|date=2 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
|[[Peruvian people|Peru]]
| 5.9%
| 1,300
| [[2017 Peru Census|2017]]
|<ref name="census2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |page = 214 |website = Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bolivian people|Bolivia]]
| 3.0%
| –
| 2014 (Ipsos)
|<ref>[https://www.eldia.com.bo/mobile.php?cat=1&pla=7&id_articulo=137187 El Dia] Encusta (Ipsos) 2014: "INE: el 69% de los bolivianos no pertenece a ningún pueblo indígena. Estudio. Según la encuesta Ipsos, el 25% se autodefine aymara, el 11% quechua, el 3% blanco y el 1% guaraní y afroboliviano. Los indígenas aseguran que están visibilizados."</ref>
|-
! [[Australia (continent)|Australia]] and [[Oceania]]|| N/D|| 23.6m || ||
|-
|[[Australian people|Australia]]
| 76%
| 17,500
| 2016 Census
|<ref name="humanrights.gov.au">{{cite web |url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/document/publication/Leading%20for%20Change_Blueprint2018_FINAL_Web.pdf |title=Leading for change |website= humanrights.gov.au|access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[New Zealand people|New Zealand]]
| 71.76%
| 3,370
|[[2018 New Zealand census|2018 Census]]
|<ref name="Results info">{{cite web|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights|title=2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights|date=23 September 2019|website=Stats NZ|access-date=12 December 2019|archive-date=23 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923102431/https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Demographics of New Caledonia|New Caledonia]]'' ''([[France|Fr]])''
| 24.1%
| 65.49
| 2019 Census
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/278-donnees?download=874:structure-de-la-population-des-communautes|title=Population Structure of Communities|website=isee.nc|access-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113144638/http://www.isee.nc/component/phocadownload/category/278-donnees?download=874:structure-de-la-population-des-communautes|archive-date=13 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Guamanian|Guam]]'' ''([[United States|US]])''
| 7.1%
| 11.32
| [[2010 United States Census|2010 Census]]
|<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guam/ Guam (Territory of the US)] CIA Factbook – based on the 2010 official Census statistics</ref>
|-
|''[[Demographics of the Northern Mariana Islands|Northern Mariana Islands]]'' ''([[United States|US]])''
| 2.4%
| 1.12
| [[2010 United States Census|2010 Census]]
|<ref>[http://www.nmhcgov.net/resources/files/NMHC%202015%20AI%20-%20Public%20Review.pdf The Northern Mariana Islands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911195459/http://www.nmhcgov.net/resources/files/NMHC%202015%20AI%20-%20Public%20Review.pdf |date=11 September 2018 }} 2010 Census</ref>
|-
! [[Africa]] || N/D || 4.6m|| – ||
|-
|[[South African people|South Africa]]
| 8.9%
|4,500
| [[South African National Census of 2011|2011 Census]]
|<ref name=Census2011>{{cite book |title=Census 2011: Census in brief |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf |publisher=Statistics South Africa |location=Pretoria |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-621-41388-5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513171240/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Namibia|Namibia]]
| 4.0% to 7.0%
| 75–100
| est.
|<ref>[http://www.namibia-travel.net/namibia/people/whites.html Namibia-Travel] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001213605/http://www.namibia-travel.net/namibia/people/whites.html |date=1 October 2017 }} – retrieved 3 February 2016</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]
| 0.22%
|28.73
| 2012 Census
|<ref>[http://www.zimstat.co.zw/sites/default/files/img/National_Report.pdf ZIMBABWE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110192409/http://www.zimstat.co.zw/sites/default/files/img/National_Report.pdf |date=10 January 2017 }} – POPULATION CENSUS 2012 – retrieved November 2017</ref>
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:left;"| <small>{{note|2|2}} CIA [[The World Factbook]].</small> <br /> <small>{{note|3|3}} Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano</small>
|}

=== Argentina ===
{{Main|Argentines of European descent|Ethnic groups of Argentina}}
[[Argentina]], along with other areas of new settlement like Canada, Australia, Brazil, New Zealand, the United States or Uruguay, is considered a country of immigrants where the vast majority originated from Europe.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6347349.stm |title=Argentina's last Jewish cowboys |publisher=BBC News |date=12 February 2007 |access-date=6 January 2010 |first=Daniel |last=Schweimler}}</ref> White people can be found in all areas of the country, but especially in the central-eastern region ([[Pampas]]), the central-western region ([[Cuyo, Argentina|Cuyo]]), the southern region ([[Patagonia]]) and the north-eastern region ([[Mesopotamia, Argentina|Litoral]]).

White Argentines are mainly descendants of [[Great European immigration wave to Argentina|immigrants]] who came from Europe and the Middle East in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.<ref name="CIA1">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/print/ar.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513143638/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/print/ar.html|url-status=dead|title=CIA – The World Factbook – Argentina|archive-date=13 May 2009}}</ref><ref>[[Enrique Oteiza]] and [[Susana Novick]] hold that «''la Argentina desde el siglo XIX, al igual que Australia, Canadá o Estados Unidos, se convierte en un país de inmigración, entendiendo por esto una sociedad que ha sido conformada por un fenómeno inmigratorio masivo, a partir de una población local muy pequeña.»'' [http://www.iigg.fsoc.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/rc31.pdf Iigg.fsoc.uba.ar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531184634/http://www.iigg.fsoc.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/rc31.pdf|date=31 May 2011}}</ref><ref>Oteiza, Enrique; Novick, Susana. Inmigración y derechos humanos. Política y discursos en el tramo final del menemismo. [en línea]. Buenos Aires: Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 2000 [Citado FECHA]. (IIGG Documentos de Trabajo, N° 14). Disponible en la World Wide Web: [http://www.iigg.fsoc.uba.ar/docs/dt/dt14.pdf Iigg.fsoc.uba.ar]{{dead link|date=October 2017|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>El antropólogo brasileño [[Darcy Ribeiro]] incluye a la Argentina dentro de los ''«pueblos trasplantados»'' de América, junto con Uruguay, Canadá y Estados Unidos (Ribeiro, Darcy. ''Las Américas y la Civilización'' (1985). Buenos Aires:EUDEBA, pp. 449 ss.)</ref><ref>El historiador argentino [[José Luis Romero (historiador)|José Luis Romero]] define a la Argentina como un ''«país aluvial» (Romero, José Luis. «Indicación sobre la situación de las masas en Argentina (1951)», en'' La experiencia Argentina y otros ensayos'', Buenos Aires: Universidad de Belgrano, 1980, p. 64)''</ref> After the regimented Spanish colonists, waves of European settlers came to Argentina from the late nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries. Major contributors included [[Italy]] (initially from [[Piedmont]], Veneto and [[Lombardy]], later from [[Campania]], Calabria, and [[Sicily]]),<ref>[http://www.feditalia.org.ar/arg/federaciones/feditalia_org_fed_regionales.html Federaciones Regionales] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502020738/http://www.feditalia.org.ar/arg/federaciones/feditalia_org_fed_regionales.html |date=2 May 2016 }} feditalia.org.ar</ref> and [[Spain]] (most are [[Galician people|Galicians]] and [[Basque people|Basques]], but there are [[Asturian people|Asturians]], [[Cantabrian people|Cantabrians]], [[Catalan people|Catalans]], and [[Andalusian people|Andalusians]]). Smaller but significant numbers of immigrants include Germans, primarily [[Volga Germans]] from [[Russia]], but also Germans from Germany, Switzerland, and [[Austria]]; French which mainly came from the [[Occitania]] region of France; [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], which already conformed an important community since colonial times; Slavic groups, most of which were [[Croats]], [[Bosniaks]], [[Polish people|Poles]], but also [[Ukrainian people|Ukrainians]], [[Belarusian people|Belarusians]], [[Russian people|Russians]], [[Bulgarian people|Bulgarians]], [[Serbs]] and [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]]; Britons, mainly from England and [[Wales]]; Irish who migrated due to the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Irish Famine]] or prior famines and Scandinavians from [[Sweden]], Denmark, [[Finland]], and [[Norway]]. Smaller waves of settlers from Australia and South Africa, and the United States can be traced in Argentine immigration records.

By the 1910s, after immigration rates peaked, over 30 percent of the country's population was from outside Argentina, and over half of [[Buenos Aires]]' population was foreign-born.<ref>[http://alhim.revues.org/document432.html Dinámica migratoria: coyuntura y estructura en la Argentina de fines del XX] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101022944/http://alhim.revues.org/document432.html |date=1 November 2008 }}. Alhim.revues.org (3 November 2004).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buenosaires.gov.ar/areas/hacienda/sis_estadistico/anu_estadistico/01/web01/c110.htm|title=Buenosaires.gov.ar|access-date=16 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929183555/http://www.buenosaires.gov.ar/areas/hacienda/sis_estadistico/anu_estadistico/01/web01/c110.htm|archive-date=29 September 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
However, the 1914 National Census revealed that around 80% of the national population were either European immigrants, their children or grandchildren.<ref name=rock>Rock, David. ''Argentina: 1516–1982''. University of California Press, 1987.</ref> Among the remaining 20 percent (those descended from the population residing locally before this immigrant wave took shape in the 1870s), around a third were White.<ref>Levene, Ricardo. ''History of Argentina''. University of North Carolina Press, 1937.</ref> European immigration continued to account for over half the nation's population growth during the 1920s, and was again significant (albeit in a smaller wave) following [[World War II]].<ref name=rock /> It is estimated that Argentina received over 6 million European immigrants during the period 1857–1940.<ref>[http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1990/1/90.01.06.x.html Yale immigration study] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416083729/http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1990/1/90.01.06.x.html |date=16 April 2016 }}. Yale.edu.</ref>

Since the 1960s, increasing immigration from bordering countries to the north (especially from [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]], which have [[Amerindian]] and [[Mestizo]] majorities) has lessened that majority somewhat.<ref name=rock />

Criticism of the national census state that data has historically been collected using the category of national origin rather than race in Argentina, leading to undercounting [[Afro-Argentine]]s and Mestizos.<ref>[http://academic.udayton.edu/race/06hrights/georegions/southamerica/argentina01.htm Racial Discrimination in Argentina] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203633/http://academic.udayton.edu/race/06hrights/georegions/southamerica/argentina01.htm |date=3 March 2016 }}. Academic.udayton.edu.</ref> {{lang|es|África Viva}} (Living Africa) is a black rights group in [[Buenos Aires]] with the support of the [[Organization of American States]], financial aid from the [[World Bank]] and Argentina's census bureau is working to add an "Afro-descendants" category to the 2010 census. The 1887 national census was the final year where blacks were included as a separate category before it was eliminated by the government.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/11/27/MNGH0FU3UG1.DTL |title=Blacks in Argentina – officially a few, but maybe a million |first=Ruthie |last=Ackerman |date=27 November 2005 |work=The San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref>

===Angola===
{{Main|White Angolans}}

=== Australia ===
{{Main|European Australians}}
{{See also|Demographics of Australia}}
From 1788, when the [[History of New South Wales|first British colony in Australia]] was founded, until the early nineteenth century, most immigrants to Australia were [[Convicts in Australia|English, Scottish, Welsh and Irish convicts]]. These were augmented by small numbers of free settlers from the [[British Isles]] and other European countries. However, until the mid-nineteenth century, there were few restrictions on immigration, although members of ethnic minorities tended to be assimilated into the [[Anglo-Celtic]] populations.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

People of many nationalities, including many non-White people, emigrated to Australia during the [[Australian gold rushes|goldrushes]] of the 1850s. However, the vast majority was still White and the goldrushes inspired the [[Lambing Flat riots|first racist activism]] and policy, directed mainly at [[Chinese Australians|Chinese immigrants]].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

From the late nineteenth century, the [[States and territories of Australia|Colonial/State]] and later [[Government of Australia|federal governments]] of Australia restricted all permanent immigration to the country by non-Europeans. These policies became known as the "[[White Australia policy]]", which was consolidated and enabled by the [[Immigration Restriction Act 1901]],<ref>[http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=16 Immigration Restriction Act 1901] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601201917/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=16 |date=1 June 2011}}. Foundingdocs.gov.au.</ref> but was never universally applied. Immigration inspectors were empowered to ask immigrants to take dictation from any [[European language]] as a test for admittance, a test used in practice to exclude people from Asia, Africa, and some European and South American countries, depending on the political climate.

Although they were not the prime targets of the policy, it was not until after [[World War II]] that large numbers of southern European and eastern European immigrants were admitted for the first time.<ref>Stephen Castles, "The Australian Model of Immigration and Multiculturalism: Is It Applicable to Europe?," ''International Migration Review'', Vol. 26, No. 2, Special Issue: The New Europe and International Migration. (Summer, 1992), pp. 549–67.</ref> Following this, the White Australia Policy was relaxed in stages: non-European nationals who could demonstrate European descent were admitted (e.g., descendants of European colonizers and settlers from [[white Latin American|Latin America]] or [[white Africans of European ancestry|Africa]]), as were [[indigenous peoples|autochthonous]] inhabitants (such as [[Maronites]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] and [[Mandeans]]) of various nations from the Middle East, most significantly from [[Lebanon]] and to a lesser degree [[Iraq]], [[Syria]] and [[Iran]]. In 1973, all immigration restrictions based on race and geographic origin were officially terminated.

