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{{alcohealth}}
{{alcohealth}}
'''Alcohol and weight''' is a subject relevant to millions of people who like to drink [[alcoholic beverage]]s and who also either want to maintain or to lose [[body weight]]. It is uncertain whether alcohol leads to increase in body weight or if it does not. Some studies find an increase in body weight, some studies do not, and some find a small decrease among women who begin consuming alcohol <ref>Cordain, L;, Bryan, E D; Melby, C L; Smith, M J [http://intl.jacn.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/2/134 Influence of moderate daily wine consumption on body weight regulation and metabolism in healthy free-living males] ''Journal of the American College of Nutrition'' 1997, Vol 16, Issue 2 134-139.</ref><ref>Colditz ''et al.''; Hellerstedt ''et al.''; Istvan ''et al.''; Jequer; Kahn ''et al.''; Klesges ''et al.''; Landes; Liu ''et al.''; Mannisto ''et al.'', 1996; Mannisto ''et al.'', 1997; Prentice; Arif & Rohrer, 2005</ref> Some of these studies are very large; one involved nearly 80,000 and another included 140,000 subjects.
'''Alcohol and weight''' is a subject relevant to millions of people who like to drink [[alcoholic beverage]]s and who also either want to maintain or to lose [[body weight]]. It is uncertain whether alcohol leads to increase in body weight or if it does not. Some studies find an increase in body weight, some studies do not, and some find a small decrease among women who begin consuming alcohol <ref>{{cite journal |author=Cordain L, Bryan ED, Melby CL, Smith MJ |title=Influence of moderate daily wine consumption on body weight regulation and metabolism in healthy free-living males |journal=J Am Coll Nutr |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=134–9 |year=1997 |month=April |pmid=9100213 |url=http://intl.jacn.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/2/134}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal |author=Arif AA, Rohrer JE |title=Patterns of alcohol drinking and its association with obesity: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994 |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=5 |issue= |pages=126 |year=2005 |pmid=16329757 |pmc=1318457 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-5-126 |url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/126}}<br/>
{{cite journal |author=Colditz GA, Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, ''et al.'' |title=Alcohol intake in relation to diet and obesity in women and men |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=49–55 |year=1991 |month=July |pmid=2058587 |url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2058587}}<br/>
{{cite journal |author=Hellerstedt WL, Jeffery RW, Murray DM |title=The association between alcohol intake and adiposity in the general population |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=132 |issue=4 |pages=594–611 |year=1990 |month=October |pmid=2206044 |url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2206044}}<br/>
{{cite journal |author=Istvan J, Murray R, Voelker H |title=The relationship between patterns of alcohol consumption and body weight. Lung Health Study Research Group |journal=Int J Epidemiol |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=543–6 |year=1995 |month=June |pmid=7672894 |url=http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7672894}}<br/>
{{cite journal |author=Jéquier E |title=Alcohol intake and body weight: a paradox |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=173–4 |year=1999 |month=February |pmid=9989676 |url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/69/2/173}}<br/>
{{cite journal |author=Kahn HS, Tatham LM, Rodriguez C, Calle EE, Thun MJ, Heath CW |title=Stable behaviors associated with adults' 10-year change in body mass index and likelihood of gain at the waist |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=87 |issue=5 |pages=747–54 |year=1997 |month=May |pmid=9184500 |pmc=1381044 |url=http://www.ajph.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9184500}}<br/>
{{cite journal |author=Klesges RC, Mealer CZ, Klesges LM |title=Effects of alcohol intake on resting energy expenditure in young women social drinkers |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=805–9 |year=1994 |month=April |pmid=8147323 |url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8147323}}<br/>
{{cite journal |author=Lands WE |title=Alcohol and energy intake |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=62 |issue=5 Suppl |pages=1101S–1106S |year=1995 |month=November |pmid=7484928 |url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7484928}}<br/>
{{cite journal |author=Liu S, Serdula MK, Williamson DF, Mokdad AH, Byers T |title=A prospective study of alcohol intake and change in body weight among US adults |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=140 |issue=10 |pages=912–20 |year=1994 |month=November |pmid=7977278 |url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7977278}}<br/>
{{cite journal |author=Männistö S, Uusitalo K, Roos E, Fogelholm M, Pietinen P |title=Alcohol beverage drinking, diet and body mass index in a cross-sectional survey |journal=Eur J Clin Nutr |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=326–32 |year=1997 |month=May |pmid=9152684 }}<br/>
{{cite journal |author=Männistö S, Pietinen P, Haukka J, Ovaskainen ML, Albanes D, Virtamo J |title=Reported alcohol intake, diet and body mass index in male smokers |journal=Eur J Clin Nutr |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=239–45 |year=1996 |month=April |pmid=8730611 }}<br/>
{{cite journal |author=Prentice AM |title=Alcohol and obesity |journal=Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. |volume=19 |issue=Suppl 5|pages=S44–50 |year=1995 |month=November |pmid=8581112 }}
</ref> Some of these studies are very large; one involved nearly 80,000 and another included 140,000 subjects.


