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[[File:Bucktoothed Tetra.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The [[bucktooth tetra]] eats scales off other fishes]]
[[File:Bucktoothed Tetra.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The [[bucktooth tetra]] eats scales off other fishes]]


'''Lepidophagy''' is a specialised [[feeding]] behaviour in [[fish]] that involves eating of [[Scale (zoology)|scales]] of other fish.<ref name="fishbase">{{cite web|url=http://fishbase.org/Glossary/Glossary.cfm?TermEnglish=lepidophagy|title=Glossary: Lepidophagy|author=Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors.|publisher=FishBase|accessdate=2007-04-12}}</ref> Lepidophagy is widespread, having been independently evolved in at least five freshwater families and seven [[Marine (ocean)|marine]] families.<ref name="Janovetz2005">{{cite journal|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/208/24/4757.pdf|title=Functional morphology of feeding in the scale-eating specialist ''Catoprion mento''|first=Jeff|last=Janovetz|journal=The Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=208|pages=4757–4768|year=2005|format=[[PDF]]|doi=10.1242/jeb.01938|pmid=16326957|issue=Pt 24}}</ref> Lepidophagy has been reported in a range of fish including: ''[[Chanda nama]]'' ([[family (biology)|family]] [[Ambassidae]]),<ref>Grubh AR, Winemiller KO (2002) Ontogeny of Scale Feeding in the Asian Glassfish, Chanda nama (Ambassidae) ''Copeia'' pp. 903–907. doi:10.1643/CE-02-095R1</ref> ''[[Terapon jarbua]]'' (family [[Terapontidae]]),<ref name="fishbase"/> several [[Catfish|marine catfish]] (family [[Ariidae]]),<ref>Szelistowski WA (1989) Scale-Feeding in Juvenile Marine Catfishes (Pisces: Ariidae) ''Copeia'' pp.517-519. doi:10.2307/1445459</ref> some [[piranha]], ''[[Exodon paradoxus]]'' and ''[[Roeboides]]'' species (family [[Characidae]]),<ref>Janovetz JA, Westneat MW (2007) Biomechanics of a novel feeding behavior: direct force measurements of the scale-feeding strike of Catoprion mento ''Journal of Experimental Biology'' ''In press.''</ref><ref name="fishbase2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5145|title=Exodon paradoxus,Bucktooth tetra|author=Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors.|publisher=FishBase|accessdate=2007-04-12}}</ref><ref>Petersen CC, Winemiller KO (1997) Ontogenic diet shifts and scale-eating in Roeboides dayi, a Neotropical characid ''Environmental Biology of Fishes'' '''49:'''111-118. doi:10.1023/A:1007353425275</ref> along with ''[[Perissodus eccentricus]]'', ''[[Perissodus microlepis]]'', ''[[Plecodus elaviae]]'', ''[[Plecodus multidentatus]]'', ''[[Plecodus paradoxus]]'' and ''[[Plecodus straeleni]]'' (family [[Cichlidae]]).<ref>Yanagisawa Y (1984) Parental strategy of the cichlid fish Perissodus microlepis, with particular reference to intraspecific brood ‘farming out’ ''Environmental Biology of Fishes'' '''12:''' 241-249.</ref><ref>Nshombo M (1991) Occasional egg-eating by the scale-eater Plecodus straeleni (Cichlidae) of Lake Tanganyika ''Environmental Biology of Fishes'' '''31:'''207-212.</ref>
'''Lepidophagy''' is a specialised [[feeding]] behaviour in [[fish]] that involves eating of [[Scale (zoology)|scales]] of other fish.<ref name="fishbase">{{cite web|url=http://fishbase.org/Glossary/Glossary.cfm?TermEnglish=lepidophagy|title=Glossary: Lepidophagy|author=Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors.|publisher=FishBase|accessdate=2007-04-12}}</ref> Lepidophagy is widespread, having been independently evolved in at least five freshwater families and seven [[Marine (ocean)|marine]] families.<ref name="Janovetz2005">{{cite journal|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/208/24/4757.pdf|title=Functional morphology of feeding in the scale-eating specialist ''Catoprion mento''|first=Jeff|last=Janovetz|journal=The Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=208|pages=4757–4768|year=2005|format=[[PDF]]|doi=10.1242/jeb.01938|pmid=16326957|issue=Pt 24}}</ref> Lepidophagy has been reported in a range of fish including: ''[[Chanda nama]]'' ([[family (biology)|family]] [[Ambassidae]]),<ref>{{cite journal |last=Grubh |first=A. R. |last2=Winemiller |first2=K. O. |year=2002 |title=Ontogeny of Scale Feeding in the Asian Glassfish, Chanda nama (Ambassidae) |journal=Copeia |volume=2004 |issue=4 |pages=903–907 |doi=10.1643/CE-02-095R1 }}</ref> ''[[Terapon jarbua]]'' (family [[Terapontidae]]),<ref name="fishbase"/> several [[Catfish|marine catfish]] (family [[Ariidae]]),<ref>{{cite journal |last=Szelistowski |first=W. A. |year=1989 |title=Scale-Feeding in Juvenile Marine Catfishes (Pisces: Ariidae) |journal=Copeia |volume=1989 |issue=2 |pages=517–519 |doi=10.2307/1445459 }}</ref> some [[piranha]], ''[[Exodon paradoxus]]'' and ''[[Roeboides]]'' species (family [[Characidae]]),<ref>{{cite journal |last=Janovetz |first=J. A. |last2=Westneat |first2=M. W. |year=2007 |title=Biomechanics of a novel feeding behavior: direct force measurements of the scale-feeding strike of Catoprion mento |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=208 |issue=24 |pages=4757–4768 |doi=10.1242/​jeb.01938 }}</ref><ref name="fishbase2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=5145|title=Exodon paradoxus,Bucktooth tetra|author=Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors.|publisher=FishBase|accessdate=2007-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Petersen |first=C. C. |last2=Winemiller |first2=K. O. |year=1997 |title=Ontogenic diet shifts and scale-eating in Roeboides dayi, a Neotropical characid |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=111–118 |doi=10.1023/A:1007353425275 }}</ref> along with ''[[Perissodus eccentricus]]'', ''[[Perissodus microlepis]]'', ''[[Plecodus elaviae]]'', ''[[Plecodus multidentatus]]'', ''[[Plecodus paradoxus]]'' and ''[[Plecodus straeleni]]'' (family [[Cichlidae]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Yanagisawa |first=Y. |year=1984 |title=Parental strategy of the cichlid fish Perissodus microlepis, with particular reference to intraspecific brood ‘farming out’ |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=241–249 |doi=10.1007/BF00005455 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Nshombo |first=M. |year=1991 |title=Occasional egg-eating by the scale-eater ''Plecodus straeleni'' (Cichlidae) of Lake Tanganyika |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=207–212 |doi=10.1007/BF00001022 }}</ref>