Australia enumerated its population by race between 1911 and 1966, by racial-origin in 1971 and 1976, and by self-declared ancestry alone since 1981, meaning no attempt is now made to classify people according to skin color.<ref name="referendum1967">{{cite web |url= http://abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0Feature+Article2July+2011 |title=Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples and the Census After the 1967 Referendum |work=Abs.gov.au |date=5 July 2011 |access-date=3 February 2016}}</ref> As at the 2016 census, it was estimated{{by whom|date=December 2022}} that around 58% of the Australian population were Anglo-Celtic Australians with 18% being of other European origins, a total of 76% for European ancestries as a whole.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

===Barbados===
{{Main article|White Barbadians}}

=== Bolivia ===
{{Main|White Bolivians}}

=== Botswana ===
{{Main|White people in Botswana}}

=== Brazil ===
{{Main|White Brazilians}}
Recent censuses in Brazil are conducted on the basis of self-identification. According to the 2010 Census, they totaled 91,051,646 people, and made up 47.73% of the Brazilian population.<ref name="ibge.gov.br2">{{cite web |url= http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/caracteristicas_da_populacao/tabelas_pdf/tab3.pdf |date=8 November 2011 |title=Censo Demográfi co 2010 Características da população e dos domicílios Resultados do universo |access-date=12 July 2014}}</ref>

As a term, "White" in Brazil is generally applied to people of European descent. The term may also encompass other people, such as Brazilians of [[West Asia]]n descent, and in some contexts, East Asians. Though Brazilians of East Asian descent are, in other contexts, classified as <!-- "Amarela" or "yellow" is the official census term used to describe Brazilians of East Asians descent.-->"Yellow"<!-- Do not change.--> (amarela).<ref name=Telles>{{Citation|pages=[https://archive.org/details/raceinanotherame0000tell/page/272 273]|title=Race in Another America: the significance of skin color in Brazil|author=Edward Eric Telles|chapter=Racial Classification|year=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-11866-3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/raceinanotherame0000tell/page/272|quote=The Japanese were sometimes considered white. Lesser (1999) cites Federal Deputy Acylino de Ledo in a speech before the House who stated, "The Japanese colonists are even whiter than the Portuguese."}}</ref> The census shows a trend of fewer Brazilians of a different descent (most likely mixed) identifying as White people as their social status increases.<ref name=LATimes>Gregory Rodriguez, "[http://articles.latimes.com/2006/sep/03/opinion/oe-rodriguez3 Brazil Separates Into Black and White] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305071605/http://articles.latimes.com/2006/sep/03/opinion/oe-rodriguez3 |date=5 March 2016 }}," LA Times, 3 September 2006. Note that the figures belie the title.</ref><ref>Rodriguez, Gregory. (3 September 2006) [http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2006/brazil_separates_into_a_world_of_black_and_white Brazil Separates Into a World of Black and White | The New America Foundation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402184434/http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2006/brazil_separates_into_a_world_of_black_and_white |date=2 April 2015 }}. Newamerica.net.</ref> Nevertheless, light-skinned [[Mulatto]]es and Mestizos with European features were also historically deemed as more closely related to "whiteness" then unmixed Blacks.<ref name="LATimes" />

=== Canada ===
{{Main|European Canadians}}
{{See also|Demographics of Canada}}
Of the over 36 million [[Canadians]] enumerated in 2021 approximately 25 million reported being "White", representing 69.8&nbsp;percent of the population.<ref name="Canada2021CensusA"/><ref name="Canada2021CensusB"/>

In the 1995 Employment Equity Act, "'members of visible minorities' means persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour". In the 2001 Census, persons who selected Chinese, South Asian, African, Filipino, Latin American, Southeast Asian, Arab, West Asian, Middle Eastern, Japanese or Korean were included in the visible minority population.<ref>Human Resources and Social Development Canada, [http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/asp/gateway.asp?hr=/en/lp/lo/lswe/we/ee_tools/data/eedr/annual/2001/technotes.shtml&hs=2001 2001 Employment Equity Data Report] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> A separate census question on "cultural or ethnic origin" (question 17) does not refer to [[Human skin color|skin color]].<ref>Census 2001: 2B (Long Form)</ref>

=== Chile ===
{{Main|Demographics of Chile}}
Scholarly estimates of the White population in Chile vary dramatically, ranging from 20%<ref name="BritannicaCL">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Chile |url= http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/article-198552/Chile |encyclopedia =Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=15 September 2012 | quote=Chile's ethnic makeup is largely a product of Spanish colonization. About three fourths of Chileans are mestizo, a mixture of European and Amerindian ancestries. One fifth of Chileans are of white European (mainly Spanish) descent.}}</ref> to 52%.<ref name="Lizcano Fernández 2005" /> According to a study by the [[University of Chile]] about 30% of the Chilean population is Caucasian,<ref name="UC">{{cite web |title=5.2.6. Estructura racial |url=http://mazinger.sisib.uchile.cl/repositorio/lb/ciencias_quimicas_y_farmaceuticas/medinae/cap2/ |work=University of Chile |access-date=10 February 2013 |language=es }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> while the 2011 [[Latinobarómetro]] survey shows that some 60% of Chileans consider themselves White.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.latinobarometro.org/latOnline.jsp |title=Online Data Analysis |date=2011 |access-date=23 January 2015 |website=Latinobarómetro |publisher=Corporación Latinobarómetro}}</ref>

During colonial times in the eighteenth century, an important flux of emigrants from Spain populated Chile, mostly Basques, who vitalized the Chilean economy and rose rapidly in the social hierarchy and became the political elite that still dominates the country.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Chile |url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111326/Chile/24684/The-people |encyclopedia =Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=15 September 2012 |quote=...Basque families who migrated to Chile in the 18th century vitalized the economy and joined the old Castilian aristocracy to become the political elite that still dominates the country.}}</ref> An estimated 1.6 million (10%) to 3.2 million (20%) Chileans have a surname (one or both) of Basque origin.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.osasun.ejgv.euskadi.net/r52-dkcont01/es/contenidos/noticia/albis12_257_txile_08_11/es_txile/albis12_257_txile_08_11.html |title=Presentación del libro Santiago de Chile |date=19 November 2008 |access-date=23 January 2015 |website=Departmento de Salud |publisher=Eusko Jaurlaritza – Gobierno Vasco |last=Madariaga |first=Ainara}}</ref> The Basques liked Chile because of its great similarity to their native land: similar geography, cool climate, and the presence of fruits, seafood, and wine.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |title=...de los Vascos, Oñati y Los Elorza |last=Elorza |first=Waldo Ayarza |date=1995 |pages=59, 65, 66, 68}}</ref>

Chile was never an attractive place for European migrants in the nineteenth and twentieth century simply because it was far from Europe and difficult to reach. Chile experienced a tiny but steady arrival of Spanish, [[Italian Chilean|Italians]], Irish, [[French Chilean|French]], [[Greeks in Chile|Greeks]], [[German Chilean|Germans]], English, [[Scottish people|Scots]], [[Croatian people|Croats]] and [[Ashkenazi Jews]], in addition to immigration from other Latin American countries.

The original arrival of Spaniards was the most radical change in demographics due to the arrival of Europeans in Chile,<ref name=":1" /> since there was never a period of massive immigration, in contrast to neighboring nations such as Argentina and Uruguay.<ref name="HistoriaContemporaneaDeChile" /> Facts about the amount of immigration do not coincide with certain national chauvinistic discourse, which claims that Chile, like Argentina or Uruguay, would be considered one of the "White" Latin American countries, in contrast to the racial mixture that prevails in the rest of the continent. However, it is undeniable that immigrants have played a major role in Chilean society.<ref name="HistoriaContemporaneaDeChile" /> Between 1851 and 1924 Chile only received the 0.5% of the European immigration flow to Latin America, compared to the 46% received by Argentina, 33% by Brazil, 14% by Cuba, and 4% by Uruguay. This was because most of the migration occurred across the Atlantic before the construction of the Panama Canal. Europeans preferred to stay in countries closer to their homelands instead of taking the long trip through the Straits of Magellan or across the Andes.<ref name=":1" /> In 1907, European-born immigrants composed 2.4% of the Chilean population,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1907.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200341/http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1907.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Memoria Presidentada al Supremo Gobierno por la Comsion Central del Censo
|language=es |trans-title=Report Presented to the Supreme Government by the Central Census Commission |archive-date=4 March 2016|website=Default}}</ref> which fell to 1.8% in 1920,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1920.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052320/http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1920.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Censo de Población de la República de Chile |language=es |trans-title=Population Census of the Republic of Chile |date=1920-12-15 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=Default}}</ref> and 1.5% in 1930.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1930.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234924/http://www.ine.cl/canales/usuarios/cedoc_online/censos/pdf/censo_1930.pdf |url-status=dead|title=Resultados del X Censo de la Poblacion efectuado el 27 de Noviembre de 1930 y Estadisticas Comparativas con Censos Anteriores

|language=es |trans-title=Results of the X Population Census carried out on November 27, 1930 and Comparative Statistics with Previous Censuses |archive-date=3 March 2016|website=Default}}</ref>

After the failed [[Revolutions of 1848 in the German states|liberal revolution of 1848]] in the German states,<ref name="HistoriaContemporaneaDeChile">{{cite book |title=Historia Contemporánea de Chile |last1=Salazar Vergara |first1=Gabriel |last2=Pinto |first2=Julio |author-link1=Gabriel Salazar|author-link2=Julio Pinto |date=1999 |publisher=[[LOM Ediciones]] |location=Santiago de Chile |isbn=978-956-282-174-2 |chapter=La Presencia Inmigrante |pages=76–81 |access-date=16 September 2012 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Vyx8JQtvU78C&q=Chile+migracion+europea&pg=PA78 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Superpoblación |last=Durán |first=Hipólito |date=1997 |publisher=Real Academia Nacional de Medicina |location=Madrid |isbn=978-84-923901-0-6 |chapter=El crecimiento de la población latinoamericana y en especial de Chile • Academia Chilena de Medicina |page=217 |access-date=16 September 2012 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IXFVHAXxNw0C&q=Chile+migracion+europea&pg=PA217 }}</ref> a significant German immigration took place, laying the foundation for the [[German-Chilean]] community. Sponsored by the Chilean government to "civilize" and colonize the southern region,<ref name="HistoriaContemporaneaDeChile" /> these Germans (including German-speaking Swiss, [[Silesians]], [[Alsace|Alsatians]] and Austrians) settled mainly in [[Valdivia]], [[Llanquihue Province|Llanquihue]] and [[Los Angeles, Chile|Los Ángeles]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Recuerdos del Pasado |last1=Pérez Rosales |first1=Vicente |author-link=Vicente Pérez Rosales |date=1860 |publisher=Editorial Andrés Bello |location=Santiago de Chile |access-date=16 September 2012 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cISuC7tC5hsC&q=Recuerdos+del+Pasado }}</ref> The Chilean Embassy in Germany estimated 150,000 to 200,000 Chileans are [[German diaspora|of German origin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.echile.de/index.php/es/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805064812/http://www.embajadaconsuladoschile.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=60&lang=de|url-status=dead|title=Embajada de Chile en Alemania|archive-date=5 August 2009|website=echile.de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kuwi.europa-uni.de/de/lehrstuhl/sw/sw1/mitarbeiter/rosenberg/lateinam.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102170531/http://www.kuwi.europa-uni.de/de/lehrstuhl/sw/sw1/mitarbeiter/rosenberg/lateinam.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Kuwi.europa-uni.de|archive-date=2 November 2012}}</ref>

Another historically significant immigrant group were Croatian immigrants. The [[Croatian Chileans]], their descendants today, number at an estimated 380,000 persons, the equivalent of 2.4% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hrvatskimigracije.es.tl/Diaspora-Croata.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509095402/http://hrvatskimigracije.es.tl/Diaspora-Croata.htm|url-status=dead|title=Hrvatskiimigracije.es.tl – Diaspora Croata|archive-date=9 May 2016|website=hrvatskimigracije.es.tl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://matis.hr/vijesti.php?id=2265 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604233703/http://www.matis.hr/vijesti.php?id=2265 |url-status=dead |date = 25 March 2009 | language = hr | title = Splitski osnovnoškolci rođeni u Čileu | first = Merien | last = Ilić |archive-date=4 June 2012 |publisher = [[Hrvatska matica iseljenika]] }}</ref> Other authors claim, on the other hand, that close to 4.6% of the Chilean population have some [[Croatian diaspora|Croatian ancestry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrvatski.cl/html/croatas.htm |title=Hrvatski |work=Hrvatski.cl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195315/http://www.hrvatski.cl/html/croatas.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> Over 700,000 Chileans may have British (English, Scottish or [[Welsh people|Welsh]]) origin, 4.5% of Chile's population.<ref name=British>{{cite web |url= http://www.biografiadechile.cl/detalle.php?IdContenido=1673&IdCategoria=91&IdArea=488&TituloPagina=Historia%20de%20Chile |title=Historia de Chile, Británicos y Anglosajones en Chile durante el siglo XIX |access-date=26 April 2009}}</ref> Chileans of [[Greek people|Greek]] descent are estimated 90,000 to 120,000.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://viajerosgriegos.ar.vg/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016224632/http://viajerosgriegos.ar.vg/|url-status=dead|title=ar.vg – Desde Argentina para el mundo|archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> Most of them live either in the [[Santiago]] area or in the [[Antofagasta]] area, and [[Chile]] is one of the 5 countries with the most descendants of Greeks in the world.<ref name="auto1" /> The descendants of the [[Swiss people|Swiss]] reach 90,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://schweizergruppe.sv.tc/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925011120/http://schweizergruppe.sv.tc/|url-status=dead|title=Domain im Kundenauftrag registriert|archive-date=25 September 2009|website=schweizergruppe.sv.tc}}</ref> and it is estimated that about 5% of the [[Demographics of Chile|Chilean population]] has some [[France|French ancestry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karnobooks.com/cgi-bin/karno/5814.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412230551/http://www.karnobooks.com/cgi-bin/karno/5814.html|url-status=dead|title=5% de los chilenos tiene origen frances|archive-date=12 April 2008}}</ref> 184,000-800,000 (estimates) are [[Italian Chilean|descendants of Italians]].<ref name=Italian-World>{{cite web|url=http://www.migranti.torino.it/Documenti%20%20PDF/italianial%20ster05.pdf |title=Italiani nel Mondo: diaspora italiana in cifre |date=30 April 2004 |publisher=Migranti Torino |language=it |access-date=24 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227022729/http://www.migranti.torino.it/Documenti%20%20PDF/italianial%20ster05.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2008 }}</ref> Other groups of European descendants are found in smaller numbers.

=== Colombia ===
{{Main|White Colombian}}
The Colombian government does not carry out official racial censuses, nor does it carry out self-identification racial censuses as is the case in [[Brazil]], [[Argentina]], and [[Venezuela]], so the figures shown are usually based on data from populations considered "non-ethnic", which are those (Whites and Mestizos). According to the 2018 census, approximately 87.58% of the Colombian population are White or Mestizo. However, according to the recognized [[United States|American]] portal of genetics [[PLOS|Public Library of Science]] (PLOS) in 2015 determined that the country's European ancestry is 62.5%<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"/> according to a study of ancestry and history carried out in different South American countries, with Colombia being the country with the second highest European heritage only behind [[Argentina]]. Another study made by the same genetic portal determined in 2018 that the European ancestry of Colombians was 72.9%.<ref>{{cite journal| title= Understanding the Hidden Complexity of Latin American Population Isolates | year= 2018 | pmc= 6218714 | last1= Mooney | first1= J. A. | last2= Huber | first2= C. D. | last3= Service | first3= S. | last4= Sul | first4= J. H. | last5= Marsden | first5= C. D. | last6= Zhang | first6= Z. | last7= Sabatti | first7= C. | last8= Ruiz-Linares | first8= A. | last9= Bedoya | first9= G. | author10= Costa Rica/Colombia Consortium for Genetic Investigation of Bipolar Endophenotypes | last11= Freimer | first11= N. | last12= Lohmueller | first12= K. E. | journal= American Journal of Human Genetics | volume= 103 | issue= 5 | pages= 707–726 | doi= 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.09.013 | pmid= 30401458 }}</ref> The same United States sources claim that White Colombians are mostly descendants of Spaniards, Italian,<ref name="web.archive.org">{{cite web |date=2018-02-09 |title=Convenzioni Inps estere, Fedi sollecita Nuova Zelanda ma anche Cile e Filippine |url=http://www.ilmondo.tv/it/notizie-emigrazione/3410-convenzioni-inps-estere-fedi-sollecita-nuova-zelanda-ma-anche-cile-e-filippine.html |access-date=2022-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002829/http://www.ilmondo.tv/it/notizie-emigrazione/3410-convenzioni-inps-estere-fedi-sollecita-nuova-zelanda-ma-anche-cile-e-filippine.html |archive-date=9 February 2018 }}</ref> German,<ref>{{cite web |date=2019-06-10 |title=Estos fueron los primeros alemanes en Colombia |url=https://revistadiners.com.co/cultura/archivo/67972_estos-fueron-los-primero-alemanes-en-colombia/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Revista Diners |language=es}}</ref> Irish,<ref>{{cite web |title=News & Events – Irlandeses en Colombia y Antioquia – Department of Foreign Affairs |url=https://www.dfa.ie/irish-embassy/colombia/newsevents/irlandeses-en-colombia-y-antioquia-.html |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=dfa.ie}}</ref> French,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Salamanca |first1=Helwar Figueroa |last2=Espitia |first2=Julián David Corredor |last3=Salamanca |first3=Helwar Figueroa |last4=Espitia |first4=Julián David Corredor |date=December 2019 |title="En una ciudad gris y silenciosa": la migración francesa en Bogotá (1900-1920) |journal=Anuario de Historia Regional y de las Fronteras |language=es |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=75–100 |doi=10.18273/revanu.v24n2-2019003 |s2cid=203515282 |issn=0122-2066|doi-access=free }}</ref> Portuguese, and Lebanese ([[Arab diaspora in Colombia]]) Colombians are found in notable numbers<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NVUKWc_YAk8C&q=lebanese+colombians&pg=PA126|title=Colombia: A Country Study|first1=Rex A.|last1=Hudson|first2=Library of Congress (U S. ), Federal Research|last2=Division|publisher=Government Printing Office|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-8444-9502-6|date=8 September 2010}}</ref>