These findings are inconclusive because alcohol itself contains 7 [[calorie]]s per gram, and most alcoholic drinks also contain [[carbohydrate]]s. The reason that alcohol may not increase weight is unclear, but research suggests that alcohol energy is not efficiently used. Alcohol also appears to increase [[Metabolism|metabolic rate]] significantly, thus causing more calories to be burned rather than stored in the body as [[fat]] (Klesges ''et al.'', 1994). Other research has found consumption of [[sugar]] to decrease as consumption of alcohol increases.{{Fact|date=April 2007}}
These findings are inconclusive because alcohol itself contains 7 [[calorie]]s per gram, and most alcoholic drinks also contain [[carbohydrate]]s. The reason that alcohol may not increase weight is unclear, but research suggests that alcohol energy is not efficiently used. Alcohol also appears to increase [[Metabolism|metabolic rate]] significantly, thus causing more calories to be burned rather than stored in the body as [[fat]] (Klesges ''et al.'', 1994). Other research has found consumption of [[sugar]] to decrease as consumption of alcohol increases.{{Fact|date=April 2007}}
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===Notes===
===Notes===
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

===Further reading===
*Arif, A. A. & Rohrer, J. E. Patterns of Alcohol Drinking and its Association with Obesity: Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. ''BMC Public Health'', 2005 5 December), (5), 126.
*Colditz, G., et al. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2058587 Alcohol intake in relation to diet and obesity in women and men] American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1991, 54, 49-55.
*Hellerstedt, W. L., et al. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2206044&dopt=Abstract The association between alcohol intake and adiposity in the general population] American Journal of Epidemiology, 1990, 132(4), 594-611.
*Istvan, J., et al. [http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/24/3/543 The relationship between patterns of alcohol consumption and body weight] International Journal of Epidemiology, 1995, 24(3), 543-546.
*Jequier, E. [http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/69/2/173?ck=nck Alcohol intake and body weight: a paradox] American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1999, 69, 173-174.
*Kahn, H. S., et al. Stable behaviors associated with adults' 10-year change in body mass index and the likelihood of gain at the waist. American Journal of Public Health, 1997(5), 747-754.
*Klesges, R. C., et al. [http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/59/4/805 Effects of alcohol intake on resting energy expenditure in young women social drinkers] American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1994, 59, 805-809.
*Landis, W. E. M.. Alcohol and energy intake. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1995, 62(suppl.), 11015-11068.
*Liu, S., et al. A proscriptive study of alcohol intake and change in body weight among US adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1994, 140(10), 912-920.
*Mannisto, S., et al. Alcohol beverage drinking, diet and body mass index in a cross-national survey, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1997, 151, 326-332.
*Männistö S, et al. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8730611&dopt=Citation Reported alcohol intake, diet and body mass index in male smokers] European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1996, 50, 239-245.
*Prentice, A. M. Alcohol and obesity. International Journal of Obesity, 1995, 19(suppl. 5), S44-S50.