Fish scales are a surprisingly nutritional food source, containing layers of [[keratin]] and [[Tooth enamel|enamel]], as well as a dermal portion and a layer of protein-rich mucus. They are a rich source of [[calcium phosphate]].<ref name="Janovetz2005"/> However, the energy expended to make a strike versus the amount of scales consumed per strike puts a limit on the size of the lepidophage; such fish seldom exceed {{convert|20|cm|in|abbr=off}} and most are under {{convert|12|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Janovetz2005"/> There are a number of advantages to consuming scales: scales are common, covering the body of most fish species, can be regrown relatively quickly by "prey" fish, are abundant and seasonally reliable, and their removal requires specific behaviors or morphological structures.<ref name="Janovetz2005"/>
Fish scales are a surprisingly nutritional food source, containing layers of [[keratin]] and [[Tooth enamel|enamel]], as well as a dermal portion and a layer of protein-rich mucus. They are a rich source of [[calcium phosphate]].<ref name="Janovetz2005"/> However, the energy expended to make a strike versus the amount of scales consumed per strike puts a limit on the size of the lepidophage; such fish seldom exceed {{convert|20|cm|in|abbr=off}} and most are under {{convert|12|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Janovetz2005"/> There are a number of advantages to consuming scales: scales are common, covering the body of most fish species, can be regrown relatively quickly by "prey" fish, are abundant and seasonally reliable, and their removal requires specific behaviors or morphological structures.<ref name="Janovetz2005"/>
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Revision as of 13:19, 9 November 2011