Many Spanish began their explorations searching for gold, while other Spanish established themselves as leaders of the native social organizations teaching natives the [[Christianity|Christian faith]] and the ways of their [[Christian Civilization|civilization]]. Catholic priests would provide education for Native Americans that otherwise was unavailable. Within 100 years after the first Spanish settlement, nearly 95 percent of all Native Americans in Colombia had died. The majority of the deaths of Native Americans were the cause of diseases such as measles and smallpox, which were spread by European settlers. Many Native Americans were also killed by armed conflicts with European settlers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/281/Colombia-HISTORY-BACKGROUND.html|title=Colombia – History Background|website=education.stateuniversity.com|language=en|access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref>

Between 1540 and 1559, 8.9 percent of the residents of Colombia were of Basque origin. It has been suggested that the present day incidence of business entrepreneurship in the region of [[Antioquia Department|Antioquia]] is attributable to the Basque immigration and Basque character traits.<ref name="Amerikanuak">Amerikanuak: Basques in the New World by William A. Douglass, Jon Bilbao, p. 167</ref> Few Colombians of distant Basque descent are aware of their Basque ethnic heritage.<ref name="Amerikanuak" /> In Bogota, there is a small colony of thirty to forty families who emigrated as a consequence of the Spanish Civil War or because of different opportunities.<ref name="Amerikanuak" /> Basque priests were the ones that introduced handball into Colombia.<ref name=Pastor>Possible paradises: Basque emigration to Latin America by José Manuel Azcona Pastor, p. 203</ref> Basque immigrants in Colombia were devoted to teaching and public administration.<ref name=Pastor /> In the first years of the Andean multinational company, Basque sailors navigated as captains and pilots on the majority of the ships until the country was able to train its own crews.<ref name=Pastor />

It´s estimated that 3% of Colombians have German ancestry, which constitutes approximately 1.5 million and the third largest group of Europeans after the [[Spanish Colombian|Spanish]] and [[Italian Colombian|Italians]] in the country.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.scribd.com/book/524417552/Germans-in-the-History-of-Colombia-from-Colonial-Times-to-the-Present |title=Germans in the History of Colombia from Colonial Times to the Present by Jane M. Rausch - Ebook {{!}} Scribd |language=en}}</ref> In December 1941 the United States government estimated that there were 4,000 Germans living in Colombia.<ref name=LB>Latin America during World War II by Thomas M. Leonard, John F. Bratzel, P.117</ref> There were some Nazi agitators in Colombia, such as Barranquilla businessman Emil Prufurt.<ref name=LB /> Colombia invited Germans who were on the U.S. blacklist to leave.<ref name=LB /> [[SCADTA]], a Colombian-German air transport corporation which was established by German expatriates in 1919, was the first commercial airline in the western hemisphere.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.stampnotes.com/Notes_from_the_Past/pastnote248.htm |title=SCADTA Joins the Fight |work=stampnotes.com}}</ref>

The Italians arrived on the Colombian coast, and quickly moved towards the expanding agricultural areas. There, some of them achieved success in the commercialisation of livestock, agricultural products and imported goods, which later led to the transfer of their lucrative activities to Barranquilla. Some important buildings were created by Italians in the nineteenth century, like the famous [[Teatro de Cristóbal Colón|Colón Theater]] of the capital. It is one of the most representative theatres of Colombia, with a neoclassic architecture: was built by the Italian architect Pietro Cantini and founded in 1892; has more than 2,400 square metres (26,000 sq ft) for 900 people. This famous Italian architect also contributed to the construction of the [[Capitolio Nacional]] of the capital.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pietro Cantini |url=https://www.epdlp.com/arquitecto.php?id=7661 |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=epdlp.com}}</ref> Oreste Sindici was an Italian-born Colombian musician and composer, who composed the music for the Colombian national anthem in 1887. Oreste Sindici died in Bogotá on 12 January 1904, due to severe arteriosclerosis. In 1937 the Colombian government honored his memory.<ref>{{cite web |date=2012-03-09 |title=::Presidencia de la República de Colombia:: |url=http://web.presidencia.gov.co/asiescolombia/himno2.htm |access-date=2022-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309145026/http://web.presidencia.gov.co/asiescolombia/himno2.htm |archive-date=9 March 2012 }}</ref> After the Second World War, Italian emigration to Colombia was directed primarily toward [[Bogotá|Bogota]], [[Cali]] and [[Medellín|Medellin]]. They have Italian schools in [[Bogotá|Bogota]] (Institutes "[[Colegio Italiano Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo da Vinci]]" and "[[Gimnasio Alessandro Volta|Alessandro Volta]]"),<ref>{{cite web |last=Jiménez |first=Camilo Torres |date=2021-10-07 |title=Educación a la Italiana en Bogotá |url=https://bogota.italiani.it/educacion-a-la-italiana-en-bogota/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=itBogotá |language=es}}</ref> [[Medellín]] ("Leonardo da Vinci") & [[Barranquilla]] ("Galileo Galilei"). The Italian migration government estimates that there are at least 2 million Colombians of Italian descent, making them the second largest and most numerous European group in the country after the [[Spanish Colombian|Spanish]].<ref name="web.archive.org"/>

The first and largest wave of immigration from the Middle East began around 1880, and remained during the first two decades of the twentieth century. They were mainly Maronite Christians from Greater Syria (Syria and Lebanon) and Palestine, fleeing the then colonized Ottoman territories.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=http://www.webislam.com/?idn=4103|title=La comunidad musulmana de Maicao (Colombia) – Webislam|last=juntaislamica.com|website=webislam.com|language=es|access-date=17 January 2018}}</ref> Syrians, Palestinians, and Lebanese continued since then to settle in Colombia.<ref name=LABLAA>[http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/publicacionesbanrep/boletin/boleti5/bol29/tierra3.htm {{in lang|es}} Luis Angel Arango Library: Los sirio-libaneses en Colombia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025184545/http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/publicacionesbanrep/boletin/boleti5/bol29/tierra3.htm |date=25 October 2006 }} lablaa.org</ref> Due to poor existing information it is impossible to know the exact number of Lebanese and Syrians that immigrated to Colombia. A figure of 5,000–10,000 from 1880 to 1930 may be reliable.<ref name="LABLAA" /> Whatever the figure, Syrians and Lebanese are perhaps the biggest immigrant group next to the Spanish since independence.<ref name="LABLAA" /> Those who left their homeland in the Middle East to settle in Colombia left for different reasons such as religious, economic, and political reasons.<ref name="LABLAA" /> Some left to experience the adventure of migration. After Barranquilla and Cartagena, Bogota stuck next to Cali, among cities with the largest number of Arabic-speaking representatives in Colombia in 1945.<ref name="LABLAA" /> The Arabs that went to [[Maicao]] were mostly [[Sunni Muslim]] with some [[Druze]] and [[Shiites]], as well as Orthodox and Maronite Christians.<ref name=":4" /> The mosque of [[Maicao]] is the second largest mosque in Latin America.<ref name=":4" /> Middle Easterns are generally called {{lang|es|Turcos}} (Turkish).<ref name=":4" />

=== Costa Rica ===
{{Main|White Costa Rican}}
In 2009, Costa Rica had an estimated population of 4,509,290. White people (includes mestizo) make up 94%, 3% are [[black people]], 1% are Amerindians, and 1% are Chinese. White Costa Ricans are mostly of Spanish ancestry,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |date=2007 |title=Costa Rica |encyclopedia=[[MSN Encarta|Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia]] |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572479/costa_rica.html |access-date=29 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529013932/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572479/costa_rica.html |archive-date=29 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> but there are also significant numbers of Costa Ricans descended from British, [[Italians|Italian]], [[Germans|German]], English, [[Dutch people|Dutch]], French, Irish, [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] and [[Polish people|Polish]] families, as well a sizable Jewish (namely Ashekanzi and Sephardic) community.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

=== Cuba ===
{{Main|Cubans|Spanish immigration to Cuba|Demographics of Cuba}}
{| class="toccolours" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:95%;"
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:#ccf; text-align:center;"| Self-identified as White 1899–2012 Cuba Census<ref>{{cite web |url= http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2FCCC&CISOPTR=1683&REC=5&CISOBOX=foreign |title=Report on the Census of Cuba, 1899 |work=sc.edu}}</ref><ref name="bare_url">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QCSJ61F4j34C&q=cuba+1953+census+white+73%25&pg=PA155 |title=Political Disaffection in Cuba's Revolution and Exodus |isbn=978-0-521-86787-0 |last1=Pedraza |first1=Silvia |date=17 September 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/cpv2012/20140428informenacional/46_tabla_II_4.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603230454/http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/cpv2012/20140428informenacional/46_tabla_II_4.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Official 2012 Census|archive-date=3 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="Cuban Census"/>
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| Census year
! style="text-align:center;"| Population
! style="text-align:center;"| Percentage
|-
| colspan=3|
----
|-
|1899
|1,067,354
|66.9%
|-
|1953
|4,243,956
|72.8%
|-
|2002
|7,271,926
|65%
|-
|2012
|7,160,399
|64.1%
|-
| colspan=3|
----
|}

White people in Cuba make up 64.1% of the total population according to the 2012 census<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.one.cu/ |title=2012 Cuban Census |publisher=One.cu |date=28 April 2006 |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-date=26 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226105518/http://www.one.cu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.latercera.com/noticia/mundo/2013/11/678-550807-9-censo-en-cuba-concluye-que-la-poblacion-decrece-envejece-y-se-vuelve-cada-vez.shtml |title=Censo en Cuba concluye que la población decrece, envejece y se vuelve cada vez más mestiza |publisher=Grupo Copesa |date=8 November 2013 |work=latercera.com |access-date=16 July 2015 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020219/http://www.latercera.com/noticia/mundo/2013/11/678-550807-9-censo-en-cuba-concluye-que-la-poblacion-decrece-envejece-y-se-vuelve-cada-vez.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> with the majority being of diverse Spanish descent. However, after the mass exodus resulting from the [[Cuban Revolution]] in 1959, the number of white Cubans actually residing in Cuba diminished. Today various records claiming the percentage of Whites in Cuba are conflicting and uncertain; some reports (usually coming from Cuba) still report a less, but similar, pre-1959 number of 65% and others (usually from outside observers) report a 40–45%. Despite most White Cubans being of Spanish descent, many others are of French, Portuguese, German, Italian and Russian descent.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cubagenweb.org/french/index.htm#refugees |title=Etat des propriétés rurales appartenant à des Français dans l'île de Cuba}} (from [http://www.cubagenweb.org/ Cuban Genealogy Center])</ref>

During the eighteenth, nineteenth and early part of the twentieth century, large waves of [[Canarian people|Canarians]], [[Catalan people|Catalans]], [[Andalusian people|Andalusians]], [[Castilian people|Castilians]], and [[Galician people|Galicians]] emigrated to Cuba. Many [[History of the Jews in Cuba|European Jews]] have also immigrated there, with some of them being [[Sephardic Jews|Sephardic]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/02/04/travel/04journeys.html?em&ex=1170824400&en=254a263b2686376e&ei=5087%0A |title=In Cuba, Finding a Tiny Corner of Jewish Life |access-date=19 November 2008 |work=The New York Times |date=4 February 2007}}</ref> Between 1901 and 1958, more than a million Spaniards arrived to Cuba from Spain; many of these and their descendants left after Castro's communist [[Cuban Revolution|regime took power]]. Historically, Chinese descendants in Cuba were classified as White.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/CCC&CISOPTR=1683&REC=5&CISOBOX=foreign|title=Report on the Census of Cuba, Census of Cuba 1899|website=Digital.tcl.sc.edu|access-date=19 April 2022|page=81}}</ref>

In 1953,<ref name="Cuban Census">{{cite web|title=El Color de la Piel según el Censo de Población y Viviendas|url=http://www.onei.gob.cu/sites/default/files/publicacion_completa_color_de_la_piel__0.pdf|access-date=19 April 2022|website=Cuba Statistics and Information|pages=8, 17–18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121050600/http://www.onei.gob.cu/sites/default/files/publicacion_completa_color_de_la_piel__0.pdf|archive-date=21 January 2022}}</ref> it was estimated that 72.8% of Cubans were of European ancestry, mainly of Spanish origin, 12.4% of African ancestry, 14.5% of both African and European ancestry (mulattos), and 0.3% of the population was of Chinese and or East Asian descent (officially called "amarilla" or "yellow" in the census). However, after the [[Cuban revolution]], due to a combination of factors, mainly mass [[Emigration|exodus]] to Miami, United States, a drastic decrease in immigration, and interracial reproduction, Cuba's demography has changed. As a result, those of complete European ancestry and those of pure African ancestry have decreased, the mixed population has increased, and the Chinese (or East Asian) population has, for all intents and purposes, disappeared.<ref name="Cuban Census"/>

The Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the [[University of Miami]] says the present Cuban population is 38% White and 62% Black/Mulatto.<ref name="barrier">{{cite web|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/multimedia/news/afrolatin/part4/index.html|title=A barrier for Cuba's blacks – New attitudes on once-taboo race questions emerge with a fledgling black movement|website=[[Miami Herald]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821113550/http://www.miamiherald.com/multimedia/news/afrolatin/part4/index.html|archive-date=21 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Minority Rights Group International]] says that "An objective assessment of the situation of Afro-Cubans remains problematic due to scant records and a paucity of systematic studies both pre- and post-revolution. Estimates of the percentage of people of African descent in the Cuban population vary enormously, ranging from 33.9 per cent to 62 per cent".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/49749d342c.html|title=Refworld {{!}} World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Cuba : Afro-Cubans|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|work=Refworld|access-date=17 January 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,COUNTRYPROF,CUB,4562d94e2,4954ce3123,0.html |title= World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Cuba : Overview |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110510214518/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,COUNTRYPROF,CUB,4562d94e2,4954ce3123,0.html |archive-date= 10 May 2011 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

According to the most recent 2012 census, Cuba's population was 11,167,325.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

=== Democratic Republic of the Congo ===
{{Main|White people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}

=== Dominican Republic ===
{{Main|White Dominicans}}

=== El Salvador ===
{{Main|White Salvadoran}}
In 2013, White Salvadorans were a minority ethnic group in El Salvador, accounting for 12.7% of the country's population. An additional 86.3% of the population were mestizo, having mixed Amerindian and European ancestry.<ref name=cia>{{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/el-salvador/ |work=The World Factbook |title=El Salvador |access-date=12 October 2013 |publisher=U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]] }}</ref>

=== France ===
White people in France are a broad racial-based, or [[Human skin color|skin color]]-based, social category in French society.