==External links==
==External links==
*{{cite journal |author=Williamson DF, Forman MR, Binkin NJ, Gentry EM, Remington PL, Trowbridge FL |title=Alcohol and body weight in United States adults |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=77 |issue=10 |pages=1324–30 |year=1987 |month=October |pmid=3498373 |pmc=1647125 |url=http://www.ajph.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3498373}}
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3498373&dopt=Citation Alcohol and Body Weight in the United States]
*[http://www.drinknation.com Nutrition Information for alcoholic beverages]
*[http://www.drinknation.com Nutrition Information for alcoholic beverages]


Revision as of 13:43, 12 December 2009

Alcohol and weight is a subject relevant to millions of people who like to drink alcoholic beverages and who also either want to maintain or to lose body weight. It is uncertain whether alcohol leads to increase in body weight or if it does not. Some studies find an increase in body weight, some studies do not, and some find a small decrease among women who begin consuming alcohol [1][2] Some of these studies are very large; one involved nearly 80,000 and another included 140,000 subjects.

These findings are inconclusive because alcohol itself contains 7 calories per gram, and most alcoholic drinks also contain carbohydrates. The reason that alcohol may not increase weight is unclear, but research suggests that alcohol energy is not efficiently used. Alcohol also appears to increase metabolic rate significantly, thus causing more calories to be burned rather than stored in the body as fat (Klesges et al., 1994). Other research has found consumption of sugar to decrease as consumption of alcohol increases.[citation needed]

The research results do not necessarily mean that people who wish to lose weight should continue to consume alcohol because consumption is known to have an enhancing effect on appetite. The relationship between alcohol and weight remains unresolved and will remain so until more research is conducted that can clarify any apparent discrepancies in findings.

References

Notes

  1. ^ Cordain L, Bryan ED, Melby CL, Smith MJ (1997). "Influence of moderate daily wine consumption on body weight regulation and metabolism in healthy free-living males". J Am Coll Nutr. 16 (2): 134–9. PMID 9100213. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Arif AA, Rohrer JE (2005). "Patterns of alcohol drinking and its association with obesity: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994". BMC Public Health. 5: 126. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-5-126. PMC 1318457. PMID 16329757.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
    Colditz GA, Giovannucci E, Rimm EB; et al. (1991). "Alcohol intake in relation to diet and obesity in women and men". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 54 (1): 49–55. PMID 2058587. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    Hellerstedt WL, Jeffery RW, Murray DM (1990). "The association between alcohol intake and adiposity in the general population". Am. J. Epidemiol. 132 (4): 594–611. PMID 2206044. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    Istvan J, Murray R, Voelker H (1995). "The relationship between patterns of alcohol consumption and body weight. Lung Health Study Research Group". Int J Epidemiol. 24 (3): 543–6. PMID 7672894. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    Jéquier E (1999). "Alcohol intake and body weight: a paradox". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 69 (2): 173–4. PMID 9989676. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
    Kahn HS, Tatham LM, Rodriguez C, Calle EE, Thun MJ, Heath CW (1997). "Stable behaviors associated with adults' 10-year change in body mass index and likelihood of gain at the waist". Am J Public Health. 87 (5): 747–54. PMC 1381044. PMID 9184500. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    Klesges RC, Mealer CZ, Klesges LM (1994). "Effects of alcohol intake on resting energy expenditure in young women social drinkers". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59 (4): 805–9. PMID 8147323. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    Lands WE (1995). "Alcohol and energy intake". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62 (5 Suppl): 1101S–1106S. PMID 7484928. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
    Liu S, Serdula MK, Williamson DF, Mokdad AH, Byers T (1994). "A prospective study of alcohol intake and change in body weight among US adults". Am. J. Epidemiol. 140 (10): 912–20. PMID 7977278. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    Männistö S, Uusitalo K, Roos E, Fogelholm M, Pietinen P (1997). "Alcohol beverage drinking, diet and body mass index in a cross-sectional survey". Eur J Clin Nutr. 51 (5): 326–32. PMID 9152684. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    Männistö S, Pietinen P, Haukka J, Ovaskainen ML, Albanes D, Virtamo J (1996). "Reported alcohol intake, diet and body mass index in male smokers". Eur J Clin Nutr. 50 (4): 239–45. PMID 8730611. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    Prentice AM (1995). "Alcohol and obesity". Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 19 (Suppl 5): S44–50. PMID 8581112. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

External links

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