The bucktooth tetra eats scales off other fishes

Lepidophagy is a specialised feeding behaviour in fish that involves eating of scales of other fish.[1] Lepidophagy is widespread, having been independently evolved in at least five freshwater families and seven marine families.[2] Lepidophagy has been reported in a range of fish including: Chanda nama (family Ambassidae),[3] Terapon jarbua (family Terapontidae),[1] several marine catfish (family Ariidae),[4] some piranha, Exodon paradoxus and Roeboides species (family Characidae),[5][6][7] along with Perissodus eccentricus, Perissodus microlepis, Plecodus elaviae, Plecodus multidentatus, Plecodus paradoxus and Plecodus straeleni (family Cichlidae).[8][9]

Fish scales are a surprisingly nutritional food source, containing layers of keratin and enamel, as well as a dermal portion and a layer of protein-rich mucus. They are a rich source of calcium phosphate.[2] However, the energy expended to make a strike versus the amount of scales consumed per strike puts a limit on the size of the lepidophage; such fish seldom exceed 20 centimetres (7.9 inches) and most are under 12 cm (4.7 in).[2] There are a number of advantages to consuming scales: scales are common, covering the body of most fish species, can be regrown relatively quickly by "prey" fish, are abundant and seasonally reliable, and their removal requires specific behaviors or morphological structures.[2]

A diversity of morphologies and attack behaviors are used by lepidophagous predators. The behavioral origins of scale feeding may be different for different lineages.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. "Glossary: Lepidophagy". FishBase. Retrieved 2007-04-12. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e Janovetz, Jeff (2005). "Functional morphology of feeding in the scale-eating specialist Catoprion mento" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 208 (Pt 24): 4757–4768. doi:10.1242/jeb.01938. PMID 16326957.
  3. ^ Grubh, A. R.; Winemiller, K. O. (2002). "Ontogeny of Scale Feeding in the Asian Glassfish, Chanda nama (Ambassidae)". Copeia. 2004 (4): 903–907. doi:10.1643/CE-02-095R1.
  4. ^ Szelistowski, W. A. (1989). "Scale-Feeding in Juvenile Marine Catfishes (Pisces: Ariidae)". Copeia. 1989 (2): 517–519. doi:10.2307/1445459.
  5. ^ Janovetz, J. A.; Westneat, M. W. (2007). "Biomechanics of a novel feeding behavior: direct force measurements of the scale-feeding strike of Catoprion mento". Journal of Experimental Biology. 208 (24): 4757–4768. doi:10.1242/​jeb.01938. {{cite journal}}: zero width space character in |doi= at position 9 (help)
  6. ^ Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. "Exodon paradoxus,Bucktooth tetra". FishBase. Retrieved 2007-04-12. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  7. ^ Petersen, C. C.; Winemiller, K. O. (1997). "Ontogenic diet shifts and scale-eating in Roeboides dayi, a Neotropical characid". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 49 (1): 111–118. doi:10.1023/A:1007353425275.
  8. ^ Yanagisawa, Y. (1984). "Parental strategy of the cichlid fish Perissodus microlepis, with particular reference to intraspecific brood 'farming out'". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 12 (4): 241–249. doi:10.1007/BF00005455.
  9. ^ Nshombo, M. (1991). "Occasional egg-eating by the scale-eater Plecodus straeleni (Cichlidae) of Lake Tanganyika". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 31 (2): 207–212. doi:10.1007/BF00001022.
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