In statistical terms, the French government banned the collection of racial or ethnic information in 1978, and the [[National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies]] (INSEE), therefore, does not provide census data on White residents or citizens in France. [[Judiciary of France|French courts]] have, however, made cases,<ref name="newsweek2020">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/french-court-may-fine-little-known-rapper-alleged-racist-video-and-song-1287651|title=French Court May Fine Little-Known Rapper For Alleged Racist Song, 'Hang White People,' And Accompanying Music Video|author=Renata Birkenbuel|date=10 January 2020|work=[[Newsweek]]|quote=incitement to violence does not stop just because the intended victim is white}}</ref> and issued rulings, which have identified White people as a demographic group within the country.<ref name="bbc2019">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47633459|title=Hang White People: Rapper Nick Conrad fined over YouTube song|date=19 March 2019|publisher=BBC}}</ref>

White people in France are defined, or discussed, as a racial or social grouping, from a diverse and often conflicting range of political and cultural perspectives; in anti-racism activism in France, from right-wing political dialogue or propaganda, and other sources.<ref name="Pettit2019">{{Cite news|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/as-white-supremacists-try-to-remake-history-scholars-seek-to-preserve-the-record/|title=As White Supremacists Try to Remake History, Scholars Seek to Preserve the Record|author=Emma Pettit|date=5 August 2019|work=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]|quote=[[Renaud Camus|Camus]] argues that white people in France, and in Europe in general, are being replaced by Muslim immigrants, in what he calls "genocide by substitution."}}</ref><ref name="wapo2018">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/a-black-french-rapper-sang-about-hanging-the-whites-he-may-now-be-prosecuted/2018/09/27/93482f68-c24e-11e8-97a5-ab1e46bb3bc7_story.html|title=A black French rapper sang about hanging 'the whites.' He may now be prosecuted.|author=James McAuley|date=27 September 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|quote="White people in France are not in danger," [[Rokhaya Diallo|Diallo]] said, referencing the issue of police brutality. In 2016, for instance, a 24-year-old [[Death of Adama Traoré|black man named Adama Traore]] was trampled and killed by police in the town of [[Beaumont-sur-Oise]]}}</ref>

==== Background ====
Whites in France have been studied with regard the group's historical involvement in [[French colonialism]]; how "whites in France have played a major international role in colonizing areas of the globe such as the [[African continent]]."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Social Problems: A Comparative International Perspective|chapter=Social Problems; France: Colonialism And Contemporary Racism|author=George Ritzer|author-link=George Ritzer|date=2003|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|isbn=978-0-7619-2610-8|quote=[[France]] has a long tradition of overseas colonialism. While whites in the [[United States]] have historically exploited many [[people of color]] mostly within the country, whites in France have played a major international role in colonizing areas of the globe such as the [[African continent]].}}</ref>

They have been described as a privileged social class within the country, comparatively sheltered from racism and poverty. {{lang|de|[[Der Spiegel]]}} has reported how "most white people in France only know the banlieues as a kind of caricature". [[Banlieues]], outer-city regions across the country that are increasingly identified with minority groups, often have residents who are disproportionately affected by unemployment and poverty.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/movies-in-misery-an-escape-from-the-squalor-of-the-paris-banlieues-a-649c9e4a-7777-499e-8ae6-72cef8c0caa2|title=An Escape from the Squalor of the Paris Banlieues|author=Britta Sandberg|date=19 August 2020|work=[[Der Spiegel]]|quote=Most white people in France only know the [[banlieues]] as a kind of caricature, such as that presented by the right-wing populist [[Marine Le Pen]] during her political campaigns.}}</ref>

The lack of census data collected by the [[INED]] and [[INSEE]] for Whites in France has been analyzed, from some academic perspectives, as masking racial issues within the country, or a form of false [[racial color blindness]]. Writing for [[Al Jazeera]], French journalist [[Rokhaya Diallo]] suggests that "a large portion of White people in France are not used to having frank conversations about race and racism."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/10/10/french-whiteness-is-in-crisis/|title=French whiteness is in crisis|author=Rokhaya Diallo|author-link=Rokhaya Diallo|date=10 October 2019|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> According to political sociologist [[Eduardo Bonilla-Silva]], "whites in France lie to themselves and the world by proclaiming that they do not have institutional racism in their nation."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Citizen Outsider: Children of North African Immigrants in France|chapter=From the Inside Flap|author=Jean Beaman|date=2017|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-29426-4}}</ref> Sociologist [[Crystal Marie Fleming]] has written; "While many whites in France refuse to acknowledge institutionalized racism and [[white supremacy]], there is widespread belief in the specter of 'anti-white racism'".<ref name="Fleming2020">{{Cite news|url=https://h-france.net/Salon/SalonVol12no1.6.Fleming.pdf|title=How to Be Less Stupid About Race in France|volume=12|page=3|author=Crystal Marie Fleming|author-link=Crystal Marie Fleming|date=2020|publisher=H-France Salon|quote=Finally, as I also argue in ''How to Be Less Stupid About Race'', those of us engaged in the work of [[anti-racism]] in and outside of the academy, must continually disrupt efforts to establish a false equivalence between whites and racialized minorities. While many whites in [[France]] refuse to acknowledge institutionalized racism and white supremacy, there is widespread belief in the specter of "anti-white racism,"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=How to Be Less Stupid about Race: On Racism, White Supremacy, and the Racial Divide|author=Crystal Marie Fleming|author-link=Crystal Marie Fleming|date=2018|publisher=[[Beacon Press]]|isbn= 978-0-8070-5077-4}}</ref>

==== Use in right-wing politics ====
Accusations of anti-White racism,<ref name="Fleming2020" /> suggestions of the displacement of,<ref name="Pettit2019" /> or lack of representation for,<ref name="Fifield2006" /> the group, and rhetoric surrounding Whites in France experiencing poverty have been, at times, utilised by various right-wing political elements in the country. [[University of Lyon]]'s political scientist Angéline Escafré-Dublet has written that "the equivalent to a [[White backlash]] in France can be traced through the debate over the purported neglect of the 'poor Whites' in France".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power|chapter=The whiteness of cultural boundaries in France|volume=26|author=Angéline Escafré-Dublet|date=2019|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]}}</ref>

In 2006, French politician [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]] suggested there were too many "players of colour" in the [[France national football team]], after he suggested that 7 of the 23-player squad were White.<ref name="Fifield2006">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2006/jun/30/worldcup2006.sport3|title=We are Frenchmen says Thuram, as Le Pen bemoans number of black players|author=Dominic Fifield|date=30 June 2006|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> In 2020, French politician [[Nadine Morano]] stated that French actress [[Aïssa Maïga]], who was born in [[Senegal]], should "go back to [[Africa]]" if she "was not happy with seeing so many white people in France".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/02/myth-white-parisienne-is-being-challenged-lindsey-tramuta-alice-pfeiffer-and-aissa-maiga|title=The thin, white lie: challenging the 'French women' stereotype |author=Julia Webster Ayuso|date=2 July 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

=== Guatemala ===
{{Main|White Guatemalan}}
In 2010, 18.5% of Guatemalans belonged to the White ethnic group, with 41.7% of the population being Mestizo, and 39.8% of the population belonging to the 23 [[Maya peoples|Indigenous]] groups.<ref name=INEX>{{cite web |url= http://www.ine.gob.gt/sistema/uploads/2014/02/26/5eTCcFlHErnaNVeUmm3iabXHaKgXtw0C.pdf |title=Caracterización estadística República de Guatemala 2012 |access-date=2 November 2014 |publisher=INE}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=Can't find these figures in the source|date=December 2014}} It is difficult to make an accurate census of Whites in [[Guatemala]], because the country categorizes all non-indigenous people are mestizo or [[Ladino people|ladino]] and a large majority of White Guatemalans consider themselves as mestizos or ladinos.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=paZPVchKJMkC&q=white+Guatemalans+considered+himself+mestizo&pg=PA185|title=Ch'orti'-Maya Survival in Eastern Guatemala: Indigeneity in Transition|first=Brent|last=Metz|date=1 May 2006|publisher=UNM Press|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-8263-3881-5}}</ref> By the nineteenth century the majority of immigrants were [[Germans]], many who were bestowed [[fincas]] and coffee plantations in [[Cobán]], while others went to [[Quetzaltenango]] and [[Guatemala City]]. Many young Germans married [[mestiza]] and [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[Q'eqchi' people|Q'eqchi']] women, which caused a gradual whitening. There was also immigration of [[Belgians]] to [[Santo Tomás de Castilla|Santo Tomas]] and this contributed to the mixture of [[Afro-Guatemalan|black]] and [[mestiza]] women in that region.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

=== Haiti ===
{{Main|White Haitians}}

=== Honduras ===
{{Main|White Honduran}}
As of 2013, Hondurans of solely White ancestry are a small minority in Honduras, accounting for 1% of the country's population. An additional 90% of the population is mestizo, having mixed indigenous and European ancestry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/honduras/|title=The World Factbook|publisher=cia.gov|access-date=12 April 2014}}</ref>

=== Ivory Coast ===
{{Main|White people in Ivory Coast}}

=== Jamaica ===
{{Main|White Jamaicans}}

=== Kenya ===
{{Main|White people in Kenya}}

=== Mexico ===
{{Main|Mexicans of European descent}}
[[File:Retrato de familia Fagoga Arozqueta - Anónimo ca.1730.jpg|thumb|''Portrait of the Fagoga Arozqueta family'' (a [[Criollo (people)|criollo]] couple with their ten children), anonymous painter, ca. 1735, Mexico City. [[Museo Nacional de San Carlos]], [[Mexico City]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esteticas.unam.mx/revista_imagenes/imago/ima_curiel03.html|title=Retrato de la familia Fagoaga-Arozqueta|website=electronic magazine Imágenes of the Institute of Aesthetic Research of the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]]}}</ref>]]

White Mexicans are [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[citizenship|citizens]] of complete or predominant [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European]] descent.<ref name="fnavarrete" /> While the [[Federal government of Mexico|Mexican government]] does conduct ethnic censuses on which a Mexican has the option of identifying as "White,"<ref name=MMSI1>[http://www.inegi.org.mx/saladeprensa/boletines/2017/mmsi/mmsi2017_06.pdf "Resultados del Modulo de Movilidad Social Intergeneracional"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709120023/http://www.inegi.org.mx/saladeprensa/boletines/2017/mmsi/mmsi2017_06.pdf |date=9 July 2018 }}, ''INEGI'', 16 June 2017, Retrieved on 30 April 2018.</ref> the results obtained from these censuses are not published. Instead, Mexico's government publishes the percentage of "light-skinned Mexicans" residing in the country; that percentage was 47%<ref name="Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS 2017" /> in 2010 and 49% in 2017.<ref name=MMSI2>[http://bibliodigitalibd.senado.gob.mx/bitstream/handle/123456789/3525/JASC%2520IBD%2520MMSI%25202016%2520V1.0.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y "Visión INEGI 2021 Dr. Julio Santaella Castell"], ''INEGI'', 3 July 2017, Retrieved on 30 April 2018.</ref> Due to its less direct racial undertone, the label "Light-skinned Mexican" has been favored by the government and media outlets over "White Mexican" as the go-to choice to refer to the segment of Mexico's population possessing European physical traits<ref name="DISC-RACIAL 2011">[http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/Dossier%20DISC-RACIAL.pdf "DOCUMENTO INFORMATIVO SOBRE DISCRIMINACIÓN RACIAL EN MÉXICO"], ''CONAPRED'', Mexico, 21 March 2011, retrieved on 28 April 2017.</ref> when discussing different ethno-racial dynamics in Mexico's society. Sometimes, nonetheless, "White Mexican" is used.<ref name=huffpost>[https://www.huffingtonpost.com.mx/2017/06/26/por-estas-razones-el-color-de-piel-de-los-mexicanos-determina-su_a_23001217/ "Por estas razones el color de piel determina las oportunidades de los mexicanos"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622011146/https://www.huffingtonpost.com.mx/2017/06/26/por-estas-razones-el-color-de-piel-de-los-mexicanos-determina-su_a_23001217/ |date=22 June 2018 }}, ''Huffington post'', 26 July 2017, Retrieved on 30 April 2018.</ref><ref name=ElUniversal>[http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/entrada-de-opinion/articulo/ricardo-fuentes-nieva/nacion/2017/07/6/ser-blanco "Ser Blanco"], {{lang|es|El Universal}}, 6 July 2017, Retrieved on 19 June 2018.</ref><ref name=Forbes>[https://www.forbes.com.mx/inegi-lo-confirma-en-mexico-te-va-mejor-si-eres-blanco "Comprobado con datos: en México te va mejor si eres blanco"], ''forbes'', 7 August 2018, Retrieved on 4 November 2018.</ref>

Europeans began arriving in Mexico during the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire]]; and while during the colonial period most European immigration was Spanish (mostly from northern provinces such as [[Cantabria]], [[Navarra]], [[Galicia Spain|Galicia]] and the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]],<ref name="MinerosYcomerciantes">{{cite book|author1=David A. Branding|author2=Woodrow Borah|title=Mineros y comerciantes en el México borbónico (1763–1810)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LYH_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT150|access-date=27 January 2018|date=1975|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Económica|isbn=9789681613402|page=150}}</ref>), in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries European and European-derived populations from [[North America|North]] and [[South America]] did immigrate to the country. According to twentieth- and twenty-first-century academics, large-scale intermixing between the [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European immigrants]] and the native [[Indigenous peoples of Mexico|Indigenous peoples]] produced a Mestizo group which would become the overwhelming majority of Mexico's population by the time of the [[Mexican Revolution]].<ref name="fnavarrete">{{cite web |url= http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130823015618/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html |archive-date= 23 August 2013 |title=El mestizaje y las culturas |first=Federico |last=Navarrete |work=México Multicultural |publisher=[[UNAM]] |location=Mexico |language=es |trans-title=Mixed race and cultures |access-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref> However, according to church and censal registers from the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain|colonial times]], the majority (73%) of Spanish men married Spanish women.<ref name="San Miguel 2000">{{cite journal |last1=San Miguel |first1=G |title=Ser mestizo en la nueva España a fines del siglo XVIII: Acatzingo, 1792 |trans-title=To be 'mestizo' in New Spain at the end of the XVIII th century. Acatzingo, 1792 |language=es |journal=Cuadernos de la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy |date=November 2000 |issue=13 |pages=325–342 |url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1668-81042000000100018 }}</ref><ref name="MexicoRacista1" /> Said registers also put in question other narratives held by contemporary academics, such as European immigrants who arrived to Mexico being almost exclusively men or that "pure Spanish" people were all part of a small powerful elite, as Spaniards were often the most numerous ethnic group in the colonial cities<ref name="EnsayospoblaciónMéxico">{{cite book|author1=Sherburne Friend Cook|author2=Woodrow Borah|title=Ensayos sobre historia de la población. México y el Caribe 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSCVztyTANcC&pg=PA223|access-date=12 September 2017|date=1998|publisher=Siglo XXI|isbn=9789682301063|page=223}}</ref><ref>[https://fsu.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fsu:182427/datastream/PDF/view "Household Mobility and Persistence in Guadalajara, Mexico: 1811–1842, page 62"], ''fsu org'', 8 December 2016. Retrieved on 9 December 2018.</ref> and there were menial workers and people in poverty who were of complete Spanish origin.<ref name="San Miguel 2000" />

Another ethnic group in Mexico, the [[Mestizos in Mexico|Mestizos]], is composed of people with varying degrees of European and indigenous ancestry, with some showing a European genetic ancestry higher than 90%.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Sijia Wang |author2=Nicolas Ray |author3=Winston Rojas |author4=Maria V. Parra |author5=Gabriel Bedoya |author6=Carla Gallo |title=Geographic Patterns of Genome Admixture in Latin American Mestizos|journal=PLOS Genetics|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000037|date=21 March 2008|quote=Large differences in the variation of individual admixture estimates were seen across populations, with the variance in Native American ancestry between individuals ranging from 0.005 in Quetalmahue to 0.07 in Mexico City (Figure 4, Figure S1, and Table S2), an observation consistent with previous studies...|display-authors=etal |pmid=18369456 |pmc=2265669 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=e1000037}}</ref> However, the criteria for defining what constitutes a Mestizo varies from study to study, as in Mexico a large number of White people have been historically classified as Mestizos, because after the [[Mexican revolution]] the Mexican government began defining ethnicity on cultural standards (mainly the language spoken) rather than racial ones in an effort to unite all Mexicans under the same racial identity.<ref name="Lizcano Fernández 2005" />

Estimates of Mexico's White population differ greatly in both, methodology and percentages given, extra-official sources such as the ''World Factbook'' and ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', which use the 1921 census results as the base of their estimations, calculate Mexico's White population as only 9% or between one tenth to one fifth<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379167/Mexico/27384/Ethnic-groups|title=Mexico {{!}} History, Geography, Facts, & Points of Interest|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=17 January 2018|language=en}}</ref> (the results of the 1921 census, however, have been contested by various historians and deemed inaccurate).<ref name="MexicoRacista1">{{cite book|author1=Federico Navarrete|title=Mexico Racista|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC_4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86|access-date=23 February 2018|date=2016|publisher=Penguin Random house Grupo Editorial Mexico|isbn=9786073143646|page=86}}</ref> Surveys that account for phenotypical traits and have performed actual field research suggest rather higher percentages: using the presence of [[blond hair]] as reference to classify a Mexican as White, the [[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana|Metropolitan Autonomous University of Mexico]] calculated the percentage of said ethnic group at 23%.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ortiz-Hernández |first1=Luis |last2=Compeán-Dardón |first2=Sandra |last3=Verde-Flota |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Flores-Martínez |first4=Maricela Nanet |title=Racism and mental health among university students in Mexico City |journal=Salud Pública de México |date=April 2011 |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=125–133 |doi=10.1590/s0036-36342011000200005 |pmid=21537803 |doi-access=free }}</ref> With a similar methodology, the [[American Sociological Association]] obtained a percentage of 18.8%.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Villarreal |first1=Andrés |title=Stratification by Skin Color in Contemporary Mexico |journal=American Sociological Review |date=2010 |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=652–678 |doi=10.1177/0003122410378232 |jstor=20799484 |s2cid=145295212 }}</ref> Another study made by the [[University College London]] in collaboration with Mexico's [[Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia|National Institute of Anthropology and History]] found that the frequencies of blond hair and light eyes in Mexicans are of 18% and 28% respectively,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruiz-Linares |first1=Andrés |last2=Adhikari |first2=Kaustubh |last3=Acuña-Alonzo |first3=Victor |last4=Quinto-Sanchez |first4=Mirsha |last5=Jaramillo |first5=Claudia |last6=Arias |first6=William |last7=Fuentes |first7=Macarena |last8=Pizarro |first8=María |last9=Everardo |first9=Paola |last10=de Avila |first10=Francisco |last11=Gómez-Valdés |first11=Jorge |last12=León-Mimila |first12=Paola |last13=Hunemeier |first13=Tábita |last14=Ramallo |first14=Virginia |last15=Silva de Cerqueira |first15=Caio C. |last16=Burley |first16=Mari-Wyn |last17=Konca |first17=Esra |last18=de Oliveira |first18=Marcelo Zagonel |last19=Veronez |first19=Mauricio Roberto |last20=Rubio-Codina |first20=Marta |last21=Attanasio |first21=Orazio |last22=Gibbon |first22=Sahra |last23=Ray |first23=Nicolas |last24=Gallo |first24=Carla |last25=Poletti |first25=Giovanni |last26=Rosique |first26=Javier |last27=Schuler-Faccini |first27=Lavinia |last28=Salzano |first28=Francisco M. |last29=Bortolini |first29=Maria-Cátira |last30=Canizales-Quinteros |first30=Samuel |last31=Rothhammer |first31=Francisco |last32=Bedoya |first32=Gabriel |last33=Balding |first33=David |last34=Gonzalez-José |first34=Rolando |title=Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals |journal=PLOS Genetics |date=25 September 2014 |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=e1004572 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572 |pmid=25254375 |pmc=4177621 }}</ref> nationwide surveys in the general population that use as reference skin color such as those made by Mexico's [[National Council to Prevent Discrimination]] and Mexico's [[National Institute of Statistics and Geography]] report percentages of 47%<ref name="Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS 2017" /> and 49%<ref name=MMSI2 /><ref name=MMSI1 /> respectively.

A study performed in hospitals of Mexico City reported that an average 51.8% of Mexican newborns presented the [[Congenital disorder|congenital]] skin [[birthmark]] known as the [[Mongolian spot]] whilst it was absent in 48.2% of the analyzed babies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Magaña |first1=Mario |last2=Valerio |first2=Julia |last3=Mateo |first3=Adriana |last4=Magaña–Lozano |first4=Mario |title=Alteraciones cutáneas del neonato en dos grupos de población de México |trans-title=Skin lesions two cohorts of newborns in Mexico City |language=es |journal=Boletín médico del Hospital Infantil de México |date=April 2005 |volume=62 |issue=2 |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1665-11462005000200005 }}</ref> The Mongolian spot appears with a very high frequency (85–100%) in Asian, Native American, and African children,<ref>{{cite book|page=90|edition=3, illustrated|year=1999|access-date=17 May 2014|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|author=Miller|title=Nursing Care of Older Adults: Theory and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJ3pBEh1osMC&q=ines+mongolian+spot|isbn=978-0-7817-2076-2}}</ref> a medium frequency (50-70%) in Hispanic children,<ref name="tokyo" /> and a very low frequency (1–10%) in Caucasian children.<ref name=tokyo>{{cite web|url=http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/msp/about.htm|title=About Mongolian Spot|work=tokyo-med.ac.jp|access-date=1 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208184218/http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/msp/about.htm|archive-date=8 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> The skin lesion reportedly almost always appears on South American<ref name=med>{{cite journal|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1068732-overview#a0199|title=Congenital Dermal Melanocytosis (Mongolian Spot): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology|date=7 January 2017|access-date=8 October 2017|website=EMedicine.medscape.com}}</ref> and Mexican children of [[Mestizo]] background.<ref>{{cite book|page=197|year=2012|access-date=17 May 2014|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|editor1=Lawrence C. Parish|editor2=Larry E. Millikan|others=M. Amer, R.A.C. Graham-Brown, S.N. Klaus, J.L. Pace|title=Global Dermatology: Diagnosis and Management According to Geography, Climate, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2JXwBwAAQBAJ&q=spanish+mongolian+spot&pg=PA197|isbn=978-1-4612-2614-7}}</ref> According to the [[Mexican Social Security Institute]] (shortened as IMSS) nationwide, around half of Mexican babies have the Mongolian spot.<ref>[http://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/822893.html "Tienen manchas mongólicas 50% de bebés"], {{lang|es|El Universal}}, January 2012. Retrieved on 3 July 2017.</ref>

Mexico's northern and western regions have the highest percentages of [[Ethnic groups of Europe|White]] population, where, according to the American historian and anthropologist [[Howard F. Cline]] the majority of the people have no native admixture or is of predominantly European ancestry, resembling in aspect that of [[Spaniards|northern Spaniards]].<ref name="UnitedStatesandMexico">{{cite book|author1=Howard F. Cline|title=THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XPl8c4XINgoC&q=northern+spanish|access-date=18 May 2017|date=1963|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-49706-1|page=104}}</ref> In the north and west of Mexico, the indigenous tribes were substantially smaller than those found in central and southern Mexico, and also much less organized; thus, they remained isolated from the rest of the population or even in some cases were hostile towards Mexican colonists. The northeast region, in which the indigenous population was eliminated by early European settlers, became the region with the highest proportion of Whites during the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain|Spanish colonial period]]. However, recent immigrants from southern Mexico have been changing, to some degree, its demographic trends.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/123878.Los-indios-barbaros-de.html |work=Elsiglodetorreon.com |first=Raúl |last=Cuéllar Moreno |date=12 December 2004 |language=es |title=Coahuila y sus Hombres / Los indios bárbaros del norte}}</ref>

A number of settlements on which European immigrants have maintained their original culture and language survive to this day and are spread all over Mexican territory; among the most notable groups are the [[Mennonites]] who have colonies in states as variated as Chihuahua<ref name="insular">{{cite news |title= Mexico's insular Mennonites under siege, overlooked: The Tribune's Oscar Avila reports on Mexico's insular and targeted sect |first=Oscar |last=Avila |newspaper=McClatche-Tribune Business News |location=Washington |date=22 November 2008 |page=8 }}</ref> or Campeche<ref>[http://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/bloomberg-businessweek/menonitas-que-huyeron-de-chihuahua-ahora-alimentan-asia-desde-campeche "Menonitas que huyeron de Chihuahua ahora alimentan Asia desde Campeche"], {{lang|es|El Financiero}}, 1 March 2018. Retrieved on 8 December 2018.</ref> and the town of [[Chipilo]] in the state of Puebla, inhabited nearly in its totality by descendants of Italian immigrants that still speak their Venetian-derived dialect.<ref name="montagner">{{cite journal |last= Montagner Anguiano |first= Eduardo |title= El dialecto véneto de Chipilo |trans-title= The Venician dialect of Chipilo |journal= Orbis Latinus |language= es |access-date= 19 July 2011 |url= http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Venetan/Dialects/Chipilo.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110606110821/http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Venetan/Dialects/Chipilo.html |archive-date= 6 June 2011 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

=== Namibia ===
{{Main|White people in Namibia}}

=== New Zealand ===
{{Main|European New Zealanders}}
{{See also|Demographics of New Zealand}}
The establishment of British colonies in Australia from 1788 and the boom in whaling and sealing in the Southern Ocean brought many Europeans to the vicinity of [[New Zealand]]. Whalers and sealers were often itinerant and the first real settlers were missionaries and traders in the Bay of Islands area from 1809. Early visitors to New Zealand included whalers, sealers, missionaries, mariners, and merchants, attracted to natural resources in abundance. They came from the Australian colonies, Great Britain and Ireland, Germany (forming the next biggest immigrant group after the British and Irish),<ref>[http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/germans/page-1 Germans: First Arrivals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421163314/https://teara.govt.nz/en/germans/page-1 |date=21 April 2018 }} (from the [[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]])</ref> France, Portugal, the Netherlands, Denmark, the United States, and Canada.

In the 1860s, discovery of gold started a gold rush in Otago. By 1860 more than 100,000 British and Irish settlers lived throughout New Zealand. The [[Otago Association]] actively recruited settlers from Scotland, creating a definite Scottish influence in that region, while the [[Canterbury Association]] recruited settlers from the south of England, creating a definite English influence over that region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/20672|title=4. – History of immigration – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|last=Taonga|website=teara.govt.nz}}{{dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In the 1870s, the MP Julius Vogel borrowed millions of pounds from Britain to help fund capital development such as a nationwide rail system, lighthouses, ports and bridges, and encouraged mass migration from Britain. By 1870 the non-Māori population reached over 250,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/20686|title=5. – History of immigration – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|last=Taonga|website=teara.govt.nz}}{{dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Other smaller groups of settlers came from Germany, Scandinavia, and other parts of Europe as well as from China and India, but British and Irish settlers made up the vast majority, and did so for the next 150 years.

=== Nicaragua ===
{{Main|White Nicaraguan}}
As of 2013, the White ethnic group in Nicaragua account for 17% of the country's population. An additional 69% of the population is [[Mestizo]], having mixed indigenous and European ancestry.<ref name=cia3>{{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nicaragua/ |work=The World Factbook |title=Nicaragua |access-date=22 May 2013 |publisher=U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]] }}</ref> In the nineteenth century, [[Nicaragua]] was the subject of [[central Europe]]an immigration, mostly from [[Germany]], [[England]] and the [[United States]], who often married native Nicaraguan women. Some [[Germans]] were given land to grow coffee in [[Matagalpa]], [[Jinotega]] and [[Esteli]], although most Europeans settled in [[San Juan del Norte]].<ref>''Eddy Kuhl'' [http://selvanegra.com/eddy/?p=308 Inmigración centro-europea a Matagalpa, Nicaragua] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204133911/http://selvanegra.com/eddy/?p=308 |date=4 December 2014 }} Consultado, 5 December 2014.</ref> In the late seventeenth century, pirates from [[England]], [[France]] and [[Holland]] mixed with the indigenous population and started a settlement at Bluefields ([[Mosquito Coast]]).<ref>{{lang|es|Revista Vinculado}} [http://vinculando.org/articulos/sociedad_america_latina/nicaragua-historia-de-inmigrantes-de-donde-eran-y-porque-emigraron.html Nicaragua: historia de inmigrantes. De dónde eran y por qué emigraron] Retrieved, 5 December 2014.</ref>

=== Paraguay ===
{{Main|White Paraguayans}}

=== Peru ===
{{Main|Peruvians of European descent}}
According to the [[2017 Peru Census|2017]] census 5.9% or 1.3 million (1,336,931) people 12 years of age and above self-identified as White. There were 619,402 (5.5%) males and 747,528 (6.3%) females. This was the first time a question for ethnic origins had been asked. The regions with the highest proportion of self-identified Whites were in [[La Libertad Region|La Libertad]] (10.5%), [[Tumbes Region|Tumbes]] and [[Lambayeque Region|Lambayeque]] (9.0% each), [[Piura Region|Piura]] (8.1%), [[Callao]] (7.7%), [[Cajamarca Region|Cajamarca]] (7.5%), [[Lima Province]] (7.2%) and [[Lima Region]] (6.0%).<ref name="census2017" />

=== South Africa ===
{{Main|White South Africans}}
{{See also|Afrikaners|White Africans of European ancestry}}
White [[Dutch people]] first arrived in South Africa around 1652.<ref name="vaque1989">{{cite book |editor1-first=Charles C. |editor1-last=Thomas McGhee |title=The plot against South Africa |date=1989 |edition=2nd |publisher=Varama |location=Pretoria |isbn=978-0-620-14537-4}}</ref><ref name="swapo">{{cite book |last=Fryxell |first=Cole |title=To Be Born a Nation |pages=9, 327}}</ref> By the beginning of the eighteenth century, some 2,000 Europeans and their descendants were established in the region. Although these early [[Afrikaner]]s represented various nationalities, including German peasants and French [[Huguenot]]s, the community retained a thoroughly Dutch character.<ref name="zastudy">{{cite book |last=Kaplan |first=Irving |title=Area Handbook for the Republic of South Africa |pages=120–166}}</ref>

The [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] captured [[Cape Town]] in 1795 during the [[Napoleonic Wars]] and [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814|permanently acquired]] South Africa from Amsterdam in 1814. The [[1820 Settlers|first British immigrants]] numbered about 4,000 and were introduced in 1820. They represented groups from [[England]], [[Ireland]], [[Scotland]], or [[Wales]] and were typically more literate than the Dutch.<ref name="zastudy" /> The discovery of diamonds and gold led to a greater influx of English speakers who were able to develop the mining industry with capital unavailable to Afrikaners.<ref name="zastudy" /> They have been joined in more subsequent decades by former colonials from elsewhere, such as [[Zambia]] and [[Kenya]], and poorer British nationals looking to escape famine at home.<ref name="zastudy" />

Both Afrikaners and English have been politically dominant in South Africa during the past; due to the controversial [[Population Registration Act, 1950|racial order]] under ''[[apartheid]]'', the nation's predominantly Afrikaner government became a target of condemnation by other African states and the site of considerable dissension between 1948 and 1991.<ref name="vaque1989" />

There were 4.6 million Whites in South Africa in 2011,<ref>{{cite book |author=Study Commission on U.S. Policy toward Southern Africa |title=South Africa: Time running out: The report of the Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sq43lnbklEUC&pg=PA42 |publisher=University of California Press |date=1981 |page=42 |isbn=978-0-520-04547-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/people/population.htm|title=South Africa's population|last=Mafika|date=11 August 2017|work=Brand South Africa|access-date=17 January 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121063400/http://www.southafrica.info/about/people/population.htm|archive-date=21 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> down from an all-time high of 5.2 million in 1995 following a wave of emigration commencing in the late twentieth century.<ref>[http://www.fin24.com/Economy/Million-whites-leave-SA-study-20060924 Million whites leave SA – study], fin24.com, 24 September 2006</ref> However, many returned over time.<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 May 2014|title=Why white South Africans are coming home|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27252307|access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref>

===Trinidad and Tobago===
{{Main article|White Trinidadians and Tobagonians}}

=== United Kingdom and Ireland ===
{{Main|White people in the United Kingdom}}
{{See also|Demographics of the United Kingdom|Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom|White British|Other White|White Irish|White Polish|White Gypsy or Irish Traveller}}

==== Historical White identities ====
Before the Industrial Revolutions in Europe whiteness may have been associated with social status. Aristocrats may have had less exposure to the sun and therefore a pale complexion may have been associated with status and wealth.<ref name=DrKarl>{{citation |first=Karl |last=Kruszelnicki |title=News in Science: Skin Colour 1 |url= http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2001/03/01/249992.htm?site=science/greatmomentsinscience|date=March 2001 }}</ref> This may be the origin of "blue blood" as a description of royalty, the skin being so lightly pigmented that the blueness of the veins could be clearly seen.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bonnett|2000|p=32}}</ref> The change in the meaning of White that occurred in the colonies (see [[#History of the term|above]]) to distinguish Europeans from non-Europeans did not apply to the '[[Home Nations|home land]]' countries (England, Ireland, [[Scotland]] and [[Wales]]). Whiteness therefore retained a meaning associated with social status for the time being, and, during the nineteenth century, when the [[British Empire]] was at its peak, many of the [[bourgeoisie]] and [[aristocracy]] developed [[Classism|extremely negative attitudes]] to those of lower social rank.<ref>{{cite book |title=Class & Class Conflict in Industrial Society |url=https://archive.org/details/classclassconfli0000dahr |url-access=registration |first=Ralf |last=Dahrendorf |publisher=Stanford University Press |date=1959 |isbn=0-8047-0561-5}}</ref>

[[Edward Lhuyd]] discovered that [[Welsh language|Welsh]], [[Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], [[Cornish language|Cornish]] and [[Breton language|Breton]] are all part of the same language family, which he termed the "[[Celtic languages|Celtic family]]", and was distinct from the [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] [[English Language|English]]; this can be seen in context of the emerging [[romantic nationalism]], which was also [[Celtic nationalism|prevalent among those of Celtic descent]].<ref name="DWB">{{Cite DWB |id=s-LHUY-EDW-1660 |title=Lhuyd, Edward (1660–1709), botanist, geologist, antiquary and philologist |author=Thomas Jones |access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Language Classification. History and Method |last=Campbell |first=Lyle, and William J. Poser |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-88005-3 |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=John |author-link=John Davies (historian) |title=A History of Wales| page=54 |publisher=Penguin |year=1994 |location=London |isbn=0-14-014581-8}}</ref><ref name="Amgueddfa DNA">{{cite web |title=Who were the Celts? ... Rhagor |url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1939/ |access-date=14 October 2009 |publisher=[[National Museum Cardiff|Amgueddfa Cymru– National Museum Wales]] |date=4 May 2007 |work=Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917180311/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1939/ |archive-date=17 September 2009}}</ref>

Just as race reified whiteness in America, Africa, and Asia, capitalism without social welfare reified whiteness with regards to social class in nineteenth-century Britain and Ireland; this social distinction of whiteness became, over time, associated with racial differences.<ref name="Bonnett 2000 31">{{Harvnb|Bonnett|2000|p=31}}</ref> For example, George Sims in his 1883 book ''How the poor live'' wrote of "a dark continent that is within easy reach of the General Post Office ... the wild races who inhabit it will, I trust, gain public sympathy as easily as [other] savage tribes".<ref name="Bonnett 2000 31" />

==== Modern and official use ====
From the early 1700s, Britain received a small-scale immigration of black people due to the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]].<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/uk/2002/race/short_history_of_immigration.stm|title=Short History of Immigration|publisher=BBC News|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> The oldest [[British Chinese|Chinese community in Britain]] (as well as in Europe) dates from the nineteenth century.<ref name="Chinese">{{cite web |url=http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConWebDoc.1369|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724204513/http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConWebDoc.1369|archive-date=24 July 2009 |title=Culture and Ethnicity Differences in Liverpool&nbsp;– Chinese Community |publisher=Chambré Hardman Trust |access-date=9 March 2015}}</ref> Since the end of World War II, a substantial immigration from the [[British colonisation of Africa|African]], [[British West Indies|Caribbean]] and [[British Asian|South Asian]] (namely the [[British Raj]]) [[Crown colony|colonies]] changed the picture more radically,<ref name="auto" /> while the adhesion to the [[European Union]] brought with it a heightened immigration from [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/briefings/migration-flows-a8-and-other-eu-migrants-and-uk|title=Migration Flows of A8 and other EU Migrants to and from the UK|first=Carlos|last=Vargas-Silva|publisher=Migration Observatory, University of Oxford|date=10 April 2014|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref>

Today the [[Office for National Statistics]] uses the term ''White'' as an ethnic category. The terms ''[[White British]]'', ''[[Irish migration to Great Britain|White Irish]]'', ''[[Scottish People|White Scottish]]'' and ''[[White Other (United Kingdom Census)|White Other]]'' are used. These classifications rely on individuals' self-identification, since it is recognised that ethnic identity is not an objective category.<ref name="ONS guide">{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/about-statistics/measuring-equality/equality/ethnic-group-statistics/ethnic-group-statistics--a-guide-for-the-collection-and-classification-of-ethnicity-data.pdf |title=Ethnic group statistics: A guide for the collection and classification of ethnicity data |date=2003 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |page=9 |access-date=3 January 2011 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210156/http://www.ons.gov.uk/about-statistics/measuring-equality/equality/ethnic-group-statistics/ethnic-group-statistics--a-guide-for-the-collection-and-classification-of-ethnicity-data.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Socially, in the UK ''White'' usually refers only to people of native British, Irish and European origin.<ref>Kissoon, Priya.''Asylum Seekers: National Problem or National Solution''. 2005. 7 November 2006.</ref> As a result of the [[2011 United Kingdom census|2011 census]] the White population stood at 85.5% in [[England]] (White British: 79.8%),<ref name="CensusEngland">[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls 2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in England and Wales], accessed 13 June 2014.</ref> at 96% in [[Scotland]] (White British: 91.8%),<ref name="CensusScotland">[http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2asbtable2.xls Table 2 – Ethnic groups, Scotland, 2001 and 2011 Scotlands Census published 30 September 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095905/http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2asbtable2.xls |date=24 September 2015 }}, accessed 13 June 2014.</ref> at 95.6% in [[Wales]] (White British: 93.2%),<ref name="CensusEngland" /> while in [[Northern Ireland]] 98.28% identified themselves as White,<ref name="nisra.gov.uk">{{cite web|url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/publications/2011-census-key-statistics-northern-ireland|title=2011 Census – Key Statistics for Northern Ireland|date=11 January 2017|website=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Excel/2011/DC2206NI.xls|title=Table DC2206NI: National identity (classification 1) by ethnic group|publisher=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency|access-date=25 October 2016}}</ref> amounting to a total of 87.2% White population (or {{circa|82%}} White British and Irish).<ref name="CensusEngland" /><ref name="ethnicity">{{cite web |url= http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/StatsBulletin2A.pdf |title=2011 Census: Key Results on Population, Ethnicity, Identity, Language, Religion, Health, Housing and Accommodation in Scotland – Release 2A|publisher=National Records for Scotland |date=26 September 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Excel/2011/Ethnic%20Group%20-%20Full%20Detail_QS201NI.XLS|title=NISRA 2011 Census: Ethnic Group: Accessed 3 June 2013}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== United States ===
{{Main|White Americans|European Americans}}
{{See also|Demography of the United States|Definitions of whiteness in the United States}}
{| class="toccolours" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="float:left; margin:1em; font-size:95%;"
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#ccf; text-align:center;"|United States Census 1790–2010<ref name="census.gov">[https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab01.pdf Table 1. United States – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 (pdf)]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118203928/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab01.pdf |date=18 January 2015 }}</ref><ref>[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_QTP3&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-CONTEXT=qt&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data Geographic Area: United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212043137/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_QTP3&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-CONTEXT=qt&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en |date=12 February 2020 }}. Factfinder.census.gov.</ref>
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | Census Year
! style="background:#efefef;" | White population
! style="background:#efefef;" | % of the [[United States|US]]
|-
| colspan=6|
----
|-
| '''1790'''||{{0}}{{0}}3,172,006||80.7
|-
| '''1800'''||{{0}}{{0}}4,306,446||81.1
|-
| '''1850'''||{{0}}19,553,068||84.3
|-
| '''1900'''||{{0}}66,809,196||87.9
|-
| '''1940'''||118,214,870||89.8 ''(highest)''
|-
| '''1950'''||134,942,028||89.5
|-
| '''1980'''||188,371,622||83.1
|-
| '''2000'''||211,460,626||75.1<ref name="Wpop2000">[https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-4.pdf The White Population: 2000], Census 2000 Brief C2010BR-05., U.S. Census Bureau, September 2011.</ref>
|-
| '''2010'''||223,553,265||72.4<ref name="Wpop2010">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111005024244/http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-05.pdf The White Population: 2010], Census 2010 Brief C2KBR/01-4, U.S. Census Bureau, August 2001.</ref><ref name="Census2020" />
|-
| '''2020'''|| ||61.6<ref name="Census2020">[https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html Census 2020], retrieved 22 January 2023.</ref> ''(lowest)''
|}

The cultural boundaries separating [[White Americans]] from other racial or ethnic categories are contested and always changing. Professor [[David Roediger|David R. Roediger]] of the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign|University of Illinois]], suggests that the construction of the White race in the United States was an effort to mentally distance slave owners from slaves.<ref>Roediger, Wages of Whiteness, 186; Tony Horwitz, ''Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War'' (New York, 1998).</ref> By the eighteenth century, ''White'' had become well established as a racial term. Author John Tehranian has noted the changing classifications of immigrant ethnic groups in American history. At various times each of the following groups has been allegedly excluded from being considered White, despite generally having been considered legally White under the US census and US naturalization law:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1096&context=jpps |title=The "Becoming White Thesis" Revisited |publisher=The Journal of Public and Professional Sociology |accessdate=2022-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2017/03/22/sorry-but-the-irish-were-always-white-and-so-were-the-italians-jews-and-so-on/ |title=Sorry, but the Irish were always 'white' (and so were Italians, Jews and so on) |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=2022-09-01}}</ref> [[German Americans|Germans]], [[Greek Americans|Greeks]], [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|White Hispanics]], [[Arab Americans|Arabs]], [[Iranian Americans|Iranians]], [[Afghan Americans|Afghans]], [[Irish Americans|Irish]], [[Italian Americans|Italians]], [[American Jews|Jews]] of [[History of the Jews in Europe|European]] and [[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrahi]] descent, [[Slavic Americans|Slavs]], and [[Spanish Americans|Spaniards]].<ref name=Tehranian /> On several occasions [[Finnish Americans|Finns]] were "racially" discriminated against in their early years of immigration<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holmio |first1=Armas K. E. |title=History of the Finns in Michigan |date=2001 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=978-0-8143-4000-4 |page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xm4L4aHcqDQC&pg=PA17 |quote=She had barely reached the front porch when the friend's mother realized that her daughter's playmate was a Finn. Helmi was turned away immediately, and the daughter of the house was forbidden to associate with 'that Mongolian'. John Wargelin, a pastor of the Evangelical Lutheran Church and a former president of Suomi College, also tells how, when he was a child in Crystal Falls some years earlier, he and his friends were ridiculed and stoned on their way to school. 'Because of our strange language,' he says, 'we were considered an alien race who had no right to settle in this country.' }}</ref> and not considered European but "Asian". Some believed that they were of [[Mongoloid|Mongolian]] ancestry rather than "native" [[Caucasoid|European]] origin due to the Finnish language belonging to the [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] and not the Indo-European language family.<ref>Eric Dregni, ''Vikings in the Attic: In search of Nordic America'', p. 176.</ref>

During American history, the process of officially being defined as ''White'' by law often came about in court disputes over pursuit of [[citizenship]]. The Immigration Act of 1790 offered [[naturalization]] only to "any alien, being a free white person". In at least 52&nbsp;cases, people denied the status of White by immigration officials sued in court for status as White people. By 1923, courts had vindicated a "common-knowledge" standard, concluding that "scientific evidence" was incoherent. Legal scholar John Tehranian says that this was a "performance-based" standard, relating to religious practices, education, intermarriage, and a community's role in the United States.<ref name=Tehranian>{{cite journal |last1=Tehranian |first1=John |title=Performing Whiteness: Naturalization Litigation and the Construction of Racial Identity in America |journal=The Yale Law Journal |date=2000 |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages=817–848 |doi=10.2307/797505 |id={{ProQuest|198550989}} |jstor=797505 |url=https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/ylj/vol109/iss4/4/ }}</ref>

In 1923, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] decided in ''[[United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind]]'' that people of [[India]]n descent were not White men, and thus not eligible for citizenship.<ref name=Thind>''United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, Certificate From The Circuit Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit'', No. 202. Argued 11, 12 January 1923. —Decided 19 February 1923, United States Reports, v. 261, The Supreme Court, October Term, 1922, 204–215.</ref> While Thind was a high caste [[Hindu]] born in the northern [[Punjab region]] and classified by certain scientific authorities as of the Aryan race, the court conceded that he was not White or [[Caucasian race|Caucasian]] since the word Aryan "has to do with linguistic and not at all with physical characteristics" and "the average man knows perfectly well that there are unmistakable and profound differences" between Indians and White people.<ref name=Thind /> In ''United States v. Cartozian'' (1925), an [[Armenians|Armenian]] immigrant successfully argued (and the Supreme Court agreed) that his nationality was White in contradistinction to other people of the Near East—Kurds, Turks, and Arabs in particular—on the basis of their Christian religious traditions.<ref name=Tehranian /> In conflicting rulings ''In re Hassan'' (1942) and ''Ex parte Mohriez'', United States District Courts found that Arabs did not, and did qualify as White, respectively, under immigration law.<ref name=Tehranian />

In the early twenty-first century, the relationship between some ethnic groups and whiteness remains complex. In particular, some [[Jewish]] and [[Arab]] individuals both self-identify and are considered as part of the White American racial category, but others with the same ancestry feel they are not White and may not always be perceived as White by American society. The [[United States Census Bureau]] proposed but withdrew plans to add a new category for [[MENA|Middle Eastern and North African]] peoples in the [[2020 United States Census|U.S. Census 2020]]. Specialists disputed whether this classification should be considered a White ethnicity or a race.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/01/29/581541111/no-middle-eastern-or-north-african-category-on-2020-census-bureau-says|title=No Middle Eastern Or North African Category On 2020 Census, Bureau Says|publisher=NPR|date=29 January 2018|language=en|access-date=16 August 2019|last1=Wang|first1=Hansi Lo}}</ref> According to Frank Sweet, "various sources agree that, on average, people with 12 percent or less admixture appear White to the average American and those with up to 25 percent look ambiguous (with a Mediterranean skin tone)".<ref>Frank W Sweet, ''Legal History of the Color Line: The Rise and Triumph of the One-Drop Rule'', Backintyme (3 July 2013), p. 50.</ref>

The current [[United States Census|U.S. Census]] definition includes as White "a person having origins in any of [[Europe]], the [[Middle East]] or [[North Africa]]."<ref name="Wpop2010" /> The [[U.S. Department of Justice]]'s [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] describes White people as "having origins in any of the original peoples of [[Europe]], the [[Middle East]], or [[North Africa]] through racial categories used in the [[Uniform Crime Reports]] Program adopted from the ''Statistical Policy Handbook'' (1978) and published by the Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce."<ref name="FBIpop">[https://www.fbi.gov/ucr/handbook/ucrhandbook04.pdf ''Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook''], U.S. Department of Justice. Federal Bureau of Investigation, p. 97 (2004) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503055659/https://www.fbi.gov/ucr/handbook/ucrhandbook04.pdf |date=3 May 2015 }}</ref> The "White" category in the UCR includes non-black [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanics]].<ref>Anthony Walsh (2004). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=vgHgNsmZ3vsC&pg=PA23 Race and crime: a biosocial analysis]''". [[Nova Publishers]]. p. 23. {{ISBN|1-59033-970-3}}</ref>

White Americans made up nearly 90% of the population in 1950.<ref name="census.gov" /> A report from the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2008 projects that by 2050, [[Non-Hispanic Whites|non-Hispanic White Americans]] will make up 47% of the population, down from 67% projected in 2005.<ref>Jeffrey S. Passel and D'Vera Cohn: [http://pewresearch.org/pubs/729/united-states-population-projections ''U.S. Population Projections: 2005–2050.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103044422/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/729/united-states-population-projections |date=3 January 2010 }} Pew Research Center, 11 February 2008.</ref> According to a study on the genetic ancestry of Americans, White Americans (stated "European Americans") on average are 98.6% European, 0.19% African and 0.18% Native American.<ref name=23andme>{{cite bioRxiv| last1=Bryc | first1=Katarzyna | last2=Durand | first2=Eric Y. | last3=Macpherson | first3=J. Michael | last4=Reich | first4=David | last5=Mountain | first5=Joanna L. | title=The genetic ancestry of African, Latino, and European Americans across the United States | date=18 September 2014 | biorxiv=10.1101/009340}}. [http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/suppl/2014/09/18/009340.DC1/009340-1.pdf "Supplemental Tables and Figures"]. p.&nbsp;42. 18 September 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2015.</ref> Whites born in those [[Southern United States|Southern states]] with higher proportions of African-American populations, tend to have higher percentages of African ancestry. For instance, according to the [[23andMe]] database, up to 13% of self-identified White American Southerners have greater than 1% African ancestry.<ref name=23andme /> White persons born in [[Southern United States|Southern states]] with the highest African-American populations tended to have the highest percentages of hidden African ancestry.<ref name="Hadly">Scott Hadly, "Hidden African Ancestry Redux", ''[http://blog.23andme.com/23andme-research/dna-usa-2/ DNA USA*] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322002312/http://blog.23andme.com/23andme-research/dna-usa-2/ |date=22 March 2015 }}'', [[23andMe]], 4 March 2014.</ref> Robert P. Stuckert, member of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at [[Ohio State University]], has said that today the majority of the descendants of African slaves are White.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stuckert |first1=Robert P. |title=African Ancestry of the White American Population |journal=The Ohio Journal of Science |date=May 1958 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=155–160 |hdl=1811/4532 }}</ref>

Black author [[Rich Benjamin]], in his book, ''[[Searching for Whitopia|Searching for Whitopia: An Improbable Journey to the Heart of White America]]'', reveals how racial divides and White decline, both real and perceived, shape democratic and economic urgencies in America.<ref>{{cite news |last1=NPR |title=What Is A 'Whitopia' – And What Might It Mean To Live There? |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/11/20/455909004/what-is-a-whitopia-and-what-might-it-mean-to-live-there |access-date=1 December 2020 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> The book examines how White flight, and the fear of White decline, affects the country's political debates and policy-making, including housing, lifestyle, social psychology, gun control,<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Benjamin |first1=Rich |title="Gun Control and The Politics of White Paranoia" |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/gun-control-white-paranoia-and-the-death-of-martin-luther-king-jr |access-date=1 December 2020 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=14 April 2018}}</ref> and community. Benjamin says that such issues as fiscal policy or immigration or "Best Place to Live" lists, which might be considered race-neutral, are also defined by racial anxiety over perceived White decline.

==== One-drop rule ====
{{further|One-drop rule|Racial segregation}}
The "[[one-drop rule]]" – that a person with any amount of known black African ancestry (however small or invisible) is considered black – is a classification that was used in parts of the United States.<ref>[http://www.people.vcu.edu/~albest/misc/OneDropOfBlood.html ''One drop of blood'']. People.vcu.edu (24 July 1994).</ref> It is a colloquial term for a set of laws passed by 18 U.S. states between 1910 and 1931. Such laws were declared unconstitutional in 1967, when the Supreme Court ruled on [[anti-miscegenation laws]] while hearing ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]''; it also found that [[Racial Integrity Act of 1924|Virginia's Racial Integrity Act of 1924]], based on enforcing the one-drop rule in classifying vital records, was unconstitutional. The one-drop rule attempted to create a binary system, classifying all persons as either Black or White regardless of a person's physical appearance. Previously persons had sometimes been classified as mulatto or [[mixed-race]], including on censuses up to 1930. They were also recorded as Indian. Some people with a high proportion of European ancestry could [[Passing (racial identity)|pass as]] "White", as noted above. This binary approach contrasts with the more flexible social structures present in Latin America (derived from the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonial]] era {{lang|es|[[casta]]}} system), where there were less clear-cut divisions between various ethnicities. People are often classified not only by their appearance but by their class.

As a result of centuries of having children with White people, the majority of African Americans have some European admixture,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture in West Africans and African Americans |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |first1=Katarzyna |last1=Bryc |first2=Adam |last2=Auton |first3=Matthew R. |last3=Nelson |first4=Jorge R. |last4=Oksenberg |first5=Stephen L. |last5=Hauser |first6=Scott |last6=Williams |first7=Alain |last7=Froment |first8=Jean-Marie |last8=Bodo |first9=Charles |last9=Wambebe |first10=Sarah A. |last10=Tishkoff |first11=Carlos D. |last11=Bustamante |date=2009 |volume=107 |number=2 |pages=786–791 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0909559107 |pmid=20080753 |pmc=2818934 |display-authors=etal|bibcode= 2010PNAS..107..786B |doi-access=free }}</ref> and many people long accepted as White also have some African ancestry.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://dl.dropbox.com/u/38568440/admixture/shriver01.pdf |first1=Mark D. |last1=Shriver |display-authors=etal |title=Skin pigmentation, biogeographical ancestry and admixture mapping |journal=Human Genetics |date=2003 |volume=112 |pages=387–99 |doi=10.1007/s00439-002-0896-y |pmid=12579416 |issue=4 |s2cid=7877572 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415112141/http://dl.dropbox.com/u/38568440/admixture/shriver01.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://essays.backintyme.com/item/5 |title=Afro-European Genetic Admixture in the United States: Essays on the Color Line and the One-Drop Rule |author=Frank W Sweet |date=2004 |access-date=11 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221105552/http://essays.backintyme.com/item/5 |archive-date=21 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Among the most notable examples of the latter is President [[Barack Obama]], who is believed to have been descended from an early African enslaved in America, recorded as "John Punch", through his mother's apparently White line.<ref name="goldstein">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/she-the-people/post/obama-descended-from-slave-ancestor-researchers-say/2012/07/30/gJQAUw4BLX_blog.html|title=Obama descended from slave ancestor |last=Goldstein |first=Bonnie| newspaper=The Washington Post| date=30 July 2012|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>

In the twenty-first century, writer and editor [[Debra Dickerson]] renews questions about the one-drop rule, saying that "easily one-third of black people have White DNA".<ref>Debra J. Dickerson: [https://books.google.com/books?id=pcFz4r3ErQkC&q=The+End+of+Blackness%27%27+by+Debra+Dickerson ''The End of Blackness. Returning the Souls of Black Folk to Their Rightful Owners'']. Anchor Books, New York and Toronto 2005.</ref> She says that, in ignoring their European ancestry, African Americans are denying their full [[multi-racial]] identities. Singer [[Mariah Carey]], who is multi-racial, was publicly described as "another White girl trying to sing black". But in an interview with [[Larry King]], she said that, despite her physical appearance and having been raised primarily by her White mother, she did not "feel White".<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_n5_v46/ai_10405332 Mariah Carey: 'Not another White girl trying to sing Black.']. Findarticles.com.</ref><ref>[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0212/19/lkl.00.html Larry King interview with Mariah Carey]. Transcripts.cnn.com (19 December 2002).</ref>

Since the late twentieth century, [[genetic testing]] has provided many Americans, both those who identify as White and those who identify as black, with more nuanced and complex information about their genetic backgrounds.<ref>Cf. Jim Wooten, [https://web.archive.org/web/20040803055203/http://abcnews.go.com/sections/Nightline/SciTech/racial_identity_031228.html "Race Reversal Man Lives as 'Black' for 50 Years – Then Finds Out He's Probably Not"], [[ABC News]] (2004).</ref>

==== Puerto Rico ====
{{Main|White Puerto Ricans|Puerto Ricans}}
{| class="toccolours" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:95%;"
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#ccf; text-align:center;"| Puerto Rico by the Spanish and [[US Census]] 1812–2010
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| Year
! style="text-align:center;"| Population
! style="text-align:center;"| Percent
! style="text-align:center;"| {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| colspan=4|Self-identified as White
----
|-

| 1812||85,662||46.8%||<ref name="Census1899">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/1899portorico.pdf|date=20 July 2015|website=Census.gov|access-date=6 November 2017|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720184053/https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/1899portorico.pdf|archive-date=20 July 2015|title=Report on the Census of Porto Rico, 1899}}</ref>
|-
| 1899||589,426||61.8%||<ref name="Census1899" />
|-
| 2000||3,064,862||80.5%||<ref name="topuertorico.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.topuertorico.org/pdf/2kh72.pdf|title=Racial composition data for Puerto Rico: 2000 Census|website=Topuertorico.org|access-date=8 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[2010 US Census|2010]]||2,825,100||75.8%||<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0pcgAwAAQBAJ&q=2,825,100+puerto+rico+white&pg=PA242 |title=A Population History of the United States |isbn=978-1-107-37920-6 |last1=Klein |first1=Herbert S. |date=28 May 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| colspan=4|
----
|}

Contrary to most other [[Caribbean]] places, [[Puerto Rico]] gradually became predominantly populated by European immigrants.<ref name="Census1899" /> Puerto Ricans of [[Spaniards|Spanish]], [[Italians|Italian]] (primarily via [[Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico|Corsica]]) and French descent comprise the majority. ''(See: [[Spanish settlement of Puerto Rico]])''.

In 1899, one year after the United States acquired the island, 61.8% or 589,426 people self-identified as White.<ref name="Census1899" /> One hundred years later (2000), the total increased to 80.5% (3,064,862);<ref name="topuertorico.org" /> not because there has been an influx of Whites toward the island (or an exodus of non-White people), but a change of race conceptions, mainly because of Puerto Rican elites to portray Puerto Rico's image as the "White island of the Antilles", partly as a response to scientific racism.<ref name=HPRBWHITE>[http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cde/demsem/loveman-muniz.pdf How Puerto Rico Became White—University of Wisconsin-Madison] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207224431/http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cde/demsem/loveman-muniz.pdf |date=7 February 2012 }}. (PDF).</ref>

Hundreds are from [[Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico|Corsica]], [[French immigration to Puerto Rico|France]], [[Italian people|Italy]], [[Portuguese people|Portugal]], [[Irish immigration to Puerto Rico|Ireland]], [[Scottish people|Scotland]], and [[German immigration to Puerto Rico|Germany]], along with large numbers of immigrants from Spain. This was the result of granted land from Spain during the ''Real Cedula de Gracias de 1815'' ([[Royal Decree of Graces of 1815]]), which allowed European Catholics to settle in the island with a certain amount of free land.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

Between 1960 and 1990, the census questionnaire in Puerto Rico did not ask about race or color.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cde.wisc.edu/|title=Home|website=Center for Demography and Ecology}}</ref> Racial categories therefore disappeared from the dominant discourse on the Puerto Rican nation.
However, the [[2000 United States Census|2000 census]] included a racial self-identification question in Puerto Rico and, for the first time in since 1950, allowed respondents to choose more than one racial category to indicate mixed ancestry. (Only 4.2% chose two or more races.) With few variations, the census of Puerto Rico used the same questionnaire as in the U.S. mainland. According to census reports, most islanders responded to the new federally mandated categories on race and ethnicity by declaring themselves "White"; few declared themselves to be black or some other race.<ref name=autogenerated2>[http://maxweber.hunter.cuny.edu/pub/eres/SOC217_PIMENTEL/duany.pdf Representation of racial identity among Island Puerto Ricans]. Mona.uwi.edu.</ref> However, it was estimated 20% of White Puerto Ricans may have black ancestry.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pushblack.us/news/what-you-need-know-about-puerto-ricos-black-history |title=What You Need to Know About Puerto Rico's Black History &#124; PushBlack Now |access-date=29 July 2019 |archive-date=29 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729015340/https://www.pushblack.us/news/what-you-need-know-about-puerto-ricos-black-history |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Uruguay ===
{{Main|Demographics of Uruguay}}
[[Uruguay]]ans and [[Argentina|Argentines]] share closely related demographic ties. Different estimates state that Uruguay's population of 3.4 million is composed of 88% to 93% White Uruguayans.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2091.htm Uruguay (07/08)]. State.gov (2 April 2012).</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uruguay/ CIA – The World Factbook – Uruguay]. Cia.gov.</ref> Though Uruguay has welcomed immigrants from around the world, its population largely consists of people of [[European ethnic groups|European]] origin, mainly [[Spaniards]] and [[Italians]]. Other European immigrants include Jews from Eastern and Central Europe.<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/uruguay/30.htm Uruguay – Population]. Countrystudies.us.</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tHQDpz_uVi0C&q=uruguay+immigration+armenia+lebanon&pg=PA610|title=Financial Times World Desk Reference 2005|first=D. K.|last=Publishing|date=17 January 2005|publisher=Penguin|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-7566-7309-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SbSySBPlQT4C&q=uruguay+immigration+armenia+lebanon&pg=PA220|title=Rethinking Jewish-Latin Americans|first1=Jeff|last1=Lesser|first2=Raanan|last2=Rein|date=30 May 2018|publisher=UNM Press|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-8263-4401-4}}</ref>
According to the 2006 National Survey of Homes by the Uruguayan National Institute of Statistics: 94.6% self-identified as having a White background, 9.1% chose black ancestry, and 4.5% chose an Amerindian ancestry (people surveyed were allowed to choose more than one option).<ref name=enhaasc>{{cite web |title=Extended National Household Survey, 2006: Ancestry |language=es |publisher=National Institute of Statistics |url= http://www.ine.gub.uy/enha2006/flash/Flash%20Ascendencia.pdf}}</ref>

=== Venezuela ===
{{Main|Venezuelans of European descent|Venezuelan people|Immigration to Venezuela}}
According to the official Venezuelan census, the term "White" involves external issues such as light skin, shape and color of hair and eyes, among other factors. Though the meaning and usage of the term "White" has varied in different ways depending on the time period and area, leaving its precise definition as somewhat confusing. The 2011 Venezuelan Census states that "White" in Venezuela is used to describe the Venezuelans of European origin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gob.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/nacional.pdf|title=Resultado Básico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011 (Mayo 2014)|page=65|publisher=Ine.gov.ve|access-date=19 June 2022}}</ref> The 2011 National Population and Housing Census states that 43.6% of the Venezuelan population (approx. 13.1 million people) identify as White.<ref name=Census-ethnics>{{cite web |url= http://www.ine.gob.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/nacional.pdf |title=Resultado Básico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011 (Mayo 2014)|page=29|publisher=Ine.gov.ve |access-date=8 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="ine.gob.ve">[http://www.ine.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=95&Itemid=26 Ine.gob.ve] Venezuelan population by 30 June 2014 is 30,206,2307 according to the National Institute of Statistics</ref> [[Genetic research]] by the [[University of Brasilia]] shows an average admixture of 60.6% European, 23.0% Amerindian and 16.3% African ancestry in Venezuelan populations.<ref name=UB>{{cite thesis |last1=Godinho |first1=Neide Maria de Oliveira |title=O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações latino-americanas |trans-title=The impact of migration on the genetic makeup of Latin American populations |language=pt |date=2008 |url=https://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/5542 }}</ref> The majority of White Venezuelans are of Spanish, Italian, Portuguese and German descent. Nearly half a million European immigrants, mostly from Spain (as a consequence of the [[Spanish Civil War]]), Italy and Portugal, entered the country during and after World War II, attracted by a prosperous, rapidly developing country where educated and skilled immigrants were welcomed.

Spaniards were introduced into [[Venezuela]] during the colonial period. Most of them were from [[Andalusia]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]] and from the [[Canary Islands]]. Until the last years of World War II, a large part of the European immigrants to Venezuela came from the Canary Islands, and its cultural impact was significant, influencing the development of Castilian in the country, its gastronomy and customs. With the beginning of oil operations during the first decades of the twentieth century, citizens and companies from the United States, United Kingdom and [[Netherlands]] established themselves in Venezuela. Later, in the middle of the century, there was a new wave of originating immigrants from [[Spain]] (mainly from Galicia, Andalucia and the Basque Country), [[Italy]] (mainly from southern Italy and Venice) and [[Portugal]] (from Madeira) and new immigrants from [[Germany]], [[France]], [[England]], [[Croatia]], [[Netherlands]], and other European countries, among others, animated simultaneously by the program of immigration and colonization implanted by the government.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

=== Zambia ===
{{Main|White people in Zambia}}

=== Zimbabwe ===
{{Main|White people in Zimbabwe}}


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Rescue of Roger Mallinson and Roger Chapman]]
{{portal|Europe}}
* [[Deep-submergence rescue vehicle]]
{{Div col|small=yes}}
* [[Caucasoid]]
* [[Criollo people]]
* [[Demographics of Europe]]
* [[Ethnic groups in Europe]]
* [[Ethnic groups in West Asia]]
* [[European diaspora]]
* [[White demographic decline]]
* [[White genocide conspiracy theory]]
* [[White supremacy]]
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* Allen, Theodore, ''The Invention of the White Race'', 2 vols. Verso, London 1994.
* Baum, Bruce David, ''The Rise and Fall of the Caucasian Race: A Political History of Racial Identity''. NYU Press, New York and London 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-8147-9892-8}}.
* {{Citation|title=White Identities: Historical and International Perspectives |last1=Bonnett |first1=Alastair |year=2000 |publisher=Pearson |location=Harlow |url=https://www.lehmanns.de/shop/sozialwissenschaften/775682-9780582356276-white-identities |isbn=9780582356276}}
* Brodkin, Karen, ''How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says About Race in America'', Rutgers, 1999, {{ISBN|0-8135-2590-X}}.
* {{Cite book|title=The Races of Europe |first=Carleton Stevens |last=Coon |publisher=The Macmillan Company|year=1939|url=https://archive.org/stream/racesofeurope031695mbp#page/n529/mode/2up|location=New York}}
* Foley, Neil, ''The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997)
* Gossett, Thomas F., ''Race: The History of an Idea in America,'' New ed. (New York: Oxford University, 1997)
* Guglielmo, Thomas A., ''White on Arrival: Italians, Race, Color, and Power in Chicago'', 1890–1945, 2003, {{ISBN|0-19-515543-2}}
* Hannaford, Ivan, ''Race: The History of an Idea in the West'' (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1996)
* Ignatiev, Noel, ''How the Irish Became White'', Routledge, 1996, {{ISBN|0-415-91825-1}}.
* Jackson, F. L. C. (2004). Book chapter: {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216015155/http://cshd.tamu.edu/pdfFiles/jackson.pdf |date=16 February 2008 |title=''Human genetic variation and health: new assessment approaches based on ethnogenetic layering'' }} ''British Medical Bulletin'' 2004; 69: 215–35 {{doi|10.1093/bmb/ldh012}}. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
* Jacobson, Matthew Frye, ''Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race'', Harvard, 1999, {{ISBN|0-674-95191-3}}.
* Oppenheimer, Stephen (2006). ''The Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story''. Constable and Robinson Ltd., London. {{ISBN|978-1-84529-158-7}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Painter |first=Nell Irvin |title=[[The History of White People]] |publisher=W.W. Norton |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-393-04934-3 |location=New York |oclc=317919383}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Rosenberg | first1 = NA | author-link5 = Jonathan K. Pritchard | last2 = Mahajan | first2 = S | last3 = Ramachandran | first3 = S | last4 = Zhao | first4 = C | last5 = Pritchard | first5 = JK | display-authors = etal | year = 2005 | title = Clines, Clusters, and the Effect of Study Design on the Inference of Human Population Structure | journal = PLOS Genet | volume = 1 | issue = 6| page = e70 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pgen.0010070 | pmid = 16355252 | pmc = 1310579 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Rosenberg | first1 = NA | author-link2 = Jonathan K. Pritchard | last2 = Pritchard | first2 = JK | last3 = Weber | first3 = JL | last4 = Cann | first4 = HM | last5 = Kidd | first5 = KK | display-authors = etal | year = 2002 | title = Genetic structure of human populations | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/298/5602/2381 | journal = Science | volume = 298 | issue = 5602| pages = 2381–85 | doi = 10.1126/science.1078311 | pmid = 12493913 | bibcode = 2002Sci...298.2381R | s2cid = 8127224 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Segal | first1 = Daniel A | year = 2002 | title = Review of Racial Situations: Class Predicaments of Whiteness in Detroit | journal = [[American Ethnological Society|American Ethnologist]] | volume = 29 | issue = 2| pages = 470–73 | doi = 10.1525/ae.2002.29.2.470 }}
* Smedley, Audrey, ''Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview,'' 2nd ed. (Boulder: Westview, 1999).
* Tang, Hua., Tom Quertermous, Beatriz Rodriguez, Sharon L. R. Kardia, Xiaofeng Zhu, Andrew Brown, James S. Pankow, Michael A. Province, Steven C. Hunt, Eric Boerwinkle, Nicholas J. Schork, and Neil J. Risch (2005) ''Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' '''76:'''268–75.
* {{Cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Sijia|last2=Ray|first2=Nicolas|last3=Rojas|first3=Winston|last4=Parra|first4=Maria V.|last5=Bedoya|first5=Gabriel|last6=Gallo|first6=Carla|last7=Poletti|first7=Giovanni|last8=Mazzotti|first8=Guido|last9=Hill|first9=Kim|date=21 March 2008|title=Geographic Patterns of Genome Admixture in Latin American Mestizos|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=4|issue=3|pages=e1000037|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000037|pmid=18369456|issn=1553-7404|pmc=2265669}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book |last=Battalora |first=Jacqueline M. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1227818161 |title=Birth of a White Nation: The Invention of White People and Its Relevance Today |publisher=Routledge |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-000-38281-5 |edition=Second |location=New York, NY |oclc=1227818161}}


==External links==
==References==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Reflist}}
*{{Wiktionary-inline|Wikisaurus:White person}}
*{{Commons category-inline|White (human racial classification)}}


{{White people}}
{{2023 shipwrecks}}
{{Skin colors}}
{{RMS Titanic}}
{{Historical definitions of race}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Titan submersible incident, 2023}}
[[Category:Latin American caste system]]
[[Category:Race (human categorization)]]
[[Category:June 2023 events in North America]]
[[Category:People of European descent]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 2023]]
[[Category:Human skin color|White]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in North America]]
[[Category:White (human racial classification)| ]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks of the Newfoundland and Labrador coast]]
[[Category:Submarine accidents]]
[[Category:RMS Titanic|2023 incident]]

Revision as of 12:15, 20 June 2023

41°43′32″N 49°56′49″W / 41.72556°N 49.94694°W / 41.72556; -49.94694

2023 Titan submersible incident
Map of the route taken by the Titan
Date18–20 June 2023 (current)
LocationNorth Atlantic, near the wreck of the Titanic
ParticipantsOceanGate Expeditions
OutcomeSubmersible missing, search and rescue operation underway
Missing5

On 18 June 2023, the Titan, a submersible operated by OceanGate Expeditions, went missing in the North Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Newfoundland in Canada. The submersible, designed to carry five people, was carrying an expedition of tourists to view the wreckage of RMS Titanic.[1]

Background

RMS Titanic was a British ocean liner that sank in the North Atlantic on April 15, 1912, after colliding with an iceberg. In 1985, her wreckage was discovered around 400 nautical miles (740 km) off the coast of Newfoundland.[2] The wreck lies at a depth of about 12,500 feet (3,800 metres; 2,100 fathoms).

Titan is a 5-person vessel made of carbon fiber and titanium operated by OceanGate, Inc.[3] The vessel is designed to dive to depths up to 4 km (13,000 ft) "for site survey and inspection, research and data collection, film and media production, and deep sea testing of hardware and software."[3] According to OceanGate, it contains "proprietary Real Time Hull Health Monitoring (RTM) systems ... that [assess] the integrity of the hull throughout every dive."[3] The vessel has life support to support five crew members for 96 hours (4 days).[3]

Typically onboard each dive are "a pilot, three paying guests, and what the company calls a content expert."[1] Once near the dive site, the descent from the surface to the Titanic typically takes three hours,[4] with the full dive taking approximately eight hours.[1] Throughout the journey, the submersible is intended to communicate with the above-water crew every 15 minutes.[2]

OceanGate intended to have multiple expeditions to the Titanic in 2023, but due to poor weather in Newfoundland, the company would only have a single expedition in 2023.[1][4] Individuals who travel to the Titanic with OceanGate, referred to as "Mission Specialists" by the company, spend US$250,000 for an opportunity to be involved in the eight-day expedition.[1][5]

David Pogue, a reporter who went on the expedition in 2022, stated that all individuals who go aboard the Titan sign a waiver indicating they know it is an "experimental" vessel, "that has not been approved or certified by any regulatory body, and could result in physical injury, disability, emotional trauma or death".[6]

Incident

On 16 June, the expedition to Titanic departed from St John's, Newfoundland, aboard the research and expedition ship MV Polar Prince. On the morning of 18 June, the expedition began dive operations and contact was lost about 1 hour and 30 minutes into the dive.[7] It was reported overdue at about 9:13 p.m. according to the Joint Rescue Coordination Centre Halifax.[8]

A number of potential errors could have occurred. One possibility is that the Titan's communication equipment may have failed, meaning they are unable to communicate with above-water crew but able to freely navigate.[9] It's also possible there is a problem with the ballast system, which controls the vessel's descent and ascent.[9] Another scenario is that the Titan became "hung up on a piece of wreckage that could keep it from being able to return to the surface".[9]

People aboard

Search and rescue operations

On 19 June, crews from the Northeast Sector of the United States Coast Guard, based out of Boston, launched search missions for the submersible and the five persons aboard it 900 nautical miles (1,700 km) off the shore of Cape Cod, Massachusetts.[12][13] Joint Rescue Coordination Centre Halifax reported that a Royal Canadian Air Force Lockheed CP-140 Aurora aircraft is a part of the search.[14]

The Coast Guard has indicated that the search and rescue mission is difficult due to the remote location, but Rear Admiral Mauger has stated they are "deploying all available assets."[5] Beyond the difficulty of the location, all search and rescue operations are impacted by "weather conditions, the lack of light at night, the state of the sea and water temperature"; below-water search and rescue is even more difficult.[9] While many submersibles are equipped "with an acoustic device, often called a pinger, which emits sounds that can be detected underwater by rescuers," it is unclear whether the Titan has such a device.[9]

The search currently has two facets: an above water surface search and underwater sonar search.[6] This involves utilizing three C-130 Hercules aircraft, two from the United States and one from Canada, as well as a P-8 aircraft from Canada equipped with sonar buoys.[6][15] Neither country has underwater vessels capable of easily assisting in the search and research missions.[9] The U.S. Navy has one submarine rescue vehicle though it cannot reach the Titan's potential depth, as well as remote-operated vehicles, which may have difficulty getting to the site in time.[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Evans, Gareth (19 June 2023). "Titanic tourist submersible goes missing with search under way". BBC News. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Submersible used to take tourists to see Titanic wreck goes missing in Atlantic Ocean". Sky News. 19 June 2023. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d "Titan Submersible". OceanGate. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  4. ^ a b c "What we know about the passengers on board missing Titanic submersible". Sky News. 19 June 2023. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d Enokido-Lineham, Olive (19 June 2023). "UK billionaire Hamish Harding on board missing Titanic submersible, family confirms". Sky News. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 20 June 2023 suggested (help)
  6. ^ a b c d Murphy, Jessica (19 June 2023). "What we know about the search for the Oceangate submersible". BBC News. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  7. ^ "Boston Coast Guard crews searching for submarine missing on trip to explore Titanic wreckage". CBS Boston. Boston. 19 June 2023. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  8. ^ Finley, Ben; Ramer, Holly (19 June 2023). "A search is underway for missing submarine that takes people to see Titanic". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Gross, Jenny; Bubola, Emma; Jiménez, Jesus (19 June 2023). "Missing Submersible: Vessel Disappears During Dive to the Titanic Wreck Site". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  10. ^ a b Helmore, Edward; Cecco, Leyland (20 June 2023). "Titanic tourist submarine: desperate search for craft missing with five onboard". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  11. ^ "Rescue teams race to find five people missing on Titanic sub". BBC News. 20 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  12. ^ @USCGNortheast (19 June 2023). "A @USCG C-130 crew is searching for an overdue Canadian research submarine approximately 900 miles off #CapeCod" (Tweet). Boston. Retrieved 19 June 2023 – via Twitter.
  13. ^ "Coast Guard to hold press briefing for missing submersible 900 miles east of Cape Cod". United States Coast Guard News. 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  14. ^ Halifax JRCC CCCOS [@hfxjrcc] (19 June 2023). "JRCC Halifax has tasked one Royal Canadian Air Force Aurora aircraft out of 14 Wing Greenwood in Nova Scotia for aerial search, and Canadian Coast Guard Vessel Kopit Hopson 1752 will also be assisting MRCC Boston with a surface search for the submersible" (Tweet). Retrieved 19 June 2023 – via Twitter.
  15. ^ Helmore, Edward; Cecco, Leyland (20 June 2023). "Search launched for submersible missing on dive to Titanic wreck". The Guardian. p. 4.
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